Part Of Romania Research Articles

Analysis of the geodetic support of the territory of the Dnistrovsky district of the Chernivtsi region

Current analysis of geodetic security of the territory of the Dniester region of the Chernivets region. It is stated that until 1940 Bukovina was located near the warehouse of Romania, therefore all geodetic surveys that were located on its territory at that time were according to the normative documents of this region. After the establishment of the Chernivets region, the establishment of geodetic surveys began on its territory, first under the Regulations of 1939, and then under the Regulations of 1954–61. The current DGM was prompted by the Regulations of 1998, which in 2013 were replaced by the Procedure for the State Geodetic Survey. The number of DGM points (by class) that falls on the territory of the region is covered, as well as the average density of points per 1 km 2 . An assessment has been made of the feasibility of creating maps and plans for the territory of the Dniester region. A note has been issued about the need to thicken the DHM on the territory of the region. As we have already noted, before the formation of Chernivtsi region, it was part of Romania. During this period, the 1st class triangulation was built in 1927–1962 by the Military Geographical Institute of Romania. After the liberation of the Chernivtsi region, the state geodetic network on its territory and on the territory of the present Dniester district, in particular, was built in accordance with the Regulations of 1939, this is triangulation of II, III and IV classes in the Chernivtsi–Mogilev-Podilskyi–Rybnytsia area, laid in 1945. by units of the VTS, triangulation of classes II, III and IV in the Botoshany area, laid in 1944 by units of the VTS, triangulation of II, III and IV classes in the area of Northern Bukovyna, laid in 1941 by units of the VTS. In 1954–61, new «Regulations on the construction of the state geodetic network of the USSR» were adopted. According to these Regulations, based on the existing network at that time, a new DGM was built on the territory of the present Dniester district. The following works were performed: – 2nd and 3rd class triangulation, 3rd and 4th class optical and radio ranging polygonometry in the Chernivtsi - Yedintsi area , laid out in 1965 by parts of the VTS; – 2nd, 3rd, 4th class triangulation, 3rd and 4th class light ranging and radio ranging polygonometry in the Khmelnytskyi – Vinnytsia – Kamianets-Podilskyi area , laid out in 1961 by the Parts of the VTS. In 1998, the «Basic provisions for the creation of the State Geodetic Network of Ukraine» were adopted, which in 2013 were replaced by a new normative document «The Procedure for the Construction of the State Geodetic Network». According to these two normative documents, a modern DSM was created and modernized on the territory of the Dnistrovsky district. Today, the total number of DGM points located on the territory of the Dnistrovskyi district is a total of 69 units of the corresponding class, of which: – 1st class – 7 points; – 2nd class – 13 points; – 3rd grade – 29 points. There are 20 units of 4th class points, which currently belong to digit geodetic networks. Keywords: national geodetic measure, geodetic security, geodetic measure, geodetic measure of density, astronomical-geodetic measure, average thickness of points, topographic map and plan.

«DOVBUSH», «MAZEPA», «PETLURA», «BUKOVYNA», «DNISTER», «KOLOS»: THE NAMES OF BUKOVYN’S FOOTBALL TEAMS IN THE XX–XXI CENTURIES

The article presents the names of Ukrainian football teams over the century-long history of the development of football in Bukovyna. The object of analysis in the study was the nominations of Bukovyna teams, starting from the 20s of the 20th century and until now. The subject of analysis is the motivational base and methods of creating the names of Bukovyna football teams in the 20–21th centuries. The sources of factual material in the investigation were Ukrainian periodicals, primarily sports, and the works of sports historians on the development of football in Bukovyna. The motivation of the names of football teams was analyzed, and they were differentiated into homonymous and appellative names. The political and social and cultural factors of naming tendencies that dominated in different periods of football development are traced. It was found that in the 20–30s of the 20th century, when the Bukovyna lands were part of Romania, and the Ukrainians of Bukovyna tried to demonstrate their national identity in various ways, the names of football clubs in these areas reflected associations with cultural, historical, geographical realities of Ukraine. Along with the names motivated by toponyms, hydronyms, oronyms, nominations of Ukrainian organizations and unions, names of persons by profession, many names came from anthroponyms – Dovbush, Karmelyuk, Gonta, Zaliznyak, Doroshenko, Mazepa, Petlyura, which was a notable feature of Bukovyna football naming. In the 40–80s of the 20th century the share of football team names with a nationalcultural component in meaning has noticeably decreased (Bukovyna, Karpaty, Cheremosh), instead, unified nominations have appeared with Soviet realities and symbols of communist ideology reflected in them. During this period, club names derived from the names of all-Union sports associations, ergonims, names of persons by profession, names of enterprise products, and ideological names (Kolos, Legmash) dominated. In the period after the restoration of Ukrainian independence, the number of nominations with ethnоcultural connotations increased, a small percentage of names formed in the times of totalitarianism were preserved, and under the influence of the commercialization of sports, names that duplicate the names of organizations that finance football clubs and eclectic nominations, which combined Soviet team names with the names of their sponsors (Farmer, RA-DENT, Kolos-Maya, Zarinok-Drim-Tim). The prospects of the research are to identify trends in the naming of football clubs in different Ukrainian regions.

A roadmap to estimating agricultural ammonia volatilization over Europe using satellite observations and simulation data

Abstract. Ammonia (NH3) is one of the most important gases emitted from agricultural practices. It affects air quality and the overall climate and is in turn influenced by long-term climate trends as well as by short-term fluctuations in local and regional meteorology. Previous studies have established the capability of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) series of instruments, aboard the Metop satellites, to measure ammonia from space since 2007. In this study, we explore the interactions between atmospheric ammonia, land and meteorological variability, and long-term climate trends in Europe. We investigate the emission potential (Γsoil) of ammonia from the soil, which describes the soil–atmosphere ammonia exchange. Γsoil is generally calculated in-field or in laboratory experiments; here, and for the first time, we investigate a method which assesses it remotely using satellite data, reanalysis data products, and model simulations. We focus on ammonia emission potential in March 2011, which marks the start of growing season in Europe. Our results show that Γsoil ranges from 2 × 103 to 9.5 × 104 (dimensionless) in fertilized cropland, such as in the North European Plain, and is of the order of 10–102 in a non-fertilized soil (e.g., forest and grassland). These results agree with in-field measurements from the literature, suggesting that our method can be used in other seasons and regions in the world. However, some improvements are needed in the determination of mass transfer coefficient k (m s−1), which is a crucial parameter to derive Γsoil. Using a climate model, we estimate the expected increase in ammonia columns by the end of the century based on the increase in skin temperature (Tskin), under two different climate scenarios. Ammonia columns are projected to increase by up to 50 %, particularly in eastern Europe, under the SSP2-4.5 scenario and might even double (increase of 100 %) under the SSP5-8.5 scenario. The increase in skin temperature is responsible for a formation of new hotspots of ammonia in Belarus, Ukraine, Hungary, Moldova, parts of Romania, and Switzerland.

Genetic identification of members of the prominent Báthory aristocratic family

The Báthory family was one of the most powerful noble families in the medieval Hungarian Kingdom. Their influence peaked during the Ottoman occupation of Hungary, when the only partially autonomous region of the country was Transylvania, under Turkish protectorate. Several members of the family became Princes of Transylvania, and one of them, István Báthory, was also the elected King of Poland. We hereby present the first genetic data about this extinct family. Archaeological excavations in Pericei, a settlement now part of Romania, revealed the former family chapel of the Báthory family. Through this work, two Báthory family members were successfully identified among the 13 skeletons found at the site. The presence of Y chromosome haplogroup R-S498 fits the historical account describing the family's German (Swabian) origins. Their genomic composition also indicates a family of Germanic origin that intermixed with medieval Hungarians.

PREVALENCE OF WEST NILE VIRUS ANTIBODIES IN INDOOR DOGS FROM AN URBAN AREA IN IAȘI, ROMANIA: INDICATORS OF VIRAL PRESENCE AND URBAN TRANSMISSION POTENTIAL

West Nile Virus (WNV), a zoonotic mosquito-borne virus (mobovirus) originally isolated from the blood of a febrile Ugandan woman in 1937, caused substantial human disease in Europe starting in the 1990s and emerged in 1999 in The United States of America (USA) for the first time. It has become an important concern for public health due to its reemergence and frequent human outbreaks. The enzootic transmission cycle of arboviruses involves primary wild animals; however, spillover transmission is reported frequently in domestic animals. Dogs are dead-end hosts in WNV transmission epidemiology. However, detecting WNV antibodies in the dog population can indicate the virus’s presence and spread in different areas. The virus is known to be endemic in parts of Romania, including Iași County. The study aimed at assessing the prevalence of anti-WNV antibodies in indoor dogs from an urban area in Iași, where all the conditions for virus transmission are met (wetland, density of wildlife hosts including birds, abundance of vectors, domestic mammal hosts and synanthropic birds). Using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (INGEZIM West Nile COMPAC, Ingenasa, Madrid, Spain), serum samples collected from indoor dogs between 2020–2022 were screened for WNV antibodies. The results showed an overall seroprevalence of 12.2%. Detection of specific antibodies in dogs suggests a possible establishment of an urban cycle for WNV or other antigenically related flaviviruses.

Hungarian Language as a Factor of Identity Preservation in Transylvania Nowadays in Comparison with Russian Identity in Moldova

The language is one of the main factors of nation-building and culture preservation. Among other factors, language is perhaps the most important one in creating national identity − it shapes the personality, the mentality, the worldview, the behavior, the lifestyle, the value system and the national character. The relationship between language and identity played an important role in national revival in the XIX century in Europe and is extremely topical in our days. This fact can be explained by intensified migration, political processes and second language acquisition. Especially it is valid for countries that went through consequential territorial changes and where natural bilingualism is present. In such countries, national or linguistic minorities are faced with the growing necessity to learn and use two or even more languages and, at the same time, to preserve their language and, thus, the national identity. Examples of such territories can be Transcarpathia, Vojvodina and Transylvania. The latter with a major percent of Hungarian population, was a part of Romania in the interwar period and since 1947 as a result of Trianon and Paris peace treaties. Another example is the multinational Republic of Moldova, which gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Nowadays more and more people in Transylvania and in the Republic of Moldova claim to be bilingual. This leads to identifying themselves with more than one ethnicity. What would this mean and how would it influence the cultural diversity in these regions? In this study we will present a short theory on the topic as well historical background and the results of sociolinguistic questionnaires conducted in Transylvania and in the Republic of Moldova in February-September 2021. The aim of this research is to examine how mother tongue usage can be a key-factor of national identity and what are the possibilities of its preservation in a multilingual environment in Transylvania and in the Republic of Moldova. To accomplish the goals, we will compare the results of the questionnaires to sociolinguistic theories on language and identity. In the future, the study will developed, interviews on language attitudes will be conducted in the above-mention regions. The results will be included into a bigger sociolinguistic study “Russian Language in Moldova vs. Hungarian Language in Transylvania”, where a more detailed description of the linguistic situation in Transylvania and Moldova will be provided.

Variability of air temperature during summer from the period 1961-2021 in the southwest of Romania, in the context of climate change.

The periods of warming and cooling of the weather on Earth followed one another with great irregularity and caused significant variations in air temperature but allowed the existence of life and especially of the human species. In this paper we have analysed the variation of air temperature in Oltenia in the period 1961-2021. A number of our other works have analysed the variability of the climate in this part of Romania. After the warm period of 1945-1955, a gradual cooling of the weather followed in summers and during the period 1966-1984 (for 20 years). In summers, no thermal maximum of ≥40°C was registered. The period 2000-2021 (22 years) was the warmest of all the meteorological observations in Oltenia and many annual, monthly and daily climate records were surpassed. At the same time, during the analysed interval, the melting rate of the ice in the polar areas intensified a lot and exceptional thermal maxima were registered. The heat waves during the summers were more and more intense, more frequent and longer in duration. The paper is useful to all those interested in climate variability in Oltenia.

Lajos Takács: A Hungarian Lawyer's Life in 20th-Century Transylvania

Lajos Takács was born in Transylvania, a multi-ethnic region, at the time (before 1918/20) part of Kingdom of Hungary and later part of Romania. He finished his studies in law in what was by that time Romania, given that the university centre of Transylvania, Cluj, had become part of Romania. He was a young lawyer of good ability, gifted with political and social sensitivity. After 1945, he found himself in the service of the emerging dictatorship because he certainly believed that the time had come for a solution to the question of nationalities, for reconciliation, equality, cooperation, and friendship between Romanians and Hungarians. In this capacity, however, he contributed to the dismantling of Hungarian institutions and organizations, most notably – as rector – to the forced merger of Bolyai University into Victor Babeş University. Instead of reconciliation, the system was characterized by the oppression of minorities. Takács, in his old age, realizing his mistakes, became an opponent of the regime and of Ceauşescu. In the 1980s, during the darkest period of the dictatorship, he died without the hope that some of his former dreams would come true.

Regionalism or Otherness in Greater Romania: Bessarabia’s Response to Cultural Nationalism in the First Years after Unification (1918–1930)

This article tackles the “thorny issue” of Bessarabia’s integration into Greater Romania. A former gubernia inside the Russian Empire for approximately one century, the population of this region, located between the Rivers Prut and Dniester, displayed reluctance to unite with Romania. The paper analyzes the sociopolitical environment that led to the union with the Kingdom of Romania in 1918; it then reassesses the policies of homogenization carried out by the Romanian state during its aggressive nationalization campaign and Bessarabia’s reaction to them. Bessarabia’s reunion with its historical sister provinces in 1918, as well as the entire period throughout which the region was part of Romania, is still a highly politicized subject. This article stresses the response of people of different identities to the reconfiguration of the center-periphery relationship, and to Romania’s mission to consolidate a “nationalizing state.” It therefore emphasizes the asymmetry between the aspirations of the center and those of the Bessarabian populations.

Actions of the Soviet Moldovan authorities in relation to traditional culture (1940s)

This article is devoted to the mechanisms of influence used by the Soviet authorities in the early years of the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia for the depreciation and rejection of the ancestral cultural heritage and the establishment of new ways of life. In the 40-s. XXth the governing bodies of the CPSU and the PCM adopt numerous directives and provisions aimed at establishing new mechanisms of influence on all inhabitants of the Moldovan SSR, regardless of ethnic characteristics, language, customs, traditions, holidays. All secular history is forgotten. In order to compare the accuracy of historical documents and the statements of the Soviet press, a comparison is made with the situation that existed in our lands during the years 1918–1940 when Bessarabia was part of Romania. Under the new Soviet regime, traditional culture was considered a legacy of the past that could not be preserved in a new society. A vehement campaign is undertaken on the history, the Romanian language, the monuments of history and culture, the traditional way of life, imposing new ways of cultural expression that would glorify and support the Soviet system.

An Ancient Mesiodens Investigated by Cone Beam CT

This article presents the complex case study of an ancient skeleton presenting a maxillary supernumerary tooth (mesiodens). The skeleton was found in an archaeological site in the western part of Romania and was dated back to the Eneolithic period, some 5500 years ago. The aim of this article is to analyze the mesiodens and the jaws in light of current knowledge regarding anomalies of dental development of past and present-time populations. The cranial remains were investigated from an orthodontic perspective through inspection and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan. The occlusion was analyzed according to Angle’s classification and observations were made regarding the presence of calculus, dental wear, presence of caries, bone loss and ante-mortem tooth loss. Observations were made regarding tooth dimensions and comparisons were made with modern population. In this specific case, the mesiodens caused minimum disruption within the upper dental arch and the occlusion. Additionally, it did not have any negative impact on the adjacent teeth or cause any other complication. Judging by the analysis of the jaws, the presence of the mesiodens had little impact on the overall oral health of the person. As suggested by other findings in the scientific literature, the mesiodens is an anomaly found throughout all historical periods, from the oldest archaeological sites to present day.

Dobruja’s Public Administration and Its Role in the Romanian Nation- and State-Building Process (1878–1926)

Abstract The paper is devoted to providing a schematic presentation of the evolution of Dobruja’s administrative-territorial system as part of Romania, presenting and highlighting the factors that contributed to the Romanian nation- and state-building process. As its primary objective, the study describes the evolution and conscious development of the abovementioned region as part of Romania between the years 1878 and 1926. Also, it formulates as a secondary goal the impact of Dobruja’s numerous administrative-territorial reorganizations on the fate of the multicultural community living in the region. At the same time, the aim is also to list and emphasize the strategies, procedures of assimilation, integration, and colonization of the region.

Ukrainian communication and media in Romania

Due to the complex geopolitical processes of the twentieth century, Ukrainians became part of various states, in particular, part of this ethnic group became part of Romania. Taking into consideration the historical-political and social conditions, the authors of the paper give complex analysis of the peculiarities of the ethnocultural communication of the Ukrainians of Romania, the establishment and development of the Ukrainian-language press in this country, examines the main problems of the modern functions of the Ukrainian printed mass media and outlines the possible perspectives of their development. The Ukrainian language went through changes in education and mass media in Romania. The situation of the Ukrainian mass media worsened in Romania during the interwar period (especially in the 1930s) due to assimilation processes and turning Ukrainians into Romanians. The expansion of the Ukrainian information communication segment in Romania began with the introduction of the native-language primary and second education (7 grades) in 1948. The Ukrainian printed mass media of Romania are too weak today, they are published irregularly, have too weak influence on the cultural life of the Ukrainian group in this country.

Legends of a Transylvanian Shrine to the Virgin Mary

My paper presents a legend tradition related to a well-known Hungarian (Transyl­vanian) place of pilgrimage. Csíksomlyó (Miercurea–Ciuc/Sumuleu) – cur­rently part of Romania ‒ has become a significant place of pilgrimage in the 20th century, similarly to Austria’s Mariazell, Spain’s Santiago de Compostela, the Orthodox Church’s Athos, or the main international shrines to the Virgin Mary (Lourdes, Fatima, Medjugorje). Around this famous pilgrimage place known from the 15th century a thematically rich legend circle has developed over the centuries, typical of Hungarian folklore, which abounds in historical and narrative traditions. At the centre of the group of legends stands the statue of the Virgin Mary, of gothic origin, the miraculous reputation of which is complemented by several historical legend themes (foundational traditions, wars, heroes and saints, crime and punish­ment and other legend motifs inspired by the sacred place). I highlight the most important historical perspectives, the chronological characteristics, the geographical distribution and, above all, the typological diversity of these legends. The legend circle of the shrine of Csíksomlyó in Romania is the totality of the related narrative traditions, that is to say, both the hundred-year-old miracle stories found in written form in different historical sources, and the recent folklore texts collected from oral tradi­tion. Although the time and the circumstances of the records differ significantly, the aim of the narration and the topic of the legends are the same. The legends about the shrine – separated into the given thematic groups – are an organic part of the Catalogue of Hungarian Historical Legends.

ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЈА ИСХРАНЕ У ОБРЕДНОЈ ПРАКСИ ВЕЗАНОЈ ЗА КРСНУ СЛАВУ КОД СРБА У ДУНАВСКОЈ КЛИСУРИ (РУМУНИЈА)

The paper will present and analyze the terminology of nutrition in ritual practice, which was and it is still in use among Serbs in the Danube Gorge (Romania). The terminological corpus will be drawn from the field records of the authors of the paper, which were recorded in 2017 in the villages of Divič, Stara Moldava and Belobreška. The terms presented in the paper will be considered within the general context of use. In that way, the significance they have in the ritual-customary practice of the Patron Saint among Serbs in this part of Romania will be shown. Along with the analysis of the field material, the relevant literature related to this area will be consulted. The aim of the paper would be to present the terminological lexicon and thus keep it from oblivion, as well as to show the useful meaning of these terms in the rituals. As a contribution to the work, several recipes of Saint Patron ritual nutrition, from the mentioned villages will be given in the form of transcripts.

Introduction and Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 in North-East of Romania During the First COVID-19 Outbreak.

Romania officially declared its first Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) case on February 26, 2020. The first and largest coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Romania was recorded in Suceava, North-East region of the country, and originated at the Suceava regional county hospital. Following sheltering-in-place measures, infection rates decreased, only to rise again after relaxation of measures. This study describes the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Suceava and other parts of Romania and analyses the mutations and their association with clinical manifestation of the disease during the period of COVID-19 outbreak. Sixty-two samples were sequenced via high-throughput platform and screened for variants. For selected mutations, putative biological significance was assessed, and their effects on disease severity. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted on Romanian genomes (n = 112) and on sequences originating from Europe, United Kingdom, Africa, Asia, South, and North America (n = 876). The results indicated multiple introduction events for SARS-CoV-2 in Suceava, mainly from Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, and Russia although some sequences were also related to those from the Czechia, Belgium, and France. Most Suceava genomes contained mutations common to European lineages, such as A20268G, however, approximately 10% of samples were missing such mutations, indicating a possible different arrival route. While overall genome regions ORF1ab, S, and ORF7 were subject to most mutations, several recurring mutations such as A105V were identified, and these were mainly present in severe forms of the disease. Non-synonymous mutations, such as T987N (Thr987Asn in NSP3a domain), associated with changes in a protein responsible for decreasing viral tethering in human host were also present. Patients with diabetes and hypertension exhibited higher risk ratios (RR) of acquiring severe forms of the disease and these were mainly related to A105V mutation. This study identified the arrival routes of SARS-CoV-2 in Romania and revealed potential associations between the SARS-CoV-2 genomic organization circulating in the country and the clinical manifestation of COVID-19 disease.

Prescription Habits Related to Chronic Pathologies of Elderly People in Primary Care in the Western Part of Romania: Current Practices, International Recommendations, and Future Perspectives Regarding the Overuse and Misuse of Medicines

The European Commission’s 2019 report regarding the state of health profiles highlighted the fact that Romania is among the countries with the lowest life expectancy in the European Union. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to assess the current prescription habits of general physicians in Romania related to medicines taken by the elderly population for chronic conditions in both urban and rural setting and to discuss/compare these practices with the current international recommendations for the elderly (American—Beers 2019 criteria and European—STOPP/START v.2, 2015 criteria). A total of 2790 electronic prescriptions for chronic pathologies collected from 18 community pharmacies in the western part of Romania (urban and rural zones) were included. All medicines had been prescribed by general physicians. We identified the following situations of medicine overuse: 15% of the analyzed prescriptions involved the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for >2 weeks, 12% involved the use of a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) for >8 weeks, theophylline was the bronchodilator used as a monotherapy in 3.17% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cases, and zopiclone was the hypnotic drug of choice for 2.31% of cases. Regarding the misuse of medicines, 2.33% of analyzed prescriptions contained an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) for patients with renal failure in addition to vitamin K antagonists (AVKs) and NSAIDs in 0.43% of cases. Prescriptions for COX2 NSAIDs for periods longer than 2 weeks for patients with cardiovascular disorders accounted for 1.33% of prescriptions, and trihexyphenidyl was used as a monotherapy for patients with Parkinson’s disease in 0.18% of cases. From the included medical prescriptions, 32.40% (the major percent of 2383 prescriptions) had two potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs). Rural zones were found to be risk factor for PIMs. Decreasing the chronic prescription of NSAIDs and PPIs, discontinuing the use of hypnotic drugs, and avoiding potentially harmful drug–drug associations will have long term beneficial effects for Romanian elderly patients.

Climate variability in the summer of 2020 in south-west Romania in the context of climate change

Globally, 2020 ended the warmest decade since the beginning of the measurements (WMO), and the warmest year was 2016, marked by a strong and intense El Ñino. In Oltenia the warmest year was 2019 with the average for the whole region of 12.4°C and the deviation from normal of 2.5°C, followed by 2020 with the general average of 12.2°C and the deviation from normal of 2.3°C. After the 2019- 2020 warm winter, which was the second Mediterranean winter in southern Romania, followed the normal thermal spring in which climatic anomalies were frequent. The summer of 2020 was warm and marked by great climate variability, given by the presence of a weak La Ñina climate process. Since June, the average temperature is normal and unstable, the climatic alternations and the progressive increase of the air temperature, determined that in August the weather will be the warmest during the summer and an intense heat wave occurred at the end of the month with the peak on 1.IX.2020.The paper analyses special climate variability in the summer of 2020, which is the continuation of an extensive series of works on climate variability and climate change in southwestern Romania (I. Marinică 2006, I. Marinică, Andreea Floriana, 2016, 2020). The paper is useful to all those interested in climate variability and climate change in this part of Romania.

A Historical Outline of the Development of Civil Procedure in Transylvania as Part of Romania

The following study constitutes a historical outline of the evolution of Romanian civil procedure in the period between 1918 and 2013 from the perspective of the norms applicable in Transylvania as part of Romania. Romanian civil procedure in the period immediately after 1918 presented a diverse picture, with several procedural regimes applicable in the same country at the same time. This raised the necessity of unifying procedural norms, at first attempted by recodification and later accomplished by the extension of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Kingdom of Romania to Transylvania in 1943. As the Soviet-type totalitarian regime was consolidated in the late 1940s, a reform (much rather a recodification) of civil procedure occurred in the new spirit of the age, which, along with subsequent norms led to the reduction of judicial remedies and the introduction of a ‘lay element’ into the process by the presence of assessors, and it also increased the role of public prosecutors during the civil trial. Following the 1989 regime change, civil procedure in Romania at first, before a comprehensive reform, reverted to historical models, and then finally recodification was achieved.

Evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia from the North-Eastern area of Romania

BackgroundFamilial hypercholesterolemia(FH) is one of the most frequent and important monogenic cholesterol pathologies. Traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors increase the prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease(ASCVD) in this population. The aims of the study were: (a) to identify FH patients in the North-Eastern part of Romania and to analyze demographic, clinical and paraclinical data (b) to evaluate the risk of new cardiovascular events at follow-up in FH patients stratified by lipid-lowering agents.MethodsThis first prospective study in the North-Eastern part of Romania was carried out between October 2017 and October 2019; out of 980 patients with dyslipidemia evaluated with the Dutch Lipid Network(DLCN) and Simon Broome(SM) scores, 61 patients with DLCN score above 3 and possible/probable FH(SM score) were included.ResultsNine hundred-eighty patients were examined and 61 (6.2%) were received the clinical diagnosis of FH. The mean age was 48.5±12.5 years, with more female patients than male patients (63.9% versus 36%). Hypertension was the main cardiovascular risk factor for both genders, followed by physical inactivity and obesity for the female group and active smoking for the male group. The measured DLCN score recorded: “possible” FH identified in 39.4%, “probable” FH in 45.9% and “definite” FH in 14.7%. The effective lipid-lowering drugs used were statin alone and statin in association with fenofibrate, which improved both the lipid profile values and the subclinical atherosclerosis markers (ankle-brachial index, carotid intima-media thickness and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein). New ASCVDs that emerged during the study were most commonly represented by coronary heart disease and stroke. At the same time, the new cardiovascular events were delayed in patients receiving the lipid-lowering drugs, without significant differences between them.ConclusionsIn patients with suspected FH, the lipid-lowering agents during the follow-up period delayed the new cardiovascular events, yet failed to reach the goals proposed by the guidelines.