Employed Part Time Research Articles

Context and culture associated with alcohol use amongst youth in major urban cities: A cross-country population based survey.

BackgroundAlcohol consumption patterns are dependent upon culture and context. The aim of this study was to interview people aged 18–34 year old living in four cities in different regions of the world to explore differences in a range of alcohol measures to assist in determining culturally appropriate alcohol initiatives for this age group.MethodMultistage random sampling was consistent across the four cities (Ilorin (Nigeria), Wuhan (China), Montevideo (Uruguay) and Moscow (Russia)). The questionnaire was forward and back translated into relevant languages and face-to-face interviewing undertaken. The data were weighted to the population of each city. Uni-variable analysis (ever consumed, first time consumed, age when drunk for first time, number of days consumed, type consumed) and logistic regression modeling were undertaken. The final model for each city was adjusted for age, sex, marital status, highest education and employment status. In total 6235 interviews were undertaken (1391 in Ilorin, 1600 in Montevideo, 1604 in Moscow and 1640 in Wuhan).ResultsAlcohol was consumed by 96.4% in Montevideo, 86.1% in Moscow, 53.4% in Wuhan and 33.3% in Ilorin. There was very little difference by gender except Ilorin males were more likely to consume alcohol than females. Alcohol was consumed on more days for Ilorin males; Wuhan females consumed alcohol on the least number of days; Ilorin had the most abstainers; Montevideo and Moscow the highest proportion of light drinkers; Ilorin and Montevideo the highest proportion of heavy drinkers. Differences by type of alcohol were also apparent. The final logistic regression model provided different models including higher alcohol consumption rates for males, 25–34 years of age, divorced/separated marital status and employed part time for Ilorin respondents; males and higher educated for Montevideo; males, 25 to 29 years of age and higher educated for Moscow; and 25–29 years of age, non-married and vocationally trained for those in Wuhan.ConclusionAlcohol consumption in these four cities does not increase with age as found in most high income countries. The alcohol consumption patterns during this stage of the life cycle are important to assess so that high level, as well as country-specific, planning and interventions can be implemented.

The Gig Economy and Contingent Work: An Occupational Health Assessment.

"The gig economy describes forms of contingent work arrangements that require digital platforms, representing an evolution in contingent work, both in moving up the educational scale and in increased visibility. It has engaged many workers who are highly educated and might previously have been in traditional employer-employee relationships, and appears to increase their vulnerability to wage theft, independent contractor misclassification, job insecurity, and lack of occupational health protections. As occupational health physicians, our need to develop, evaluate, and implement interventions to address the needs of workers in non-traditional employment relationships is growing."

Association of partner, parental, and employment statuses with self-rated health among German women and men

The association of partner, parental, and employment statuses with health is usually discussed in terms of either the multiple role burden hypothesis or the multiple role attachment hypothesis. The first hypothesis states that combining work and family roles increases the burden of responsibility, which in turn increases the pressure and stress associated with competing roles, leading to poorer health. The multiple role attachment hypothesis argues that multiple responsibilities provide attachment to broader networks, which then provide social support and resources that enhance health.We analyzed pooled data from the German Health Update carried out by the Robert Koch Institute in 2009, 2010, and 2012. The data were collected by computer-assisted telephone interviews. The sample comprised 28,086 people aged 30–54 years. The data were assessed with logistic regression analysis and interaction models. The gender-differentiated analysis of partnership, parenthood, and employment, after adjusting for social and demographic characteristics, revealed small interaction effects among all three social roles with self-rated health in women and men.Non-employment showed the strongest relationship with poor self-rated health. It was significantly associated with lower self-rated health in both men and women in most of the family arrangements. These associations were higher in men than in women. Furthermore, in all family arrangements, female part-time employees were as healthy as female fulltime employees. A more subtle association was found in men: the odds of reporting poorer self-rated health were greater among non-parents employed part time than among those employed full time, but lower than among those who were non-employed. Among fathers, part-time employees did not have statistically better health than full-time employees.The findings support somewhat the multiple role attachment hypothesis, rather than the multiple role burden hypothesis. Because employment has great importance for both women's and men's health, the compatibility of work and family roles should be improved.

To Work or Not to Work? Mothers of Children With ADHD

Mothers of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder were studied with regard to employment status, workplace characteristics, and depressive symptoms. Self-complexity theory proposes that complex self-representations buffer against depression; however, maternal employment may challenge mothers’ ability to attend to the many needs of their children. Findings from our cross-sectional study of 176 mothers revealed that employed mothers reported fewer depressive symptoms than unemployed mothers and those employed part time, providing support for the self-complexity buffering hypothesis. Furthermore, low levels of parenting stress were associated with fewer depressive symptoms. Implications are provided for career counseling and future research.

Employment Status, Depression, Drinking, and Alcohol Use Disorder in Puerto Rico.

Our aim was to examine the association between employment status, depression, drinking, binge drinking, and DSM-5 alcohol use disorder in Puerto Rico. Data are from a 2013 to 2014 household random sample of individuals 18 to 64 years of age in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Bivariate analyses showed that depression was 5 times higher among unemployed males than among those employed full time (21% vs. 4%) and 2 times higher among unemployed females compared to those employed part time or full time (18% vs. 7% and 9%). Employment status was not associated with weekly volume of drinking, but nonparticipation in the workforce was protective against drinking (odds ratio [OR] = 2.17; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03 to 4.57; p < 0.05) and binge drinking (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.39 to 0.97; p < 0.05). This association could be due to the fact that those not in the work force may not be working due to sickness or disability. Male gender was a factor of risk for being a current drinker (OR = 2; 95% CI = 1.53 to 2.6; p < 0.001) and binge drinking (OR = 1.69; 95% CI = 1.29 to 2.2; p < 0.001). Male gender was protective against depression (OR = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.14 to 0.73; p < 0.01), but males employed only part time were almost 5 times more likely than females employed full time to be depressed (OR = 4.66; 95% CI = 1.25 to 17.38; p < 0.05). Employment status in Puerto Rico is associated with depression and with current drinking, but not with other alcohol-related outcomes. Perhaps Puerto Rico is a "wet" environment, where drinking is already at a relatively high level that is not affected by employment status. Perhaps the chronic high rate of unemployment in the island has also created familial (e.g., support) and personal level accommodations (e.g., participation in the informal economy) that do not include increased drinking.

일부 치위생과 학생의 아르바이트 경험이 대학생활적응에 미치는 영향

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to find out the effect of part-time employment experience on adaptation to university life in dental hygiene students. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 288 dental hygiene students in Seoul and Gyeonggido from September to October, 2014. The questionnaire consisted of general characteristics of the subjects(5 items), part-time employment experience(6 items), and adaptation to university life(53 items). The instrument for adaptation to university life was adapted from Baker and Sirky and modified by Kwon. Likert 5 point scale adaptation included personal emotion adaptation, academic adaptation, social adaptation, and university environment adaptation. Cronbach's <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX> was 0.80 in the study. Results: The adaptation to university life was 3.0 points. The higher the economic level was, the higher the personal emotional adaptation(p<0.001) and academic adaptation were(p<0.05). The adaptation to university life was positively influenced by tuition support by parents and part-time employment(p<0.05). The part-time employment was significantly helpful to future job selection, social adaptation, and university environment adaptation(p<0.001). Economic stability and advantage of future job selection had a positive influence on the adaptation to university life. So the adaptation to university life was proportional to younger age, economic stability, and advantage to future job selection. Conclusions: It is very important to give a positive motivation and stimulation, and a careful counseling to the students in part-time employment. In order to encourage the part-time employed students, major-related part-time job opening must be given.

Gain of employment and perceived health status among previously unemployed persons: evidence from a longitudinal study in the United States

ObjectivesUsing longitudinal datasets, we investigated whether gaining employment was associated with improvements in perceived mental health and overall health among previously unemployed U.S. residents. We additionally examined whether the association varied across types of employment and socio-demographic characteristics. MethodsWe used multiple two-year panel datasets of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey during 2004–2012. We studied two health outcomes: perceived mental health and overall health. Our independent variables were employment status: full-time, part-time, self-employment, and unemployment. To examine the association between gaining employment and perceived health, we employed population–averaged models with generalized estimating equations. We secondarily examined the association across subpopulations (gender, race/ethnicity, and education). ResultsThose who gained full-time, part-time, and self-employment were more likely to report good mental health than those who stayed unemployed (AOR [Adjusted Odds Ratio] = 2.90, 95% CI 2.23 to 3.78, AOR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.06, and AOR = 3.24, 95% CI 1.08 to 9.70, respectively). Those who became full-time and part-time employed were more likely to report good overall health relative to those who stayed unemployed (AOR = 2.28, 95% CI 1.82 to 2.86 and AOR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.52 to 2.40, respectively). For both measures of perceived health, the magnitudes of the association were larger for those who gained full-time employment than part-time employment. AORs were relatively higher for males, black persons, and people with less than a college education relative to other groups in each subpopulation. ConclusionImproving employment outcomes may improve perceived health. Transiting toward full-time employment, in particular, may maximize the benefits of employment.

Employment as a health promotion intervention for persons with multiple sclerosis.

To examine the relationship between employment status (no employment, part-time employment, and full-time employment) and functional disability, health-related quality of life, and life satisfaction of people with MS. 157 individuals with MS completed a survey packet, including employment status, self-report disability severity, and health-related scales. A series of multivariate analysis of variance was performed to determine the differences between employment groups in health-related outcomes. The unemployed group had the highest levels of incapacity and social impairments among the three groups. They also had the lowest physical health-related quality of life and life satisfaction. The part-time employed group had the lowest levels of depression and higher levels of physical activity participation among the three groups of individuals with MS. Employment is significantly related to health-related quality of life, and as a result, it should be considered an important public health intervention for people with MS.

Labour force participation and the influence of having arthritis on financial status.

The objective of this study was to quantify the impact that having arthritis has on income poverty status and accumulated wealth in Australia. Cross-sectional analysis of Health&WealthMOD, a microsimulation model built on data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics' Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers and STINMOD, an income and savings microsimulation model. Across all categories of labour force participation status (employed full time, part time or not in the labour force at all), those with arthritis were significantly more likely to be in poverty. Those employed full time with no health condition had 0.82 times the odds of being in income poverty (95% CI 0.80-0.84) compared with those employed full time with arthritis. Those not in the labour force with no chronic health conditions had 0.36 times the odds of being in income poverty compared with those not in the labour force due to arthritis (95% CI 0.36-0.37). For people not in the labour force with no long-term health condition, the total value of their wealth was 211% higher (95% CI 38-618%) than the amount of wealth accumulated by those not in the labour force due to arthritis. Similarly, those employed part time with no chronic health condition had 50% more wealth than those employed part time with arthritis (95% CI 3-116%). Arthritis has a profound impact upon the economic circumstances of individuals, which adds a further dimension to the detrimental living standards of older individuals suffering from the condition.

Maternal Employment and Parenting Through Middle Childhood: Contextualizing Factors.

The authors used data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 1,364) to examine maternal work hour status and parenting (sensitivity and learning opportunities) from infancy through middle childhood. Work hour status was conceptualized as nonemployment, part time, and full time. Adjusting for covariates, mothers employed part time had higher sensitivity scores and higher provision of child learning opportunity scores than did mothers who were not employed, and these differences characterized families during early childhood rather than middle childhood. Mothers' provision of child learning opportunities was greater when employed full time (vs. part time) during early childhood. In addition to child age, mothers' ethnic minority status and partner status moderated the association between maternal work hour status and mothers' parenting. In general, the findings supported ideas forwarded by role expansionist theory.

(597) - A Descriptive Study Examining Post Lung Transplantation: Patient Employment Status, Restricting Factors for Work, and Support Requirements

PurposeClinical outcomes for lung transplant recipients (LTR) are defined in terms of respiratory function tests. Little data regarding quality of life and employment status following LT has been published. The ability to work post LT may represent a good long term outcome of "health” in this population. We investigated patterns of employment within the current LT population in our centre to look at employment status, restricting factors, and support in order to better define the needs of this group.MethodsA questionnaire was provided to patients as they attended the Transplant Out-Patient clinic between 15th July and 13th September 2013. All data was collected anonymously. 154 questionnaires were given out and 126 were returned, giving a return rate of 82%. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the numeric data.ResultsWorking status: Employed full time 9% (n=13); employed part time 12% (n=16); self employed 6% (n=8); volunteer 7% (n=9); student 7% (n=9); retired 25% (n=35); long term sick leave 14% (n=20); unemployed 20% (n=28). Restricting factors for work: See diagram. ‘Other’ factors limiting ability to work include health and functional issues, variability of health, and impact of transplant (appointments, medical regime, dialysis). Support requirements: Patients indicated that they required support in the first year post transplant, that individualised specialist advice was required and that liaison with their employer to educate about the impact of transplantation was essential.Conclusion PurposeClinical outcomes for lung transplant recipients (LTR) are defined in terms of respiratory function tests. Little data regarding quality of life and employment status following LT has been published. The ability to work post LT may represent a good long term outcome of "health” in this population. We investigated patterns of employment within the current LT population in our centre to look at employment status, restricting factors, and support in order to better define the needs of this group. Clinical outcomes for lung transplant recipients (LTR) are defined in terms of respiratory function tests. Little data regarding quality of life and employment status following LT has been published. The ability to work post LT may represent a good long term outcome of "health” in this population. We investigated patterns of employment within the current LT population in our centre to look at employment status, restricting factors, and support in order to better define the needs of this group. MethodsA questionnaire was provided to patients as they attended the Transplant Out-Patient clinic between 15th July and 13th September 2013. All data was collected anonymously. 154 questionnaires were given out and 126 were returned, giving a return rate of 82%. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the numeric data. A questionnaire was provided to patients as they attended the Transplant Out-Patient clinic between 15th July and 13th September 2013. All data was collected anonymously. 154 questionnaires were given out and 126 were returned, giving a return rate of 82%. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the numeric data. ResultsWorking status: Employed full time 9% (n=13); employed part time 12% (n=16); self employed 6% (n=8); volunteer 7% (n=9); student 7% (n=9); retired 25% (n=35); long term sick leave 14% (n=20); unemployed 20% (n=28). Restricting factors for work: See diagram. ‘Other’ factors limiting ability to work include health and functional issues, variability of health, and impact of transplant (appointments, medical regime, dialysis). Support requirements: Patients indicated that they required support in the first year post transplant, that individualised specialist advice was required and that liaison with their employer to educate about the impact of transplantation was essential. Working status: Employed full time 9% (n=13); employed part time 12% (n=16); self employed 6% (n=8); volunteer 7% (n=9); student 7% (n=9); retired 25% (n=35); long term sick leave 14% (n=20); unemployed 20% (n=28). Restricting factors for work: See diagram. ‘Other’ factors limiting ability to work include health and functional issues, variability of health, and impact of transplant (appointments, medical regime, dialysis). Support requirements: Patients indicated that they required support in the first year post transplant, that individualised specialist advice was required and that liaison with their employer to educate about the impact of transplantation was essential. Conclusion

Gender gaps in Spain: policies and outcomes over the last three decades

We document recent trends in gender equality in employment and wages in Spain. Despite an impressive decline in the gender gap in employment, females are still less likely to work than males: about 76 % of working age males and 63 % of working age females were employed in 2010. If females work they are more likely to be employed part time and with temporary contracts. The large increase in female employment, from 28 % in 1977 to 63 % in 2010, was accompanied by a significant decline in fertility. The gender gap in wages, after controlling for worker and job characteristics as well as for selection, is high. It was about 20 % in 2010, quite close to its value in 1994. Furthermore, the gender gap in wages is driven mainly by differences in returns to individual characteristics. While women are more qualified than men in observable labor market characteristics, they end up earning less. There have been several important policy changes that try to help families reconcile family responsibilities with market work. The existing literature suggests that households do react to incentives generated by different policies and policy changes are at least partly responsible for changes in female labor supply. In recent decades, the large inflow of immigrants, who provided relatively cheap household services, allowed more educated women to enter the labor market. Policy challenges, however, remain.

Employment is associated with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women based on the 2007-2009 Korean National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey

This study aims to investigate the association between employment status and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adult Korean women after stratification by menopause status. We examined the relationship between employment status and the prevalence of MetS in 5,256 Korean women (3,141 premenopausal women and 2,115 postmenopausal women) who participated in the 2007-2009 Korean National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey. Employment status was classified as unemployed, employed part time, and employed full time based on a self-reported questionnaire. A modified Asian criterion based on a harmonized definition of MetS was adopted. Sampling weights were used to take the complex sampling method into account. The prevalences of MetS in the unemployed group, part-time employment group, and full-time employment group were 14.5%, 11.8%, and 12.7% in premenopausal women and 54.9%, 44.0%, and 41.8% in postmenopausal women, respectively. Compared with the unemployed group, the odds ratios (95% CIs) for MetS in the part-time and full-time employment groups were 0.79 (0.52-1.22) and 0.80 (0.56-1.16) in premenopausal women and 0.67 (0.46-0.97) and 0.66 (0.51-0.84) in postmenopausal women, respectively, after adjusting for covariates such as age, inflammatory marker, socioeconomic status, and lifestyle factors. Employment seems to be significantly related to a lower prevalence of MetS in postmenopausal women, but not in premenopausal women. However, there may not have been adequate statistical power to detect relations in premenopausal women. Further research is warranted to clarify the menopause-specific relationship between employment status and MetS risk.

The Perceived Needs of Nurse Clinicians as They Move Into an Adjunct Clinical Faculty Role

The ability to respond to the increasing need for nurses is directly related to the availability of adequate numbers of faculty. One solution that is currently being utilized by many educational institutions is the employment of adjunct clinical faculty. As more and more adjunct clinical faculty are being used to educate nursing students, the manner in which these clinicians are being prepared for an educator role must be examined. Subsequently, the purpose of this study was to determine how adjunct clinical faculty describe their role and the needs they have related to actualizing that role. Naturalistic inquiry methodology was chosen for this study. Twenty-one adjunct clinical faculty were interviewed. Based on the participants' narratives, adjunct clinical faculty is defined as a registered nurse who is a clinical expert and employed part time by an educational institution to coach students in the clinical setting, helping them apply theory to clinical situations. Four themes emerged from an analysis of the data: orientation, role, support, and connection. Participant perspectives revealed that their transition from a nurse clinician into the role of adjunct clinical faculty is one that should be intentionally guided and supported by a mentor, with a focus on the acquisition of educational skills needed for that role.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL AMERICA ACROSS TYPOLOGIES, GENDER AND MOTIVATION

This study examines the effect of rurality on early-stage necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship among women and men in America from three rural typology perspectives. To achieve this objective, we build a dataset that combines GEM U.S. individual data for 2005—2010 and county economic characteristics from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Census Bureau. We use three typologies to define rurality and compare the results, the OMB metro-nonmetro classification system (2003), Isserman (2005) and county population density. We further analyze this data in subsamples by gender using cross-section time-series rare events logistic regression with clustered robust errors and year fixed effects. Key findings indicate the three rural typologies show similar results in magnitude, direction and significance, although population density shows sensitivity to the rurality variable and subsamples. Also, compared to women in OMB metro counties in America, women who live in OMB nonmetro counties have a higher probability of engaging in opportunity entrepreneurship. This probability increases with college education and decreases if the woman lives alone or is retired. Among men, living in OMB nonmetro or Isserman rural counties also increases their probability of engaging in opportunity entrepreneurship. College education and being African American also increases this probability. Predictors of necessity entrepreneurship are having an income below 50,000 among women and being employed part time among men.

Female labour supply and nursing home prices

Long term care in Germany is provided in nursing homes, by professional ambulatory services and by the patient's relatives at home, with the latter being predominantly provided by women. Given an increasing labour market participation of women, long term care at home by female relatives might become less frequent in the future which in turn may result in rising demand for and hence rising prices for long term care services. This paper builds upon the existing literature on the determinants of nursing home prices and investigates whether the labour market participation and the education level of women are correlated with the prices of nursing homes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study using panel data approaches in this field of research. Based on a full sample of nursing homes in Germany for the years 2001, 2003, 2005 and 2007, our empirical results suggest that a high share of full-time employed women aged 50-65 at the district level is not associated with higher prices of nursing homes. Furthermore, we find only weak evidence for a positive correlation of prices with the local average of women's educational level and a negative correlation with part-time employment indicating that price levels are lower in regions with higher shares of part-time employed women.

USE OF FLEXIBLE FORMS OF EMPLOYMENT IN CHOSEN COUNTRIES OF EUROPEAN UNION DURING THE YEARS 2007-2011

The article analyses the main trends on the labor market in Poland and other chosen countries in European Union. The research problem has been formulated as follows: economic crisis have an major influence on changes in level and structure of employment. The theoretical part of the article presents characteristics changes on the labor market from point of view of influence of prosperity conditions on flexible forms of employment. The practical part of the article is based on method of statistical analysis. Statistical analysis embraces changes in level and structure of employment, especially level of part-time employed, temporary employed, self-employed. Statistical data show that economic crisis in European Union caused fall in level of employment, increase in level of part-time employment and fall in level of temporary employment and self-employed.

Balancing Act: Career and Family During College-Educated Women’s 30s

We assessed career, marriage, and motherhood expectations of 118 White Women and 82 Women of Color in 1993, when they were seniors at five northeastern U.S. colleges. Sixteen years later, in 2009, 77.5 % responded to our survey and answered questions about their career, marriage, motherhood, attitudes, and life satisfaction outcomes. As seniors, they wanted it all, career, marriage, and motherhood. In 2009, nearly two thirds were employed full time, 91 % had married, nearly three quarters were mothers, and about 57 % were combining full-time employment and motherhood. Comparisons are made among three role-status outcome groups: Have It All (mothers, employed full time); Traditional (mothers, employed part time or not at all), and Employed Only (childfree, employed full time). Educational level of the women did not predict role status. Spouses’ educational level relative to the women’s predicted role status, with Have It All women more likely to be married to less educated spouses than Traditional or Employed Only women. The role-status groups did not differ in their attitudes toward women in general, but Have It All mothers had lower levels of employment-related concerns about separation from their children than Traditional mothers. Most of the women still wanted to have it all. Many Traditional women looked forward to returning to employment, and many of the Employed Only women wanted to have children. Being a mother was associated with higher life satisfaction than being childfree. Results are discussed in terms of multiple-role theory and the positive influence of having family roles in the mix.

The Role of Work Status on European Older Volunteers’ Motivation

The article aims to identify differences in motivation between working and nonworking older volunteers, in order to contribute to knowledge on the relationship between work status and volunteering in later life. The study also contributes a cross-European view, given that most literature emanates from the United States. It was conducted utilizing a database of 955 working and nonworking older volunteers in three European countries: the Netherlands, Germany, and Italy. Results showed that work status has a significant impact on the motivation to volunteer, suggesting that voluntary organizations need to consider responding to different motivations between older volunteers still in paid employment and those who are retired. Specifically, those in paid work may be more driven by the desire to improve their career or knowledge, whereas older retired volunteers and those employed part time may consider volunteering as a response to challenges associated with retirement and later life or an unsatisfactory working situation.

The influence of maternal employment on children's learning growth and the role of parental involvement

Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, this study employed a latent growth curve model to examine how parental involvement explains the association between maternal employment status and children's math and reading achievement growth from kindergarten through the third grade. To address this issue, three types of parental involvement – school participation, parent–child interaction, and educational trips – were considered. Our findings indicated that maternal employment can be both beneficial and detrimental to children's educational development depending on the mother's number of working hours. Students whose mothers were employed part time exhibited an advantage in academic learning because of increased rates of school participation and parent–child interaction, whereas students of mothers employed full time appeared to experience a lower learning growth, given lower rate of school participation and fewer educational trips than students of unemployed mothers. These findings highlight the importance of family context in understanding work–family relationships.