Land Use In Part Research Articles

Effect of Slope and Runoff Trends on the Hydrological Response of River Kaduna

A monotonic upward/downward trends of hydrological variables was used to test the null hypothesis that slope and runoff trends have a significant impact on land use and land. The Mann-Kendall (M-K) and P- values statistical measurement were used to validate the null hypothesis against the observed data Relationships between gradients and climatic parameters for the hydrological response of Kaduna River was developed using geographic information tools (GIS). GIS maps of runoff, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Land Use and Land were established Mann-Kendall (M-K) trend analysis was used to identify trends in climate parameters. The data used are precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, and temperature over a 30-year period from 1992 to 2021 obtained from the Kaduna State Water Authority and the Nigerian Meteorological Service. Results of the trend analysis of annual runoff and rainfall indicates the same M-K and P-values of 0.094 and 0.475which are all greeter than 0.05 significant level but the magnitude of Seen slope for rainfall and runoff are 5.130 and 0.016 demonstrating that rainfall is the major driving variable foe runoff generation. The annual evapotranspiration has M-K and P-values of 0.126 and 0.335 while the values for average annual temperature are 0.138 and 0.292. Land use in parts of the study area exhibits unstable ecosystems and vulnerable hilly terrain, suggesting that seasonal runoff and corresponding hydrological responses of rivers are dominated by changes in precipitation.

The Successful Soil Conservation Methods in Ethiopia: A Review

Soil conservation is the protection of fertile top soil from erosion by wind and water and the replacement of nutrient in the soil and it is the combination of the appropriate land use and a management practice that promotes the productive and sustainable use of erosion and other forms of land degradation. It has become an integral part of land use and receives support within a social and economic environment which is conductive to the maintenance and improvement of soil capital. The grass strips, bench terraces, and fanya juu reduced soil loss by 40, 76 and 88%, respectively, compared to the land without those structures. In the Anjeni area of Ethiopia, graded soil bund reduced soil loss by 40% as compared with untreated plots. An annual soil loss from crop lands with level soil bunds reduced by 51% when compared to the control plot. In Debre Mewi, Ethiopia, Stone bunds and soil bund reduced soil loss by 72.9 and 83.7% respectively as compared to non-treated land. In northern Ethiopia, especially in Tigray, Stone bund is effective in reducing soil loss by 68% particularly at its early age. In the central highlands of Ethiopia, the soil bund reduced the yield of barley by 7% when the spaces occupied by the structures are taken into account and otherwise increased yield by 1.7%. Agro-forestry is also one of the practices mainly used in Ethiopia at the low land areas where Mango ( Mangifera indica L. ) is well integrated with the cultivated crops and considered as an important component of the farm. The vetiver system reduces soil loss from farm land by 90% and reduces rainfall runoff by 70%. Rotating the major cereals, after legumes or oil a crop is mainly used for soil fertility maintenance, weed and disease control. Keywords: Agroforestry, conservation, Erosion, soil bund, Soil, stone bund, terrace, DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/84-02 Publication date: April 30 th 2022

Uncovering the patterns and driving forces of virtual forestland flows in China

Nowadays, virtual land use related to consumption and trade flows has become an important part of land use. However, there has been little discussion about virtual forestland use. Therefore, this study performs the multi-regional input-output model on virtual forestland use and its changes in thirty provinces in China. And the influencing factors behind the dynamics of virtual forestland have been explored through the structural decomposition analysis. The results show that the area of virtual forestland embodied in trade was 673,277 km2 and 566,791 km2 in 2007 and 2012, equivalent to 32.14% and 27.03% of the total forestland area in China, respectively. There was north to east coast virtual forestland trade mode in China. The developed provinces or cities in China such as Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin and Guangdong have a disproportionate share of virtual forestland imports (over 90%) from least developed provinces and forest-rich provinces. In addition, 11.06% and 7.47% of China's total forestland in 2007 and 2012 was used to supply consumption of foreign countries and regions. In addition, forestland use intensity and consumption volume were the main reasons for the dynamic changes of virtual forestland in most provinces. Through the exploration of the virtual forestland flow pattern helps to develop forestland conservation and restoration policies from the consumer side and achieve sustainable development of China's forest land.

Land use and soil quality in peri-urban farms in Southern Brazil

Small family farms constitute a major part of land use in the surrounding regions of Brazilian cities, as these farms not only contribute to the food supply, but also help conserve rural landscapes and improve environmental services. This study evaluated agricultural impacts on soil quality in seven family farms in Porto Alegre municipality, Rio Grande do Sul state, RS. Selected production units (PUs) were managed as conventional or organic farms, producing horticultural crops, fruits and pastures, besides native forests. Soil samples were collected from representative areas for five use and management types, under disturbed and undisturbed conditions, at 0–20 cm depth. Physical and chemical attributes were analyzed, comparing the effects of types of land use. Data analysis showed that more affected attributes were soil density, macro and microporosity, phosphorus content, pH and electrical conductivity. Macroporosity, phosphorus, zinc and cooper contents are the greater threats to soil quality. Horticulture, under both agroecological and conventional production systems caused major changes compared to natural conditions.

Increasing the Adaptation Pathways Capacity of Land Use Planning – Insights from New South Wales, Australia

ABSTRACT Australian local governments are expected to be the frontline of climate change adaptation implementation, but existing institutional arrangements are inadequate. Institutional changes that make adaptation pathways part of land use planning policy are needed and how this might happen is assessed using New South Wales (NSW), Australia, as a case study. The most effective implementation mechanism is identified as an independent adaptation statute integrated with land use planning. The institutional assessment approach employed is potentially useful for identifying adaptation policy implications in planning systems and is of relevance to ogoing research into local level adaptation.

POLA PERGERAKAN TRANSPORTASI PENDUDUK YANG DITIMBULKAN OLEH KAWASAN PERUMAHAN DI KOTA MEDAN

Medan City as the location chosen in this study, has an area of 265.00 km2 with a population of 2,210,624 people and is increasing every year (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2015). With the increasing population of the city increasing activity and the number of good people traveling well. The city of Medan is currently promoting quite rapid development, a development from now on with the change in New settlements in the region which were built by settlement developers who also increased transportation development. It is very interesting to discuss about regional settlements in the city of Medan, especially in terms of trip generation. The housing area that is the object of research is part of land use in the Medan city area. From the research results, the best model that can be used at this time can be applied in housing location planning, namely the linear multiple regression model on luxury housing types, namely Y1 = 3.373 + 1.569 X1 + 0.139 X4 + 0.456 X6, therefore the findings that can be found are the variables that have an impact on the trip generation from housing. The value of the variable Number of family members (X1) is equal to 1,569 X1, it can be interpreted as increasing the value of the number of people who will increase travel production by 1,569 trips / family / day. The value of the variable number of motorcycle ownership (X4) is 0.139 X4 which means increasing the number of one unit will increase travel production by 0.139 trips / family / day. The value of the variable number of families attending school (X6) is 0.456 X6 which is related to an increase of one person increasing the production of trips that is equal to 0.456 trips / family / day.

Mapping of the current land use in part of the Irrigated Perimeter Nilo Coelho, Petrolina-PE, Brazil

The objective of this study was to quantify and spatialize the agricultural composition and current land use in part of the Irrigation perimeter Nilo Coelho from the Landsat 8 satellite digital image classification. At first we performed the unsupervised classification image related to January 2014, identifying the separability within natural vegetation, water bodies, agricultural crops and anthropized areas. Then the supervised classification Maxver model was performed where it was observed that the fruit classes “Grape” (5.41%) “Acerola” (3.75%), “Coconut” (6.14%) “Guava” (6.17%), “Banana” (2.29%) and “Mango” (8.18%) showed dominance in the study area. These classes stood out in terms of yield in the area, pointing out that in that expansion which occurs in an area with agricultural crops in the irrigated Nilo Coelho, crops of mango, coco, guava, acerola, banana and grape also grow. In addition, we observed the emergence of new areas with passion fruit crops, melon, watermelon, corn, beans, onions, pumpkin, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, bell peppers, among other crops. Furthermore, we also found the occurrence of pastures containing buffel and elephant grasses, intercropping or not. The estimated overall accuracy was 80.52%, and the mapping defined as very good, with Kappa index equal to 0.7783.

Private Public Collaboration on Logistics in Norwegian Cities

This paper presents conclusions from a survey among urban freight actors in the four biggest cities in Norway (Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger and Trondheim). The survey focus on logistic operations and transport decisions affecting the city logistics. In the studied cities we found that there is lack of emphasis on urban logistics and urban freight transport planning. The survey indicates that the missing focus on logistic activities is due to lack of co-ordination among actors involved in urban logistics, and often insufficient dialogue between city authorities and private actors who operate in the cities. Representatives from the industries do not always understand the municipal planning processes and on which level of bureaucracy the plans are accomplished.To solve challenges a suggestion related to urban logistics and collaboration among private and public actors is to develop structured Urban Logistic Plans. A part of such plans should be the involvement of all stakeholders in the exploitation and processes of development. The stakeholders must also be involved in policy development and strategic planning processes. The survey indicates that congestion and access to centrally located loading and unloading zones are the biggest problem for freight transport in Norwegian urban areas. From the industry, there is a request that loading and unloading zones must be incorporated as part of land use plans.It was also stressed that local authorities must include plans for goods deliveries in line with services from taxi and public transport in sustainable urban mobility plans (SUMPs).

The Correlation between Residential Density and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Surabaya City

<span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">Population growth is happening in cities, including Surabaya as the second largest <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">metropolitan region in Indonesia. The population growth has an impact to the residential <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">density, whereas residential is usually the largest part of land use in urban areas. In <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">urabaya, residential use covers more than 60% of the total area. The intensive use of <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">residential area has impacts on the environment. One significant issue is the consumption of <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">energy that produces greenhouse gas emissions. This study is aimed at explaining the <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">relationships between residential density and greenhouse gas emissions in Surabaya City, <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">Indonesia. The residential density will be divided into three categories, i.e. low, medium and <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">high density. The category of density is taken from the Identification Report of Surabaya <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">Spatial Plan. The results of this study indicate that there are significant differences in the <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">electrical energy consumption for the household sector in each residential density. These <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">differences are mainly influenced by variables such as car ownership, ventilation system, the <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">use of electrical power, cooking fuel and the way to use the home appliances. The highest <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">total energy consumption per month exists in high density type. Although the average <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">smallest energy consumption per household exists in medium density, the total energy <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">consumption in medium density is much greater than that in the low density because the <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">number of households in medium density is greater. The final result shows that the <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">correlation between the total production of GHG emissions (CO2) and density has a direct or <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">positive relationship, which means that the greater the density, the higher the production <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">rate of GHG emissions (CO2).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /></span>

The productivity of peasant agriculture: Oakington, Cambridgeshire, 1360–991

Agriculture was the largest and most important sector of the medieval English economy. Yet although peasants comprised the majority of the population, and were responsible for the greater part of land use, surprisingly little is known about peasant cropping patterns and production strategies. Taking the Crowland Abbey manor of Oakington, Cambridgeshire as a case study, this article examines peasant land use and agricultural strategies. Using data collected from the Oakington tithe accounts and manor court rolls, this article demonstrates that peasants used their land more extensively than did the lord, raising their output per acre above that of the demesne. This was driven by peasant need for fodder crops, and the strain placed on agricultural systems that required peasants to use their land to produce grains and legumes for consumption, fodder, and sale.

Shifting cultivation in steeply sloped regions: a review of management options and research priorities for Mizoram state, Northeast India

Shifting cultivation is a common agricultural practice that is the basis of subsistence for many rural populations throughout the Tropics. The recent strong trend towards shorter fallow periods has led to widespread concern about declines in soil fertility, crop yields, and food security. Unlike most research on this problem, we focus here on steeply sloped regions such as Mizoram state in northeast India where most land is at an incline of >33°, and the potential for relatively large soil erosional losses may necessitate distinctive solutions. Our goal is to review the relevant literature so as to optimize the direction and quality of future science research on shifting cultivation in Mizoram. Our analysis suggests that the most promising options for improving shifting cultivation are nutrient and water supplementation, optimising crop choice, extending the site use period, enhancing the fallow recovery rate, and controlling the burns and their environmental impacts. Promising alternatives for replacing shifting cultivation include inter-row cropping between contour hedgerows of nitrogen-fixing shrubs, slope terracing, agroforestry with anti-erosional plants, and bamboo forest harvesting. In addition, we identify the principal research questions that should be addressed before each of these options can be evaluated and recommended as part of land use planning initiatives. Overall, we conclude that intelligent and careful use of commercial fertilizer in combination with organic matter additions is likely to be an important feature of many of the solutions to the problem of shortening fallow periods in shifting cultivation on steep slopes.

Contrasting Geomorphic Impacts of Pre- and Post-Columbian Land-Use Changes in Anglo America

Fluvial geomorphologists and stream restorationists often assume that pre-Columbian land use in parts of North America was relatively ineffective in accelerating slope erosion and floodplain sedimentation, and that erosion and sedimentation initiated by European settlement was sudden and substantial. Both of these beliefs, which underlie concepts of natural streams and legacy sediment, are in conflict with recent reassessments by cultural geographers, anthropologists, geoarcheologists, and paleoecologists with regard to substantial environmental impacts of pre-Columbian American Indians. This review paper evaluates assumptions of pristine landscapes and European disruption from a geomorphic perspective, i.e., with regard to fluvial erosion and sedimentation rates. This view is a departure from the usual emphasis on ecological or cultural landscape impacts. Geoarcheologic and sedimentologic evidence indicates that the potential for geomorphic change with land-use practices utilized by European settlers was potentially very effective in producing erosion and sedimentation in Anglo America. This can be explained by advanced technologies and economic incentives that increased the ability and motivation to rapidly clear land, plow deeply, mine, and exploit resources. A general lack of evidence of rapid sedimentation prior to the time of European contact implies that pre-Columbian agriculture was not highly disruptive geomorphically, although exceptions were likely in time and space, so this premise needs to be tested by careful study of pre-contact alluvial sequences. Examples from northern California and the southeastern Piedmont support this interpretation by documenting geomorphically stable conditions followed by episodic fluvial sedimentation after colonization.

Macroinvertebrate assemblages in blackwater streams draining forest land and active and abandoned cranberry bogs

Cranberry agriculture is a major land use in parts of the New Jersey Pinelands, USA. We compared the composition of genus-level macroinvertebrate assemblages collected from three habitats (muck, vegetated muck, and woody debris) in 12 New Jersey Pinelands blackwater streams draining forest, abandoned-cranberry bogs, and active-cranberry bogs and evaluated whether variations in macroinvertebrate assemblages were related to differences in land uses within the associated drainage basins. All 12 streams were relatively slow moving and acidic, with low conductance values and dissolved-oxygen concentrations. Muck was the dominant substrate at most stream sites. Many of the taxa that we encountered are adapted to lentic habitats, slow-moving lotic habitats, or low-oxygen environments. Macroinvertebrate composition differed significantly between the active-cranberry streams and the other two stream types and was associated with a complex environmental gradient represented by variations in dissolved oxygen, temperature, specific conductance, stream width, and woody debris. Overall, the effect of stream type appeared to overshadow that of the three different habitats. Although we cannot conclude that subtle between-site differences in dissolved oxygen were responsible for variations in community composition, many of the genera associated with the forest and abandoned-bog/active-cranberry ends of the community gradient are reported to have contrasting tolerances to low-oxygen levels. The relationship between reduced canopy cover and both lower woody-debris cover and higher stream temperatures, which can influence dissolved-oxygen levels, was most likely related to forest-canopy removal associated with historic- and active-cranberry agriculture.

Fire as a tool in the management of a savanna/dry forest reserve in Madagascar

Abstract. The possible use of fire for the management of the Ankarafantsika Reserve in the northwest of Madagascar and of its surrounding area is studied. Within this savanna landscape large parts of the remaining dry forests still exist with a unique biotic diversity, both in terms of total number of species and endemism. Unfortunately, mainly man‐induced uncontrolled fires threaten these forests.Actual and former fire regimes of the local communities are analysed. The use of fire is an integrated part of land use and is also governed by socio‐cultural traditions. The impact of fire on the dynamics of dry forests and grass savannas is studied considering the specifics of different fire regimes. We propose that a deliberate and controlled use of fire respecting the vegetation stage and the defined objectives could be an appropriate management tool. The strategy of a fire management is elaborated considering both the conservation of biodiversity and improvement of the livelihood of the local population depending upon the Reserve's resources. Obviously, a sustainable management of the natural resources requires a substantial participation of the community.

Mapping of tropical dry deciduous forest and landuse in part of Vindhyan range using satellite remote sensing

Forest vegetation of Vindhyan range located in the north of G.B. Pant Sagar (dam) has been subjected to degradation due to high biotic pressure caused by the installation of thermal power plants, coal mining, heavy cattle grazing etc. In the present study Landsat TM FCC of 1∶250,000 scale was visually analysed with respect to forest vegetation types, crown density and structure along with other landuse/land cover classes. ExceptShorea robusta (Sal) andLagerstroemia parviflora (Lendia) all forest vegetation types show higher percentage of degradation and under-stocked condition with respect to their areal extent under study. Overall classification accuracy of the forest types has been found to be 88.94%. This indicates that for obtaining reliable mapping accuracy in dry deciduous areas, satellite remote sensing data of appropriate season is essential.