Flesh Part Research Articles

Cut

Cut Janice N. Harrington (bio) Want to watch me cut up a chicken? my mother asks.A daughter’s lesson: to cut or take apart,to slip a kitchen knife between muscle and ball joint. Stoics split the soul, stored its fractionsin the chambers of the heart. Use a sharp knife,she said. The dull blade, more treacherous, slips. A woman learns how easily flesh parts,the pressure needed to pop a joint, to sever gristle.Use salt water to soak the meat. Blood ruins, taints. Well-schooled, I trim the seams of fat, flingthe offal into its sack. Let the flies come.Let them transcribe it all anew. Cut reduced toparts quarter ed processed: My father lies nakedon a steel gurney, his ribs pried open. The cargo takenfrom his stomach. His heart—its black chamberscaulked and sealed with fat, black ballast, blackstone—is chopped free, held in a rubber glove,and weighed. Skin is the body’s largest organ. My father’s skinwas brown and mottled with mole. Split open—his body waits for the official report. A gloved handrepacks and staples the chest’s cavity, records, signs,and stamps complete. I hold what remains. Woman’s work—the art of cutting and cutting away—to part and part from. [End Page 3] Janice N. Harrington JANICE N. HARRINGTON, an associate editor of Callaloo, is author of The Hands of Strangers: Poems from the Nursing Home (2011), Even the Hollow My Body Made Is Gone (2007), winner of the A. Poulin, Jr. Poetry Prize and the Kate Tufts Discovery Award, and a number of books for children. She teaches creative writing at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign. Copyright © 2015 The Johns Hopkins University Press

Physicochemical, Nutritional and Functional Properties of the Epicarp, Flesh and Pitted Sample of Doum Fruit (<i>Hyphaene</i><i> </i><i>T</i><i>hebaica</i>)

In this study, the physicochemical, nutritional and functional properties of epicarp, flesh and pitted samples of doum fruit (Hyphaene thebaica) were assessed. Results on carbohydrate content revealed that the flesh, pitted fruit and epicarp samples contained 72.50%, 65.61% and 44.17% respectively. Total fiber was highly concentrated in the epicarp accounting for more than 40%. It was further revealed that the fruit contained substantial amounts of essential minerals as follows: sodium 364.7 mg/100 g, calcium 284 mg/100 g and iron 12.18 mg/100 g in the epicarp while the following were contained in the flesh part of the fruit: potassium 2947.6 mg/100 g, magnesium 185.62 mg/100 g and phosphorus 154.6 mg/100 g. Vitamin content was determined by RP-HPLC and the results showed that doum fruit is a good source of vitamin B-complex which was found it at high portion in epicarp with the variance of 3.6 mg/100 g in niacin (B3) content to 13.6 mg/100 g in pyridoxine (B6) content. Monosaccharide content was determined by using HPAEC-PAD and the results showed that the flesh of the doum fruit is a good source of glucose and fructose. There was a significant difference in color parameters between samples. Bulk density results were 0.73, 0.75 and 0.95 mg/ml for epicarp, pitted fruit and flesh respectively. It can be concluded that the doum fruit contained essential nutrients and functional properties which can be exploited for various useful applications.

Potential mechanism involved in removal of hydrophobic pesticides from vegetables by hydrostatic pressure

In our previous study, we found that the removal rate of hydrophobic pesticide on cherry tomatoes shows the maximum by hydrostatic pressure treatment (HPT) around 75MPa. The objective of this study was to investigate the causes of reduction in the removal rate above 75MPa HPT. Separating cuticle from flesh of the cherry tomatoes after HPT and examining the pesticide residues in each part the following was found: the detectable pesticide amount in the flesh part showed little change from the non-treated samples. Ethanol was applied as the surrounding solution during pressurization so as to prevent the reattachment of pesticide and decrease water solubility, and removal efficiency declined little. The effect of HPT on removal rate time indicated no significant difference at 0.1MPa, the optimum level to be at 75MPa for a comparatively short time, and at 400MPa removal rate increased with time.

METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATION ON BROWNING OF A ‘FUYU’ PERSIMMON FRUIT

Calyx-end browning in ‘Fuyu’ persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thumb.) fruits was investigated to learn how meteorological factors and calcium (Ca) concentrations in soil, fruiting shoot, and fruit were related to the symptom occurrences, how longitudinal sections in fruits and fruiting height contribute nutrient partitioning of fruits, and how Ca soaking into fruits affects the cell structure in the flesh. Low humidity with extended radiation reduced fruit browning. Fruiting shoots without browning fruits had greater Ca and lower potassium (K) concentrations than the shoots with browning fruits. Proximal flesh had a greater Ca concentration than middle and distal end parts in calyx-end browning fruits that had lower ratios of Ca:K, Ca:magnesium (Mg), and Ca:K+Mg. Nutrient concentrations were similar to the fruiting height within a canopy, except for manganese, and boron. Calcium dipping into fruit under a vacuum increased Ca concentration in flesh and core parts, which had apparent cell wall strength.

Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Fishes of Hashenge Lake, Tigray, Northern Highlands of Ethiopia

Water samples, bottom sediments, Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia), and Cyprinus carpio(Common Carp) from Lake Hashenge, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia were analysed quantitatively for the presence of copper, iron, zinc, cobalt, lead, nickel, chromium, manganese and cadmium using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The concentrations of 9 elements in Tilapia flesh, Tilapia bone, Common Carp flesh and Common carp bone (mg element/kg dry mass) were: Cu 0.85, 2.33, 1.40, 3.37; Pb 1.24, 0.88, 1.24, 1.11; Cr 0.37, 3.02, 0.65, 3.65; Cd 0.58, 1.62, 0.53, 1.66; Mn 1.01, 6.27, 1.79, 12.53; Co 1.61, 6.09, 1.50, 5.77; Fe 64.87, 134.75, 49.59, 99.53; Ni 0.41, 0.47, 0.36, 0.53 and Zn 24.95, 105.57, 46.08, 153.90, respectively. Studies on the different parts of the fish revealed higher concentrations of heavy metals on the bones than flesh parts of both the Nile Tilapia and Common Carp fishes. In most of the fish samples, lead, chromium, cadmium, cobalt and zinc concentration were found to be above the maximum tolerable values provided by FAO/WHO (1989). Results also revealed organ specific distribution of heavy metals in Common Carp and Nile Tilapia, which has been due to the physiological role in fish and/or the likely influence of natural and anthropogenic sources on Hashenge Lake.

Phytochemicals content, antioxidant activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition properties of indigenous Garcinia parvifolia fruit.

Garcinia parvifolia belongs to the same family as mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), which is known locally in Sabah as “asam kandis” or cherry mangosteen. The present study was conducted to determine the phytochemicals content (total phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and carotenoid content) and antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity of the flesh and peel of G. parvifolia. All samples were freeze-dried and extracted using 80% methanol and distilled water. For the 80% methanol extract, the flesh of G. parvifolia displayed higher phenolic and flavonoid contents than the peel, with values of 7.2 ± 0.3 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 5.9 ± 0.1 mg rutin equivalent (RU)/g, respectively. Anthocyanins were detected in the peel part of G. parvifolia but absent in the flesh. The peel of G. parvifolia displayed higher total carotenoid content as compared to the flesh part with the values of 17.0 ± 0.3 and 3.0 ± 0.0 mg β-carotene equivalents (BC)/100 g, respectively. The free-radical scavenging, ferric reducing, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition effect of the flesh were higher as compared to the peel in both extracts. These findings suggested that the edible part of G. parvifolia fruit has a potential as a natural source of antioxidant and anti-Alzheimer's agents.

Correlation of Rutin Accumulation with 3-O-Glucosyl Transferase and Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase Activities During the Ripening of Tomato Fruit

In tomato, the predominant flavonoid is quercetin-3-rutinoside (rutin). In this study, we aim to investigate the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and the quercetin-3-O-glucosyl transferase (3-GT) reactions in the formation of rutin during tomato fruit ripening. Tomatoes of the Moneymaker variety at different development stages (green, breaker, turning, pink, red, and deep red) were divided into flesh and peel fractions. In each sample, both the content of rutin and the enzymatic activities for PAL and 3-GT were recorded. The highest activities of PAL were recorded in the peel of turning fruit (3,000μkat/mg fresh weight). In fruit flesh, maximal activity was observed in red fruit (917.3μkat/mg). For both tissues, PAL activity strongly decreased at the final (deep red) fruit stage. The activity of 3-GT in peel peaked in the turning fruit stage (50.7pkat/mg), while in flesh maximal activity (33.4pkat/mg) was observed in green fruit, which rapidly declined at the turning stage. Higher levels of rutin were detected in the tomato peel compared to the flesh part with the highest level being found at the green stage. The relation of PAL and 3-GT activities to rutin content is also evaluated.

DETERMINING THE HETEROSIS EFFECT ON ORANGE FLESHED KIRKAGAC MELON GENOTYPES DEVELOPED BY F1 BREEDING

ISHS XXVIII International Horticultural Congress on Science and Horticulture for People (IHC2010): International Symposium on New Developments in Plant Genetics and Breeding DETERMINING THE HETEROSIS EFFECT ON ORANGE FLESHED KIRKAGAC MELON GENOTYPES DEVELOPED BY F1 BREEDING

Contents of Some Metabolites in the Peel and Flesh of the Medicinal Mushroom Wolfiporia cocos (F.A. Wolf) Ryvarden et Gilb. (Higher Basidiomycetes)

Wolfiporia cocos (F.A. Wolf) Ryvarden et Gilb., also named Fu-Ling in Chinese, is a traditional Chinese medicine. Its inner parts of the sclerotia have an invigorating activity in addition to diuretic and sedative activities, while the epidermis has only diuretic activity and no invigorating activity. In the present study, samples were collected from three sites (Wuding, Tengchong and Fengqing) of Yunnan province and separated into peel and flesh parts. The contents of metabolites including polysaccharides, total triterpenoids, total flavonoids, total saponins, and mannitol were analyzed. Wuding samples had the highest polysaccharide (6.87 mg/g) and total triterpenoids (10.12 mg/g). Fengqing samples indicated the highest total flavonoids (4.53 mg/g), total saponins (28.66 mg/g), and mannitol (64.20 mg/g). The contents of components in the dry samples were higher than the fresh ones. Total triterpenoids, total flavonoids, and total saponins in the peel of investigated W. cocos were all higher than in the flesh. However, polysaccharide and mannitol in the peel were uniform with the flesh. The different distribution of the metabolites provided the basis for further study of pharmacology.

Osmotic Contribution of Sugar Contents in Watermelon Flesh

We investigated the relationship between the water status of watermelon fruits and sugar accumulation during fruit growth and ripening. In 2007 and 2009 the water status of various part of the fruit's flesh from 0 to 44 days after pollination was measured with an isopiestic psychrometer. We also determined the sugar (glucose, fructose and sucrose) contents by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. When the osmotic pressure created by the sugar content of tissue at the center of the fruit were calculated by using Van't Hoff's equation, the osmotic potential (the negative of the osmotic pressure) accounted for 47% to 66% of the total osmotic potential measured by the psychrometer, indicating that the sugar content decreases the water potential of watermelon flesh during fruits development.

유기재배와 관행재배 된 배의 과실품질과 항산화 활성 비교

본 연구는 유기재배와 관행재배 된 배 '신고' 과실특성과 항산화 활성을 비교하기 위해서 수행되었다. 유기농으로 재배된 과실은 진한 적색계열의 과피색을 보였고, 관행과 유기재배 된 과실의 무게, 당 및 산함량, 경도, 그리고 석세포 함량은 별다른 유의성이 나타나지 않았다. 과실 중 K는 유기재배에서 높았고, 다른 무기성분인 P, Ca, 그리고 Mg는 비슷한 농도를 보였다. 유기농 과실은 관행에 비교해서 과피와 과육 그리고 과즙에서 페놀함량이 유의적으로 높았고, 과피는 과육보다 재배방법에 상관없이 항산화 물질에서 모두 높은 함량을 나타냈다. DPPH 라디칼 제거능은 과피에서는 처리간에 별다른 영향이 없었고, 과육에서는 유기농 과실에서 관행보다 더 높게 나타났다. 페놀함량과 플라보노이드 모두 DPPH 라디칼 제거능과 강한 유의 상관관계가 나타났다. 배과육과 과피내 아질산염은 처리간에 비슷한 제거효과를 보였다. The study was established to compare fruit qualities and antioxidant compounds in 'Niitaka' pear (Pyrus pyriforia) trees grown in the organic and conventional farming systems. Fruits in the organic system appeared to have dark red color on the fruit surface. Fruit weight, soluble solids, acidity, firmness, and stone cells were not different between the farming systems. Organic fruits had a greater potassium concentration than the conventional fruits, but phosphorous, calcium, and magnesium concentrations in fruits were not different between the treatments. Peel, flesh, and juice parts in the organic fruits had greater phenolic compounds compared to the conventional fruits. Peel parts had much greater antioxidant compounds than the flesh parts, regardless of the treated-fruits. All fruits grown in the conventional and organic systems had a similar DPPH (<TEX>$\alpha$</TEX>, <TEX>$\alpha$</TEX>-diphenyl-<TEX>$\beta$</TEX>-picryl-hydrazyl) radical-scavenging activity in the peel, but flesh parts in organic fruits had a greater DPPH than the conventional fruits. Phenol and flavonoid compounds in the peel and flesh were positively related to the DPPH radical-scavenging activity. There were no significant differences for the nitrite scavenging activity in the peel and flesh parts between the treatments.

EFFECT OF POSTHARVEST UV-B RADIATION AND VISIBLE LIGHT ON HEALTH AND SENSORY RELATED PARAMETERS IN PLUMS (PRUNUS DOMESTICA L.)

Plums (Prunus domestica L.) of the cultivars 'Avalon' (ripe) and 'Victoria' (ripe and slightly ripe) were treated with visible light or visible light and UV-B radiation. The effects of the treatments on important sensory attributes and content of anthocyanins were investigated. Light and radiation treated plums lost more weight than control plums kept in the dark. The soluble solids content and titratable acidity were higher in the inner part of the fruit flesh compared to the outer part. In 'Victoria' plums, the combination of visible light and UV-B treatment increased the content of soluble solids in the outer part of the fruit flesh on the exposed side. The same treatment gave the highest level of redness (a*-value) in the skin of the plums. Slightly ripe plums had less anthocyanins than the ripe ones, but after visible light and UV-B treatment this difference was balanced out.

Proximate and Fatty Acid Compositions in Different Flesh Cuts of Cultured, Cultured Fasted, and Wild Pacific Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus orientalis)

This study was carried out to determine the differences in proximate and fatty acid (FA) compositions in different flesh cuts of the most valuable cephalic portion of cultured (full-cycle), cultured fasted (full-cycle), and wild Pacific bluefin tuna (PBT; Thunnus orientalis). Cultured fasted PBTs were fasted for 6 days to ensure empty stomachs during harvesting and to determine the influence of fasting on the lipid and FA composition in different flesh cuts. Significantly higher lipid contents were observed (p < 0.05) in the dorsal akami (lean part) and the ventral o-toro (very fatty part) flesh cuts in cultured and cultured fasted PBTs than in wild ones. However, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents in all flesh cuts were significantly higher in cultured and cultured fasted PBTs than in wild PBT. Wild PBTs contained significantly higher (p < 0.05) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents than other cultured PBTs in all flesh cuts except for the dorsal akami and wakaremi (fatty part near dorsal fin) flesh parts, and contained higher n-3 FA content than other PBTs—especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3)—in the lipid fraction from the dorsal chu-toro (medium fatty part), ventral akami, ventral chu-toro, o-toro, and in dark flesh cuts. The flesh quality of cultured or cultured fasted PBTs has the advantage of having a higher total amount of essential FAs than that of wild PBT.

What is Your Essentialism is My Immanent Flesh!

This article examines one of the main epistemological frameworks that feminist theory has used for the past 30 years: essentialism and anti-essentialism. It explores what is at stake by continuing to use such perspectives within the late days of the early 21st century, and how it is linked to a performance of critical sophistication which has specific political consequences. Instead of seeing the body as essentialist, the author draws on two examples — popular musician Kate Bush and ontological ideas about the Goddess — to present the body as immanent flesh. This has implications for thinking through different forms of relational and critical perspectives circulating in the current climate, and the author argues that the recent (re)introduction of affect and the increasing interest in haptic knowledges is part of the immanent flesh’s potential for transforming (feminist) knowledge and the wider world.

Refiguring the ordinary

Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Part 1. Figuring the Ground 1. Context and Perspective 2. Ambiguity, Absurdity, and Reversibility: Three Responses to Indeterminacy Part 2. Narrative Horizons 3. Reading/Writing between the Lines 4. The Body as a Narrative Horizon Part 3. (Re)Grounding the Figure 5. Can an Old Dog Learn New Tricks? Habitual Horizons in James, Bourdieu, and Merleau-Ponty 6. Imagining the Horizon Part 4. Urban Perspectives 7. City Limits 8. Urban Flesh Part 5. Constraining Horizons 9. Death and the Other: Rethinking Authenticity 10. Challenging Choices 11. Mothers/Intellectuals: Alterities of a Dual Identity Notes Bibliography Index

Chemical Constituents from Seeds of &lt;i&gt;Panax ginseng&lt;/i&gt;: Structure of New Dammarane-Type Triterpene Ketone, Panaxadione, and HPLC Comparisons of Seeds and Flesh

A new dammarane-type triterpene ketone, panaxadione, was isolated from the seeds of Panax ginseng C. A. MEYER (Araliaceae) together with two dammarane-type and lupane-type triterpenes, an aromatic oligoglycoside, three sterol glycosides, and three dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides (ginsenosides Rd, Re, and Rg(2)). The structure of a new compound was elucidated on the basis of physicochemical evidence. The relative contents of major ginsenosides in the seeds were compared with those of the flesh parts of young and mature fruits.

Bodily Chiasms

The theory of the body I want to explore here, assumes that researcher and researched are part of the same flesh of the world and can be understood in radical conjunction and not in duality. An interview is examined, first from the lifeworld (nursing) research paradigm and thereafter on the hand of Merleau-Ponty's concept of the reversibility of touching and being touched, wherein ‘subject’ (who touches) and ‘object’ (who is touched) are radically interrelated and coconstituted. Merleau-Ponty develops his reflections on this radical interaction as the ‘chiasm’.Although investigating the ‘chiasm’ can be seen as lifeworld research, the more common lifeworld approach only leads to rich description, which lacks the radical relational understanding of Merleau-Ponty's insights. I believe that acknowledgement of the chiasms of interrelationship reveals complex processes of enfoldment taking place between researcher and researched, writer and reader. All of them are enclosed in what Merleau-Ponty called the enfoldments or flesh of the world; which makes it very difficult to determine who touches whom and who is touched by whom. Research, when it tries to see, interpret and study the other, focuses on the visible of touching and being touched; but these inherently carry with them the invisible of the same actions. The consequences of these relationships for my study of a specific elderly woman are explored here.

Effect of Harvest Time and L-Cysteine as an Antioxidant on Flesh Browning of Fresh-Cut Cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.)

A B S T R A C T Browning development is the most important factor limiting the quality of fresh-cut cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.). However, there is little information available about its causes and methods of control. The effectiveness of L-cysteine (0.125, 0.25 and 0.5%) in fresh-cut cherimoya harvested on two occasions (October and November) and stored for 6 and 12 days at 0 °C was studied. In order to understand the biological basis of browning, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme activity and total phenolic content in fresh-cut pieces were measured. Quality measurements and sensory analysis indicated that 0.5% L-cysteine was somewhat effective in reducing browning development, without affecting other quality attributes. In terms of physiological parameters, PPO activity did not show differences between mature (at harvest) and ripe fruit (at processing) in both harvest times, but cherimoya fruits picked in November presented lower PPO activity than fruit from October. In general, PPO activity and total phenolic content of L-cysteine treated fruits did not show consistent differences with untreated fruit at 6 or 12 days at 0 °C. PPO activity analyses demonstrated that PPO activity was higher in the outer part of cherimoya flesh compared to the middle or inner sector. These results would support the possibility of using L-cysteine as a postharvest treatment to reduce browning development in fresh-cut cherimoya.

미더덕과 오만둥이를 이용한 술의 제조 및 특성

척색동물문 미색동물아문에 속하는 미더덕과 오만둥이는 독특한 향과 맛으로 인해 식품에 널리 이용되고 있다. 영양성분으로 EPA와 DHA와 같은 오메가 3 고도 불포화지방산, 타우린 및 유리 필수 아미노산, 그리고 카로테노이드 화합물이 함유되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 영양생리학적 기능성이 풍부한 미더덕과 오만둥이를 이용하여 술을 제조한 후, 품질을 평가하였다. 미더덕은 전체, 껍질, 살 부분으로 부위를 나누고, 오만둥이는 전체를 이용하여 각각 10, 20, 50 g을 알콜 함량 30%의 시판 과실주용 소주 250 mL에 첨가하여 4달간 숙성한 후 주정도, DPPH 라디칼 소거능, 색도측정, 관능검사를 실시하였다. 제조한 각 술의 알콜 함량은 미더덕과 오만둥이의 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하였다. 항산화 활성인 DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 오만둥이보다 미더덕이 조금 더 활성이 좋았으며, 미더덕의 부위별로는 살 부분이 가장 좋았다. 술의 색도는 미더덕과 오만둥이의 첨가량이 증가할수록 L값과 a값은 감소하는 경향, b값은 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 관능검사에서 미더덕, 오만둥이 술은 비슷한 경향을 보였으며 전체적으로 시험구간의 유의적인 차이는 거의 나타내지 않았다.

Seasonal accumulation and distribution of nutrient elements in fruit of kiwifruit vines affected by boron toxicity

The objectives of the present research were to study the effect of boron (B) toxicity on the seasonal accumulation of nutrient elements in fruit of kiwifruit vines and also to study the distribution of nutrient elements within a mature fruit. The kiwifruit vines were 12 years old and grown on soil developed on alluvial deposits. One part of the experimental orchard was irrigated from a well with good quality water (0.3 mg B/L) and served as a control, whereas the other part was irrigated with high B water (3.2 mg B/L) pumped by another well. Symptoms of B toxicity in leaves were clearly visible in the form of chlorosis. At the end of June 1998, necrotic spots were apparent in the leaf blade. The seasonal patterns for the various macro- and micronutrient elements could be broadly grouped into 2 types: (i) the P, Ca and Fe contents in fruit of both orchards declined gradually until they reached values which remained relatively constant until harvest; (ii) the N, K, Mg, Mn and Zn contents in fruit tended to decline steadily throughout the sampling period. Irrigation of kiwifruit vines with high B water did not significantly affect fruit N, P, K, Mg, Mn and Fe contents, whereas it decreased Ca contents and increased Zn and B contents. The decrease in B content from the basal part of the fruit towards the apical could be ascribed to the low mobility of B within the plant. The distribution pattern of B in fruit is not uniform; this indicates that during interpretation, fruit analysis data should be treated with caution, as the analysis of an entire fruit represents an average of widely different B contents. The higher B content in the basal part of flesh suggests that this tissue is the most sensitive indicator of B toxicity in fruit.