Part-time Work Research Articles

Procedure for Certification of Stomatologists (Dentists) and Maxillofacial Surgeons in Ukraine as of 2024: Analysis of General Provisions and Provisions on Certification Commissions

Each country has different legislative features of continuing professional development (CPD) of doctors and corresponding state сertification. The purpose of this paper is to highlight and to make the quick analysis of two aspects of the Procedure for Certification of Stomatologists and Maxillofacial Surgeons of the Order of the Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine dated February 22, 2019, No. 446 (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine dated August 18, 2021, No. 1753). First aspect is General Provisions of the Procedure for Certification of Doctors and second ascpect is Provision on Certification Commissions. The General Provisions include seven clauses, and the Provisions on Certification Commissions include 11 detailed clauses. Clauses of the General Provisions include such topics as (1) the mechanism for the сertification of doctors, (2) tasks of conducting certification, (3) terminology, (4) types of certifications, (5) the List of medical positions in health care institutions, according to which certification is carried out, (6) the main place of work and part-time work during the certification, and (7) deadlines for submitting documents for the next voluntary certification. Clauses of the Provisions on Certification Commissions include information about (1) state bodies under which certification commissions are created, (2) the procedure for approving the personal composition of the certification commission, (3) composition of the Central Certification Commission, (4) composition of the certification commissions and its subcommittees, (5) the periodicity of renewal is not less than 1/3 of the composition of certification commissions, (6) quantitative composition of certification commissions at their meetings, (7) frequency of meetings of certification commissions, (8) the decision-making mechanism of commissions, (9) functions of the Central Certification Commission, (10) list of doctors certified by the Central Certification Commission, and (11) places of certification of doctors working in health care institutions that are part of the management of central executive bodies, other bodies where relevant certification commissions have been established. This certification procedure in Ukraine applies to doctors of all eight stomatological (dental) specialties, namely (1) doctors-stomatologists, (2)pediatric doctors-stomatologists, (3) doctors-stomatologists-orthodontists, (4) doctors-stomatologists-prosthodontists, (5) doctors-stomatologists-periodontists, (6) doctors-stomatologists-therapists, (7) doctors-stomatologists-surgeons, and (8) maxillofacial surgeons (also known as maxillofacial doctors-stomatologists). Certificate of assignment of a higher qualification category to a doctor-stomatologist-surgeon in the specialty “Surgical Stomatology” (also known as “Oral Surgery”) has been added to the article for clarity. This article provides a detailed analysis of the translation of the General Provisions and the Provisions on Certification Commissions as two basic parts of the Procedure for the certification of doctors in Ukraine.

An organizational working time reduction and its impact on three domains of mental well-being of employees: a panel study

BackgroundWork hours are an important aspect of one’s job and these in turn have the potential to impact people’s well-being. Much research investigating the link between working hours and well-being uses cross-sectional data. Longitudinal studies, especially those studying the same subjects changing their working time, can study the impact of work time more clearly. Using panel data, this study aims to explore the impact of a reduction in working time on three domains of well-being: general well-being, job-related well-being (positive work experience) and work-family well-being (work-family conflict). In addition, our study offers insights into the role of concomitant changes in work and private circumstances of employees as we investigate whether the impact of shorter working hours for well-being is mediated by changes in the participants’ and circumstances related to paid and unpaid work resources.MethodAn organization of about 60 (female) employees trialed a shorter workweek for one calendar year in 2019. All full-time employees reduced their hours. The part-time working employees can be used as a control group. Panel data (survey and time-use diary data) of a 30-h workweek trial in Belgium was collected in four waves over two years in a pre- and post-intervention design. Change over time (waves) was analyzed through multilevel growth models.ResultA decrease in work-family conflict was observed during the shorter workweek. Part of this decrease is explained by concomitant changes in work and private circumstances, such as sufficiency in free time, schedule control, and satisfaction with work pressure. Positive work experience and general well-being tend to have decreased during the shorter workweek, although this could partly be explained by other organizational changes and not by the reduction in working hours per se. Schedule control helped suppress these somewhat negative effects of organizational changes on positive work experience.ConclusionReduced working hours have the largest and most positive impact on work-family conflict. The feeling of having enough leisure time contributes to this increased well-being. Especially for women, who were the majority in this study, a reduction in working time might be beneficial as they often bear more responsibility for household work and care tasks. Next to the duration of working time, schedule control/autonomy has an important impact on well-being.

Changes in the attractiveness of medical careers and career determinants during the bachelor’s program at Zurich medical schools

BackgroundMonitoring the career intentions of medical students during their undergraduate studies could help to address the shortage of physicians, particularly in general practice. This study aimed to investigate changes in medical students' career openness, attractiveness and determinants of medical career choice during their bachelor’s studies.MethodsThe design was cross-sectional, recruiting all medical students who started a bachelor’s program in one of the four different educational tracks in Zurich, Switzerland, in the fall of 2019 (first survey) and completed it in the summer of 2022 (second survey). Students’ perceptions of the attractiveness and determinants of different medical career options were assessed using a structured online questionnaire. Absolute changes between the two-time points were reported in percentage points overall and by educational track. Regression analysis was used to examine the association of student characteristics and determinants of career options with the attractiveness of each option.ResultsWe surveyed 354 medical students at the beginning and 433 at the end of the bachelor’s program (participation rate: 71.1% and 86.9%, respectively). Overall, the proportion of students open to all proposed medical career options decreased (from 52.8% to 43.8%, p = 0.004). The attractiveness of outpatient gynecology or pediatrics increased (from 27.4% to 43.4%, p < 0.001), whereas the attractiveness of both general and specialized inpatient care decreased (from 47.8% to 40.3%, p = 0.05 and from 71.1% to 61.1%, p = 0.006 respectively). There was an increase in the proportion of students who perceived part-time work, autonomy and relationships with patients as important career determinants (from 47.3% to 64.7%, p < 0.001; from 63.3% to 77.8%, p < 0.001; from 80.8% to 89.3%, p = 0.002 respectively), while the importance of reputation and career opportunities decreased (from 42.6% to 26.2%, p < 0.001; from 79.2% to 63.6%, p < 0.001 respectively). The importance of part-time work and relationships with patients were positively associated with the attractiveness of general practice.ConclusionsDuring the bachelor’s program, the attractiveness of a career in general practice tended to decrease, but the importance of part-time work, autonomy and relationships with patients as career determinants increased. Helping students understand how these determinants relate to general practice may increase their interest in the profession.Trial registrationNot applicable.

The Cost of Being a Medical Student

In the face of what many are calling the mostchallenging economic climate in decades, therepercussions of soaring inflation rates arereverberating throughout the nation. Manypublic sector workers have taken to thestreets in protest, with the well-documentedjunior doctor strikes serving as a poignantexample. However, amidst the headlines, thefinancial struggles of a vital group have gonerelatively unnoticed: medical students.A recent financial survey conducted by theBritish Medical Association (BMA) has shedlight on the alarming impact on medicalstudents nationwide. The majority of over athousand respondents reported having tomake sacrifices in basic necessities such asfood and heating, while over 40% disclosedrunning out of funds before the end of theterm. Furthermore, more than half of therespondents revealed having to juggle parttime work to finance their studies, but asignificant majority felt this compromiseadversely affected their academicperformance.These findings are not in isolation. A recentpoll commissioned by The Office forStudents (OfS) found similar rates offinancial hardship amongst students inhigher education. In addition to this, almost20% of students had considered droppingout of their course due to financialdifficulties. In 2022, an article published inThe British Medical Journal (thebmj)assessed the current plight of final yearstudents balancing jobs on top of clinicalplacements as well as the staggering amountof debt students encounter upon graduating. In a time when the NHS is facingunprecedented challenges with recruitmentand retention, it seems the lack of financialsupport for medical students may furthercompound these issues.This year, the SURGO team are committed tounderstanding the true extent of the costof-living crisis medical students face duringthe 2023/24 academic term. We are reachingout to the medical student community inGlasgow with a short, anonymous surveydesigned to capture your experiences. Thedata gathered will be carefully analysed andcompiled into a comprehensive report,which will be featured in our next edition.Our goal with this survey is to unravel thefinancial challenges entwined with pursuinga medical degree in 2023/24 and advocate forenhanced support from the medical schoolto alleviate these burdens during youruniversity journey. Join us to spotlight therealities faced by medical students. Scan theQR code or check the link on our Instagrampage to share your insights

Juggling Work and Studies: A Lebanon-Focused Study on Work-Life Balance and Well-being of Part-Time Student Workers

In Lebanon, where social unrest, economic downturn, and political instability coexist, part-time workers and students have difficulties in balancing their personal, professional, and academic commitments. To understand how part-time students achieve work-life balance, this study examines work-related stress, flexible work schedules, productivity while working from home, supervisor and coworker support, and work-related characteristics among part-time employees who are also students in Lebanon. Data from a sample of part-time employees who are also students will be gathered using a quantitative survey approach in order to examine how these characteristics interact. In order to improve the academic performance and general well-being of part-time employees who are also students in Lebanon, the findings are intended to influence organizational practices, inform policy interventions, and contribute to the corpus of existing research on work-life balance.

The Evolution of Board-Certified Emergency Physicians and Staffing of Emergency Departments in Israel.

Emergency medicine (EM) was recognized as a specialty in Israel in 1999. Fifty-nine of the 234 (25%) attending physicians working in emergency departments (ED) nationwide in 2002 were board-certified emergency physicians (EP). A 2012 study revealed that 123/270 (45%) of ED attendings were EPs, and that there were 71 EM residents. The EPs primarily worked midweek morning shifts, leaving the EDs mostly staffed by other specialties. Our objective in this study was to re-evaluate the EP workforce in Israeli EDs and their employment status and satisfaction 10years after the last study, which was conducted in 2012. We performed a three-part, prospective cross-sectional study: 1) a survey, sent to all EDs in Israel, to assess the numbers, level of training, and specialties of physicians working in EDs; 2) an anonymous questionnaire, sent to EPs in Israel, to assess their demographics, training, employment, and work satisfaction; and 3) interviews of a convenience sample of EPs analyzed by a thematic approach. There were 266 board-certified EPs, 141 (53%) of whom were employed in EDs full-time or part-time. Sixty-two non-EPs also worked in EDs. The EPs were present in the EDs primarily during weekday morning shifts. There were 273 EM residents nationwide. A total of 101 questionnaires were completed and revealed that EPs working part-time in the ED worked fewer hours, received higher salaries, and had more years of experience compared to EPs working full time or not working in the ED. Satisfaction correlated only with working part time. Meaningful work, diversity, and rewarding relationships with patients and colleagues were major positive reasons for working in the ED. Feeling undervalued, carrying a heavy caseload, and having complicated relationships with other hospital departments were reasons against working in the ED. Our study findings showed an increase in the number of trained and in-training EPs, and a decrease in the percentage of board-certified EPs who persevere in the EDs. Emergency medicine in Israel is at a crossroads: more physicians are choosing EM than a decade ago, but retention of board-certified EPs is a major concern, as it is worldwide. We recommend taking measures to maintain trained and experienced EPs working in the ED by allowing part-time ED positions, introducing dedicated academic time, and diversifying EP roles, functioning, and work routine.

Emerging from COVID-19: the perceptions of university students to part-time working and its impact on their transferable skill development

Emerging from COVID-19: the perceptions of university students to part-time working and its impact on their transferable skill development

Fatherhood and men’s working hours in a part-time economy

Abstract How do fathers adjust their working hours after the birth of their first child? Though the impact of childbirth on women’s employment is well-established, less is known about its effect on fathers. We investigate this question in the Netherlands (2006–2017), a country characterized by high prevalence of part-time work. We focus on two contexts that might shape the extent to which first-time fathers reduce their working hours after childbirth: the household and the organization. For this purpose, we use detailed longitudinal register data. The results reveal that men’s employment displays a high degree of stability around childbirth: even in the Dutch “part-time economy,” the vast majority of fathers remain full-time employed. We do find substantial heterogeneity in labor market responses after childbirth. Fathers earning relatively less than their partner pre-childbirth are more likely to scale down their working hours. The organizational gender composition is also associated with work hours reductions following childbirth. Although we find that fathers’ employment is contingent on both the household and organizational context, the substantial stability in men’s labor supply remains an obstacle to a more equal division of (un)paid labor.

How to remain in working life with hearing loss - health factors for a sustainable work situation.

Persons with hearing loss (HL) are a vulnerable group in working life. Studies have shown that they are more likely than the general population to be in part-time work, to be unemployed, receive disability pension, and to be on sick leave. Many workers with HL also experience unhealthy work conditions, such as jobs where they experience high demands combined with low control as well as safety concerns and social isolation. There is a lack of studies that focus on factors that promote a healthy, sustainable work situation for the target group. To investigate health factors that contribute to a sustainable work situation for employees with HL. The current study was a comparative, observational study with a cross-sectional design including a clinical population of adults with HL. Comparisons were made between workers with HL "in work" and workers with HL on "HL-related sick leave". Seven health factors were identified. Those "in work" experienced a healthier work environment as well as lower levels of mental strain, hearing-related work characteristics and content, cognitively demanding work content, hearing-related symptoms, energy-demanding activities, and bodily aches and pain than those on "HL-related sick leave". The results demonstrate a clear pattern regarding health factors for a sustainable working life. The type of job was not related to whether an individual was on sick leave or working. Rather, the work climate and the content of the work mattered.

Qualitative study on the problems and potential solution strategies for part-time clinical pharmacists’ clinical services work in a tertiary hospital in China

ObjectiveTo provide an initial understanding of problems and potential solution strategies for part-time clinical pharmacist work in China, and provide references for the training of part-time clinical pharmacists.MethodsThe study was...

THE IMPACT OF FLEXIBLE WORK ARRANGEMENTS ON SOCIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

The increasing prevalence of Flexible Work Arrangements (FWAs), such as gig work, part-time work, and remote work, has raised concerns about the sustainability and adaptability of social security systems worldwide. This systematic review aims to examine the impact of these arrangements on social security programs. The problem statement emphasizes the importance of understanding the implications for social security, including changes in contributions, demographics, and the need for policy adaptation. Through a systematic approach, the review analyzes academic literature from Scopus and Econbiz databases, focusing on studies providing empirical insights into the effects of FWAs on social security systems. The findings of the review are synthesized from seven primary studies (n=7), revealing critical dimensions of the issue. Key among these is the challenges posed to social security programs, including reduced contributions due to irregular income patterns and demographic changes as the workforce ages. Additionally, the findings highlight the necessity for legal and policy adjustments to accommodate the nuances of FWAs. The review identifies several gaps in current research, particularly the need for more longitudinal studies to assess the long-term effects of FWAs on social security systems. Looking forward, this review suggests avenues for future research, emphasizing the importance of exploring the intersection of FWAs with technology and globalization. It also calls for more comprehensive studies on the efficacy of new policy adaptations in various socio-economic contexts. By offering a comprehensive understanding of how FWAs are reshaping global social security management, this review provides valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners dealing with the dynamics of complex work and social welfare relations.

Fairness of Differentiation of Pension Provision for Medical Workers (Based on Judicial Practice)

The article is devoted to the manifestation of differentiation in social security law. It is concluded that it is necessary to more clearly define the criteria for this differentiation in order to justify and equitably redistribute benefits, taking into account the characteristics of specific population groups. Based on an analysis of judicial practice, the most typical cases of refusal of early pension provision due to the failure to include certain periods of work in the special insurance (“medical”) period of service have been identified. The example of early pension provision for medical workers shows some inconsistency in the legal regulation of the provision of this pension guarantee. It is proposed to determine and formulate the goal of early retirement provision for medical workers; to amend the Labor Code of the Russian Federation in order to clarify the consequences of establishing part-time work for the purposes of early pension provision.

Abstract IA022: AI in bladder cancer pathology and research: What can we expect and what not?

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) applications are rapidly evolving, disruptive technologies that recently attracted tremendous public awareness including euphoria, bull runs at stock exchanges but also criticism and skepticism. Pathology, a crucial clinical diagnostic discipline, faces significant challenges despite its critical role and broad scope. A notable issue is the declining interest among medical graduates in pursuing further training in Surgical Pathology and Molecular Pathology. This disinterest is compounded by a trend towards part-time work and the aging demographic in Western industrial nations, which increases the demand for precise cancer diagnoses, molecular pathology and advanced oncological treatments. As the need for skilled pathologists grows, the availability of these professionals is steadily decreasing. Furthermore, political policies in heavily regulated healthcare systems (e.g., Germany) are exacerbating the shortage by limiting residency and specialist training positions despite the growing need. Adding to the reluctance among medical graduates to consider pathology as discipline is the looming “threat”” of replacing the field with Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies. However, historical precedents suggest that necessity often spurs significant innovation. AI's role in pathology is expanding, reshaping the field with new technological advancements. AI, broadly encompassing various computational algorithms designed to perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence such as learning, reasoning, and pattern recognition, is now being applied extensively across different domains including medical diagnostics. Recent implementations in pathology include AI-driven algorithms that automate processes such as the Gleason grading of prostate biopsies, lymph node metastasis detection, detection of molecular bladder cancer subtypes or grading of kidney cancer showing high accuracy levels, speed and reproducibility in delivering results. These tools, while they do not replace pathologists, significantly reduce their workload by automating routine tasks, thus freeing up time for more complex diagnostic activities or simply dealing with the increasing workload. Despite the exciting possibilities, the use of AI in predicting molecular alterations, such as FGFR3 mutations in bladder cancer, faces limitations due to insufficient sensitivity and specificity, indicating that such technologies are not yet suitable for screening purposes. In conclusion, AI is increasingly vital in addressing the challenges of modern pathology, particularly in compensating for the shortage of pathologists. As technology advances, its integration into clinical practice offers promising solutions to enhance diagnostic accuracy and efficiency in uropathology, paving the way for more personalized and effective patient care. Citation Format: Markus Eckstein. AI in bladder cancer pathology and research: What can we expect and what not? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Bladder Cancer: Transforming the Field; 2024 May 17-20; Charlotte, NC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2024;30(10_Suppl):Abstract nr IA022.

Compatibility of Family Planning and Surgical Training in Switzerland

Abstract Background Surgeons undertake a long training and have stressful work schedules during optimal childbearing age. Training and career plans can entice young surgeons to renounce part-time work and delay pregnancy, risking pregnancy complications and infertility. Aims This survey study aims to determine the prevalence and constraints of part-time work and family planning among young surgeons in Switzerland. Methods An anonymous, voluntary survey was distributed to young board-certified surgeons. It queried work schedules and desire for part-time work as well as history of pregnancies and use of assisted reproductive treatment. Results A total of 375 surgeons participated, 308 were included (157 female, 151 male). There were no differences in current age (male median 37 (IQR 5), female 37 (6), p=0.93), median age at medical school graduation (male 26 (2), female 26 (2), p=0.90), and mean time to board certification (male 8.3 (SD 2.4), female 8.2 (SD 2.7), p=0.61). Female surgeons had a higher rate of part-time employment (38% vs 19%, p=0.0002). More male surgeons had children compared to their female counterparts (70% vs 45%, p&amp;lt;0.0001). Female surgeons were older (median 35 (IQR 4.5)) than male surgeons (median 33.5 (IQR 3.25), p=0.0002) and female partners of male surgeons (median 32 (IQR 3), p&amp;lt;0.0001) at birth of their first child. Female surgeons more frequently desired further children (71% vs 38%, p&amp;lt;0.0001) and delayed pregnancy due to training (74% vs 22%, p&amp;lt;0.0001). Female surgeons had longer time to conceive (&amp;gt;12 months 24% vs 10%, p=0.014), lower spontaneous pregnancy rates (82% vs 93%, p=0.029) and higher rates of assisted reproductive treatment (14% vs 4%, p=0.0089). Female surgeons more frequently perceived their gender as a negative career influence (67% vs 5%, p&amp;lt;0.0001). Conclusion Whilst part-time work and family planning are challenging for surgeons of both genders, female surgeons face striking inequities when trying to consolidate family planning with their profession.

Prevention of sickness absence through early identification and rehabilitation of at-risk patients with musculoskeletal disorders (PREVSAM): short term effects of a randomised controlled trial in primary care

Purpose To evaluate short-term effects of the PREVention of Sickness Absence for Musculoskeletal disorders (PREVSAM) model on sickness absence and patient-reported health outcomes. Methods Patients with musculoskeletal disorders were randomised to rehabilitation according to PREVSAM or treatment as usual (TAU) in primary care. Sickness absence and patient-reported health outcomes were evaluated after three months in 254 participants. Results The proportion of participants remaining in full- or part-time work were 86% in PREVSAM vs 78% in TAU (p = 0.097). The PREVSAM group had approximately four fewer sickness benefit days during three months from baseline (p range 0.078–0.126). No statistically significant difference was found in self-reported sickness absence days (PREVSAM 12.4 vs TAU 14.5; p = 0.634), nor were statistically significant differences between groups found in patient-reported health outcomes. Both groups showed significant improvements from baseline to three months, except for self-efficacy, and only the PREVSAM group showed significantly reduced depression symptoms. Conclusions The findings suggest that for sickness absence, the PREVSAM model may have an advantage over TAU, although the difference did not reach statistical significance at the p < 0.05 level, and similar positive effects on patient-reported health outcomes were found in both groups. Long-term effects must be evaluated before firm conclusions can be drawn.

Prevalence of fatigue and consumption of energy drinks consumption among nursing students studying part-time.

Professional nurses who study part-time are faced with demanding tasks, demanding routine, having to cope with their studies and family commitments. Some nurses try different tactics to cope with their demanding tasks, such as the consumption of energy drinks, to alleviate tiredness and fatigue. Although these energy drinks can alleviate fatigue and boost their energy levels, they have adverse effects to their health such as migraines, insomnia, seizures, arrhythmias and other cardiovascular complications. To determine the health effects of energy drinks among nurses studying part-time. Selected university in the Gauteng province, South Africa. Descriptive, quantitative method that was contextual in nature was used. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from a conveniently sampled population to determine the health effects of the use of energy drinks. Data analysis were done by means of descriptive statistics using the Statistical package for Social Sciences version 26. Findings indicated that nurses studying part-time experience fatigue (n = 86; 49%). To alleviate fatigue (n = 91; 52%), they use energy drinks. Use of energy drinks is prevalent among the nurses because of fatigue caused by studying while working. To reduce the use of energy drinks, the participants need study leave and to be supported by their families and employers. The study encourages reduction or prevent the use of energy drinks by nurses who work and study part-time. Participants must use time management as a coping mechanism.

FOSTERING RECOVERY: A CASE STUDY ON THE JOURNEY FROM UNCERTAINTY TO DIAGNOSIS IN POST-COVID POTS

CASE SETTING Imagine, one day you are an active 20-year-old, then after a COVID-19 infection, your life is now limited by debilitating symptoms: fainting, palpitations, and exercise intolerance. Your whole world has changed, and you have no diagnosis and no treatment options. This was reality for a patient referred to cardiac rehabilitation in early 2023 as a unique case, not meeting usual service criteria. TREATMENT In the absence of a formal diagnosis, there was no clear pathway for treatment and no rehabilitation guidelines to follow. After a comprehensive assessment, marking the start of the road to recovery, a conservative and gradual approach to re-introducing exercise was developed, whereby progressions were only made when no symptoms were experienced during nor following the sessions. Across the next nine months, further symptoms were identified, prompting further research, which shaped a plausible diagnosis: Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS). Whilst initially dismissed as a possibility by the patient’s cardiologist, after further questioning, gaining objective data and referral to specialist physicians, this plausible diagnosis was confirmed. RESULTS Through months of rehabilitation, lifestyle modifications and commencing medication, this patient has improved symptom control and increased activity tolerance. Importantly, this has allowed return to studying, return to part time work and return to tolerating daily activities. REFLECTIONS/LEARNINGS As exercise physiologists, we often spend more time with patients than medical practitioners, and resultingly identify characteristics which may otherwise be missed in busy clinics. This case study acts as a reminder of the importance of trusting your instinct and not being afraid to advocate for patients - doing so may just re-direct them down the road to recovery. With the increasing prevalence of dysautonomia, particularly POTS, as consequences of COVID-19 infections, there is an ever-increasing need for awareness, in addition to clinician upskilling to ensure best support and management of these patients.

한국 최저임금 담론정치에 관한 비판적 분석

This study examines the social movement's framing strategy and the changing discourse of the institution through the case of the minimum wage movement. The discourse politics of the minimum wage began in earnest in the 2000s and has continuously changed. Social movement organizations, especially the newly emerging labor movements have been actively producing new framings related to the minimum wage. Through the framing of ‘the minimum wage is the youth wage,’ the Youth Union has made the minimum wage a important social agenda connecting the issue with the precariousness of youth generation. The Part-time Workers’ Union’s ‘minimum wage into 10,000 won’ restructured the existing minimum wage discourse through a progressive framing, stimulating the formation of public opinion necessary for a sharp increase. However, the minimum wage movement failed to respond to the rapidly growing number of people opposing the increases. As a result, the impetus for raising the minimum wage was lost. Through the analysis, it was confirmed that the frames dispute with each other and are ultimately adopted among social movement sector. Institutional discourse acts as an environment that constrains social movements when they construct framing strategies, but social movements can change existing discourse even within these constraints.

MENGULIK PERAN JOB INSECURUTY YANG MEMPENGARUHI EMOTIONAL EXHAUSTIONAL PADA GEN Z DI DUNIA KERJA YANG DIMEDIASI OLEH DETERMINAN ROLE AMBIGUITY

ABSTRACT Emotional exhaustion is individual fatigue related to personal feelings and depletion of emotional resources, which refers to excessive emotional feelings due to contact with other people or work. Emotional exhaustion can be influenced by factors including job insecurity and role ambiguity. This research aims to determine the influence of job insecurity through role ambiguity which consists of unclear rules, vague responsibilities, vague expectations on emotional exhaustion at work. The sample in this research was Gen Z who worked part time, full time or freelance, amounting to 200 respondents. The data collection technique uses a list of questions such as a questionnaire and the data analysis technique uses Partial Least Square (SmartPls) to test the ten hypotheses proposed in this research. The research results show that job security directly and indirectly through the determinants of role ambiguity has a positive and significant influence on emotional exhaustion.

Orthopedic surgeons' transition into full-time practice over the last 20 years: an analysis using Ministry of Health billing data.

Underemployment is a reality for many new graduates, who accept locum or part-time work as an alternative to unemployment because of lack of opportunities. We sought to analyze orthopedic surgeons' Ontario Health Insurance Program (OHIP) billing data over a 20-year period as a proxy of practice patterns and hypothesized that billing in the first 6 years of practice would be affected by underemployment and locum. We analyzed the annual average billing totals of orthopedic surgeons, broken down by year of graduation, year of billings, and number of surgeons billing in that year. We analyzed public census data of the Ontario population size as a proxy of orthopedic demand. A 2019 cross-sectional analysis showed that around 15 surgeons per graduating year were billing in Ontario from the 1995 to 2016 cohorts, while 2017 and 2018 saw an increase to 30 and 36 actively billing surgeons, respectively. The number returned to more historical numbers in 2019, with 20 actively billing surgeons. For those surgeons billing in Ontario, billing trends have been roughly stable, with average billings increasing each year for the first 6 years in practice (p < 0.001). Year of graduation did not have an effect on the first 6 years of billings (p > 0.5). Billings were stable after 6 years in practice (p > 0.09). The Ontario health care system has not expanded to support more orthopedic surgeons despite the aging and growing population; despite our growing population, the number of surgeons being trained and retained has not matched this growth. Further research needs to be done to guide optimal health human resource decision-making.