Rural Parts Of India Research Articles

A study on multi drug resistant tuberculosis at Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Resistance to antitubercular drugs has been noted since the drugs were first introduced, and occasionally outbreaks of drug-resistant tuberculosis have been reported worldwide. WHO emphasizes that good TB control prevents the emergence of drug resistance in the first place and that the proper treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis prevents the emergence of XDR-TB. The objectives of the study were to examine the sputum samples regarding MDR-TB, to study the grading regarding sputum positive and to study the multi-drug resistance tuberculosis in Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical sciences.Methods: Study design was cross-sectional, Study duration was January 2016-March 2017. Study place was Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, Kulasekharam. Sample size was 400. Data entered in MS-Office Word- 2016. Institutional ethical committee clearance was obtained. Results: In present study 54.86% patient had sputum AFB positive, 45.13% had sputum AFB negative smears. 75% of the sputum AFB positive pulmonary TB came under the age group between 20-60 and 25% above 60 yrs. 78.24% males, 21.75% females had sputum AFB smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis and 43.73% patients had positive sputum culture, 56.26% patients had negative sputum culture and the most common strain found was Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Conclusions: So from our study we found that Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the major strain isolated from sputum samples. The resistance is more to Isoniazid and Rifampicin and is more in the rural parts of India. Early screening and drug susceptibility test of culture positive and MTB cases will help in initiating treatment of MDR-TB.

Nursing in rural India.

Nursing in India is evolving, and the inequality of practice and standards between cities and villages affects the health of the population. This article describes the challenges of providing healthcare in rural parts of India, and how nurses have made the best use of available resources to strive to achieve healthcare goals.

A Rare Fatal Head Injury and Crush Injury to Leg by an Improperly Assembled Chaff Cutter – a farm Machinery-Related Injury in North-West India: a Case Report

Background: Chaff cutter, a commonly used fodder cutter machine in rural parts of India is responsible for a significant number of agricultural-related accidents. Mostly, these accidents lead to amputation of the upper extremities and the fatal injuries are extremely rare.Case Report: This article presents a very unusual case of fatal head injury and crush injury to right leg sustained by a farmer while working with a self-assembled chaff cutter machine in his field. His leg caught between the belt and the wheel of the diesel engine when he tried to cross it and resulted in such kind of fatal injuries.Conclusion: Despite existing rules regarding the quality norms for the farm machinery in India and the availability of high-quality, safe machinery in the market, self-assembled chaff cutters are still in use and are posing a risk to any person working around. Apart from explaining the mechanism of the fatal injuries, this paper also stresses mainly on the need for ensuring the use of government prescribed safe machines and conducting regular training programs for farmers regarding the safe handling of farm machinery to reduce these kinds of fatalities.

A Few Predictions for Justice Gorsuch's Bankruptcy Jurisprudence

Purpose: One of the most appalling challenges in India is persistently rising unemployment, explicitly in the rural region. More than 20% of Indian youth between the ages of 15 and 24 years are “seeking or available for work,” as per 2011 census data. There will be no peace and prosperity in the country unless jobless people get appropriate channel. In India deficiency of skills is among the main constraints for recruitment of Technical Education. Productivity of Technical Education in not entirely absorbed due to lack of skills required by the employers. Along with the ample arguments, taking place in recent times, regarding reformation in the productivity of Technical Education, this present study syndicates focus on services delivered and its impact on employability skills. The objective of this paper is to find out whether Technical Education institutes in rural part are keen to focus on the employability skills? The paper also focuses on distinguished skills required by the employer for recruitment. The study also emphases on the services offered by the Institutes and their correlation on skills development. Design methodology: A quantitative research survey through a structured questionnaire for the students who are studying or have recently completed their Technical Education affiliated to the North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon was conducted which is situated in rural part of India. Findings: The study discusses umpteen employability skills and explains how embedding services of technical education are correlated to the growth and development of employability skills. The study finds that these services results in comprehensive and cohesiveness of employability skills. Research limitations: The survey is delimited to the Technical Education belonging to North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon and located in rural of India. Practical implications: The institute of TE can be benefited by Integrated Service Model and its impact on the development of the employability skills. The institutes thus can concentrate most effective services. The employer can know what employment skills are embedded through the service delivered by the institutes. KEY FINDINGS: Services which are related to staff and faculty have an impact on developing Employment Skills of students. On the other hand, services or facilities provided by the management/service providers like; Infrastructure and Technology, Students Amenities and Recreation, Safety and Secured campus, Sports and Cultural facilities and Campus Life and Discipline are also very important for development of Employability Skills.These facilities create vibrant campus and a platform for the engagement of students activities. Alumni and Community/People also have relation with the development of Employability Skills through Alumni Interaction and Campus Life respectively provided by the institutes though indirectly.

Smart Automobile for Indian Roads

Objective: To propose a system design for an autonomous vehicle in order to tackle the rising road accidents and vehicle safety issues. Method: A detail study of the various intelligent systems used by the existing manufacturers of autonomous vehicles and drawing out a statistical data of where these systems lack to adapt to certain situations. An attempt to discover new findings which can tackle these issues of dynamic adaptation, unguided self-training and adaptability to roads in India. Findings: Stereoscopic vision is used to get input from environment on which image processing algorithms are applied to obtain the improved response time for autonomous vehicle. Using ANMLP (Artificial Neural Network for Multi Language Processing) algorithms to train and guide the system to learn and understand behavior patterns dynamically. Improvements: The Autonomous Vehicle shows greater adaptability to dynamic environments compared to previous versions. This in turn helps it to drive on roads where there might be unorganized traffic scenarios like in some rural parts of India.

Engineering a Woman: Marketing Opportunities and Challenges in India

Engineering plays a key role in supporting the growth and development of a country’s economy as well as in improving the quality of life for citizens. Most of developed countries witnessed economic growth with the contribution of women in engineering field. In developing countries like India women remained under-utilized resource. Women in engineering are probably the single best investment that can be made in the developing world. There is clearly room for improvement – not only in recruiting women into engineering, but also in retaining and promoting those women who wish and do enter the profession. This study was designed to investigate a perception and determination of undergraduate women towards accessing Engineering Education. The study has highlighted women’s perceptions and experiences on accessing engineering education through institute’s Marketing Mix strategies which enables women to take up strategic positions to enjoy success in engineering education and career. Findings of this study revealed that women students in engineering are better satisfied and act of referring services/program to others is higher than men students in terms of numbers for a particular set of marketing mix applied to gender. A qualitative research survey through a structured questionnaire for the students who are studying or have recently completed their engineering education from reputed engineering institutes affiliated to the North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, India was conducted. The study discloses women’s approach to engineering education in terms of marketing mix; program, price, place, promotion, people, physical evidence and process. Women tended to rate most the marketing criteria as having a higher level of importance than men. Women needed more communal support while making decision making of selection of engineering education. The survey is delimited to the engineering education belonging to North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon and Khandesh region, a rural part of India. Findings of the study will be useful for the institutes and direct and indirect service providers of engineering education in developing a communication program and should be utilized and integrated into all aspects of the marketing program to attract women in engineering.

Continuing Professional Development: Needs, Facilitators and Barriers of Registered Nurses in India in Rural and Remote Settings: Findings from a Cross Sectional Survey

Background: Nurses constitute a major portion of the health care workforce in India. A priority to develop pre and post registration nurse education in India has increasingly been highlighted in nursing and health policy imperatives in recent years. Nurses are often the only health care professionals in primary and secondary care within rural and remote healthcare settings in India. They are confronted with the dual challenge of resource constraints and rapidly changing disease profile with little or no access to continuing professional development. Objectives: 1) To identify key continuing professional development priorities of registered nurses working in remote and rural health care settings in India. 2) To identify barriers and facilitators to continuing professional development as perceived by registered nurses working in these settings. 3) To identify preferred modes of continuing professional development by registered nurses working in remote and rural health care settings in India. Design: Quantitative Design. Setting: Two large health care facilities in remote and rural parts of India. Participants: Registered Nurses working in two large not for profit health care organisations participated in the study. Nursing assistants and student nurses were excluded from the study. 368 participants consented to participate in the survey and 271 (73.6%) participants completed the survey. Methods: A questionnaire based cross sectional survey was undertaken as part of the Continuing Professional Development needs assessment among registered nurses working in rural and remote settings. Results: Continuing Professional Development priorities included training on clinical competencies focussed on managing emergency situations related to non-communicable diseases [50%], managerial competencies related to ethical dilemmas [60%] such as support for families with financial difficulties accessing health care [17.8%], women undergoing abortions [14.6%], or those with HIV infection [12.9%]. Preferred modes for Continuing Professional Development included conference attendance [54%], skills training [48%] and in-house training [32%]. Key facilitators for Continuing Professional Development included, professional development [77%], personal interest [42%], opportunities for professional engagement with colleagues [39%], the need to reduce knowledge and skill gap [36%] and career progression [28%]. Geographic distance [59%], low staffing levels [51%], cost [43%], domestic responsibilities [40%], and work commitments [39%] were reported as key barriers to Continuing Professional Development. Conclusions: The findings from this survey, the first of its kind in India, provides evidence on priorities, barriers and facilitators for continuing professional development of registered nurses working in rural and remote settings in India.

Awareness and acceptance of labour analgesia in rural india

Study has been carried out at Pravara Rural Hospital regarding awareness among expecting mothers about Labour Analgesia. Parturients attending ANC clinic were interviewed by anaesthesia residents according to questionaire prepared and responses were recorded. We wanted to study knowledge about labour analgesia in rural parts of India. Method: After getting permission from ethical committee, 250 pregnant women attending ANC clinic were interviewed by anaesthesia residents according to prepared questionnaire and responses recorded. Parturients not willing to participate were excluded from study. Results: Maximum (78%) respondents were from rural area. Their educational level was poor (39% were illiterate and 36% could only read and write). Majority of parturients belonged to low socio-economic group (76%). Awareness about painless delivery was minimal (98%), and after giving information about labour analgesia most (90%) were willing to experience painless delivery. Discussion: As pain during delivery is most excruciating and can have impact on future of expecting mothers, nowadays methods to relieve pain of delivery are available. Still labour analgesia is not known to expecting mothers and not commonly used in rural India. Same is the condition in developing countries as shown by various studies. Conclusion: Various methods need to be adopted to make expecting mothers aware about labour analgesia. Similarly, practicing obstetricians should encourage parturients for pain free delivery.

Customer Perspective of LPG in Rural India

The liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) market in rural India is set to see sustained growth in coming years with overall economic growth and infrastructure development in the rural parts of India. Service quality has become the key success mantra in all sectors ranging from health care to retailing. Protecting the existing customer base and retaining the current customers’ loyalty is the crucial competitive advantage of the company. Services are seen to be the most important factor for generating customer satisfaction, which in turn creates customer loyalty. The study involves ascertaining any perceived gaps between customer expectations and perceptions of the service offered using the SERVQUAL instrument for Bharatgas customers in rural India. Data analysis is carried out to understand the dimensions of service quality which need to be improved so that customers get better service quality thereby retaining the existing customers, creating the brand image and attracting new clients. The study is conducted to understand the consumer perception of LPG in rural parts of India. Results indicate that there is a positive relationship between the dimensions of service quality and customer loyalty.

Impact of Climate Change on Women in Rural India

This article analyses the disproportionate impact of climate change on women residing in rural parts of India. Using secondary data sources and other literature, it argues how women are at higher risk socially, economically and on account of health. However, despite this vulnerability, women are important change makers and are leading the fight against climate change at the grassroot level. It highlights the work done by two such women groups based in Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan. It also briefly comments on the future plan of action to create a gender-sensitive approach to mitigating climate change.

Risk factors for severe acute malnutrition in under-five children: a case-control study in a rural part of India

ObjectivesThe present study was planned to identify some of the risk factors of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in under-five children in a rural part of India. Study designCase-control study. MethodsThe study was carried out in rural areas of Yavatmal district. A total of 737 cases (under-five SAM children) and an equal number of normal controls were included in the study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Binary logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis using a hierarchical model. ResultsThe odds of a child being in the SAM category increased significantly if the family: was below the poverty line, have a kuccha house, have more children in the family, have less rooms in the house, have a working mother, has a mother with a lower level of education, have an unemployed father, did not use any water purification measure, did not always ensure parents washed their hands before feeding a child, did not wash hands with soap and water after defecation, have a father with any addictive habit like tobacco or alcohol consumption, have a maternal height <145 cm, have a maternal weight <45 kg, have a lower age at marriage for mothers, had an institutional delivery, have the same food utilized more than once in a day, have no age-appropriate vaccination, give prelacteal feeds, have a lower frequency of breast feeding, do not use semisolid food during the weaning period, exclusively breast feed for less than four months or more than six months, had low birth weight, have five or more episodes of illness in the previous year, have ≤3 feeds per day apart from breast milk, and not initiation of breast feeding within 30 min of birth. ConclusionRisk factors identified in the present study can be addressed through health system interventions. The strongest association was observed with child feeding practices; thus, more emphasis is required in nutritional education and counselling in strategies to fight undernutrition.

Prevalence of ADHD In A Rural Indian Population

Objective: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a serious public health problem. In India there is very little systemic research in ADHD in children. The aim of this study was to identify ADHD among school going children in a part of rural India. Method: 1147 school students representing the rural population of India were screened by Vanderbilt Attention Deficit Hyperactive Diagnostic Teacher Rating Scale (VADTRS).Results: 3.66 %( n=42 students) of the sample had ADHD symptoms. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this was one of the first studies to find out prevalence of ADHD in rural India. There is an important need for research on ADHD.

Prevalence of ADHD In A Rural Indian Population

Objective: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a serious public health problem. In India there is very little systemic research in ADHD in children. The aim of this study was to identify ADHD among school going children in a part of rural India. Method: 1147 school students representing the rural population of India were screened by Vanderbilt Attention Deficit Hyperactive Diagnostic Teacher Rating Scale (VADTRS).Results: 3.66 %( n=42 students) of the sample had ADHD symptoms. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this was one of the first studies to find out prevalence of ADHD in rural India. There is an important need for research on ADHD.

Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in an adult population in a rural community of Haryana, India.

Though nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly becoming prevalent in the Indian population, knowledge regarding the burden and risk factors of NAFLD is limited, more so from rural areas. This study was thus conducted to estimate the prevalence of NAFLD among adults in a rural community of Haryana, India and to measure the association of diet, physical activity, and other selected risk factors with NAFLD. The present study was conducted in a rural community of Haryana, India among resident adults ≥35 years of age. Eight out of 28 villages were selected by probability proportion to size sampling. The number of eligible and consenting participants randomly selected from each village was 27. Out of 216 participants thus recruited, 184 participants reported for undergoing ultrasonography (USG) of the liver, anthropometry, blood pressure recording, and blood sample collection. Finally, 176 participants were analyzed. Prevalence of NAFLD was 30.7%. There was no significant difference in the calorie intake and average total physical activity between participants with and without NAFLD. On multivariate analysis, hypertension [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-5.0, P 0.03] and an increased waist circumference (adjusted OR: 4.9, 95% CI: 1.5-7.0, P < 0.001) were independently associated with NAFLD. A normal high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level was protective against NAFLD (adjusted OR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.8, P 0.001). The high prevalence of NAFLD is already a public health problem, even in the rural parts of India. Urgent public health interventions are required to prevent its development by controlling the cardiometabolic risk factors associated with it.

Bi-tech wells: an effective arsenic mitigation method

With more than 150 million people in India, Bangladesh and Nepal exposed to arsenic through drinking water, arsenic mitigation projects are common in the region, including many failed and abandoned projects. Our nonprofit organization, Project Well, has been working since 2001 to provide cheap, easily adaptable safe-water solutions suitable for the local socioeconomic environment. After years of research and experimentation, Project Well has developed a ‘bi-tech’ well that fulfills these criteria by tapping arsenic-safe surface water from unconfined aquifers. From 2001 to 2009, Project Well constructed dugwells modified from local traditional dugwells; one important modification was that water was extracted using hand pumps rather than rope-and-bucket, to minimize bacterial contamination. A sizeable percentage of these dugwells were dry during the summer seasons, so in 2009 we began constructing ‘bi-tech’ wells that combined the features of our bacterial-growth-preventing dugwells with the depth of borewells (8 meters). In the summer of 2014, 94% of bi-tech wells contained water compared to 53% of our modified dugwells. Fecal coliform and E. coli were undetected in tests conducted in 2011 and 2014. In 2015, arsenic concentrations were &amp;lt;10 ppb in 95% of the wells. Bi-tech well maintenance is simple, with dredging rarely necessary, and easy for communities to learn. With its low construction costs, easy maintenance, and consistent safe-water output, bi-tech wells are proving an effective water solution in parts of rural India where piped water is not available.

Translation, Language, Anthropology

This essay, in addition to being a reflection on field notes, is about the non-representability of translation. It illustrates the simultaneous possibilities of closure and openness in translation, acts that seal borders, and those that open up new voices. It shows that translation also creates equivalent categories. In doing so, translators align themselves with the dominant codes of classification. These observations have been drawn from ethnographic fieldwork in a remote part of rural India. The essay also shows how fieldwork offers a site of interplay involving both language and ethnography, making the discussion of one in isolation from the other a futile exercise. It extends the idea of ‘difference’ upon which translation studies is predicated. If by ‘difference’ we understand a text, a culture and a context other than those the translator/ethnographer brings with them, the essay shows the dangers of presumed sameness.

Collecting syndromic surveillance data by mobile phone in rural India: implementation and feasibility

BackgroundInfectious disease surveillance has long been a challenge for countries like India, where 75% of the health care services are private and consist of both formal and informal health care providers. Infectious disease surveillance data are regularly collected from governmental and qualified private facilities, but not from the informal sector. This study describes a mobile-based syndromic surveillance system and its application in a resource-limited setting, collecting data on patients’ symptoms from formal and informal health care providers.DesignThe study includes three formal and six informal health care providers from two districts of Madhya Pradesh, India. Data collectors were posted in the clinics during the providers’ working hours and entered patient information and infectious disease symptoms on the mobile-based syndromic surveillance system.ResultsInformation on 20,424 patients was collected in the mobile-based surveillance system. The five most common (overlapping) symptoms were fever (48%), cough (38%), body ache (38%), headache (37%), and runny nose (22%). During the same time period, the government's disease surveillance program reported around 22,000 fever cases in one district as a whole. Our data – from a very small fraction of all health care providers – thus highlight an enormous underreporting in the official surveillance data, which we estimate here to capture less than 1% of the fever cases. Additionally, we found that patients from more than 600 villages visited the nine providers included in our study.ConclusionsThe study demonstrated that a mobile-based system can be used for disease surveillance from formal and informal providers in resource-limited settings. People who have not used smartphones or even computers previously can, in a short timeframe, be trained to fill out surveillance forms and submit them from the device. Technology, including network connections, works sufficiently for disease surveillance applications in rural parts of India. The data collected may be used to better understand the health-seeking behaviour of those visiting informal providers, as they do not report through any official channels. We also show that the underreporting to the government can be enormous.

Acute Myocardial Infarction in Snake bite Envenomation – A Case Report

Snake bite envenomation is a common problem in tropical countries, especially in rural parts of India. We came across a 30 year old male who presented to the hospital after 4 hours with history of Russell’s viper snake bite developing acute non ST elevation myocardial infarction (MI). Myocardial infarction was confirmed by history of left sided chest pain radiating to left arm with diaphoresis and electrocardiographic changes with increased serum troponin levels. Myocardial infarction is a rare complication of snake bite hence case report.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v16i1.22401 J MEDICINE 2015; 16 : 46-47

English

Cereals are the staple diet of most of the world’s population. The millets are very important staple food in the rural parts of India. Millets can secure India’s food and farming in future because it is amazing in their nutrition contents. Echinochloa frumentacea (Sanwa) millet is good source of energy and provide protein, fatty acid, minerals, vitamins, dietary fibre and polypheonals. Proteins present in various foods differ in their nutritive value on account of the difference in the amino acid contents. The amino acid content, fatty acid content (TSFA and TUFA) and anti nutritional factor ranged from 0.0008 to 0.522%, 24.2 to 26.0%, 73.5 to 75.4% and 0.301 to 0.302, 0.0202 to 0.0204 g/100 g and 31.95 mg/100 g respectively. No cyanide content and haemagglutinin activity were found. Nutritionally the seeds of E. frumentacea variety DFM-1 and HR-374 are rich in aspartic acid (essential amino acid) content and total unsaturated fatty acid content. Key words: Amino acid, fatty acid content, anti nutritional factor, minor millets variety of Echinochloa frumentacea.

Knowledge and practices of rural family physicians and obstetricians towards gestational diabetes mellitus

Background: The Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) offers an important opportunity for prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The prevalence of GDM is increasing even in rural parts of India. Family Physicians (FPs) and obstetricians working in rural areas need to be well equipped to manage this disease. This study aimed at assessing the knowledge ant practices amongst these rural doctors. Methods: Validated, self-completion questionnaire administered to family physicians and obstetricians after taking the written consent for participation. The questionnaire was divided in to two sections. First section was to assess the knowledge and the second section was to assess the practices adopted by participants towards GDM. Results: The participants were the 18 FPs and 12 obstetricians working in rural areas and managing pregnancies. About 89% (16) of FPs and 50% (6) Obstetricians exactly knew the definition. More than 55% (10) FPs and 66.7% (8) obstetricians knew the approximate prevalence of GDM. Only 22% (4) FPs and 58.3% (7) obstetricians were practicing universal screening for GDM. Only 38.9% (7) FPs were using insulin for the treatment of GDM where as 75% (9) obstetricians using insulin. Only 17% (3) FPs and 50% (6) obstetricians were practicing at least once weekly blood glucose monitoring for GDM. Conclusions: There are gap in knowledge and practices both amongst FPs and obstetricians towards the management of GDM. Future research focusing on education strategy is required which may involve novel tools like internet and mobile devices.