Electronic Parts Research Articles

Ni9Sn2S2: An n-type metal-rich 2D sulfide with a metal-to-metal transition

Using spark plasma sintering, a ceramic sample of Ni9Sn2S2 sulfide was densified by starting from a powder synthesized in an evacuated ampoule. The powder x-ray diffraction refinements confirm the formation of the I4/mmm tetragonal Ni9Sn2S2 phase [a = b = 3.6809(2) Å and c = 25.5410(7) Å]. Transmission electron microscopy—imaging and coupled EDX—also reveals the formation of a secondary Ni6SnS2 phase and intergrowth defects in the layer stacking between the Ni9Sn2S2 and Ni6SnS2 phases. More importantly, the structural study demonstrates that Ni9Sn2S2 can be described as the n = 2 term of the generic series of compounds, namely, [Ni3S2][Ni3Sn]n. The Ni3Sn block is of the Cu3Au cubic form. The measurements of the physical properties show metallic behavior, with ρ300K = 0.135 mΩ cm, a residual resistivity ratio RRR = 2.2, and a Seebeck coefficient S300K = −23.5 μV K−1, indicating an n-type feature, the absolute value of which increases with T, as expected for a metal, to reach S650K = −30 μV K−1. This compound also exhibits a large thermal conductivity, κ300K = 8.0 W K−1 m−1, dominated by the electronic part. Interestingly, the small magnetic susceptibility with Pauli-like values shows two transitions at 200 and 125 K, with the first one coinciding to the metal-to-metal transition and to the change of slope in the S(T) curve, suggesting the occurrence of a charge density wave below 200 K. This is discussed in light of the recent developments in topological metals like Ni3In.

Data Acquisition System for a Hydroelectric Turbine with Deformable Blades

The scientific paper proposes a remote data transmission and acquisition system, for the analysis of the electrical parameters of a portable hydroelectric turbine with deformable blades placed on the stream. The major objective proposed by the authors is to monitor the transformation of the kinetic energy of water into electricity. Due to the impossibility of directly measuring the turbine elements as a whole, remote data transmission was chosen. This information is collected from the generator of the hydroelectric turbine through transducer elements into digital signals, is encoded and transmitted wirelessly to the receiver located on the shore, decoded, and then processed in real time and displayed on the monitor screen of a computer system in order to make decisions when the situation requires it. Data transmission is carried out in both directions (half duplex) through an efficient request/response communication protocol. Considering that the turbine is located in a hard-to-reach place, on the river, it was imposed to supply with reserve electric energy, autonomous from batteries, for the electronic part that is responsible for acquiring data from the hydroelectric generator. In this way, the monitoring circuit works permanently regardless of the turbine’s operating mode: normal or fault. The authors also present in detail the research methodology, the research results, the final conclusions resulting from the experimental data as well as the original contributions made through this applied research.

Hand Gesture Recognition Using Frequency‐Modulated Continuous Wave Radar on Tactile Displays for the Visually Impaired

Touchscreens are essential parts of many electronics in daily lives of sighted people in the digital information era. On the other hand, visually impaired users rely on tactile displays as one of the key communication devices to interact with the digital world. However, due to their working mechanism and the uneven surface of tactile displays, one of the key features of screens for sighted users is surprisingly challenging to implement: precision touch input. To overcome this, a hand gesture recognition system is developed using a frequency‐modulated continuous wave millimeter‐wave radar. A multifeature encoder method is used to obtain the range and velocity information from the radar to translate the data into spectrogram images. Gesture recognition is implemented for common input gestures: single/double‐click, swipe‐right/left, scroll‐up/down, zoom‐in/out, and rotate‐anticlockwise/clockwise. The gesture recognition and classification are based on machine learning, support vector machines, deep learning, and convolutional neural network approaches. The chosen model You‐Only‐Look‐Once (YOLOv8) shows a high accuracy of 97.1% by iterating only 30 epochs with only 500 collected data samples per gesture. This research paves the way toward using radar sensors not only for tactile displays but also for other digital devices in human–computer interaction.

Modeling of warm dense hydrogen via explicit real-time electron dynamics: Dynamic structure factors.

We present two methods for computing the dynamic structure factor for warm dense hydrogen without invoking either the Born-Oppenheimer approximation or the Chihara decomposition, by employing a wave-packet description that resolves the electron dynamics during ion evolution. First, a semiclassical method is discussed, which is corrected based on known quantum constraints, and second, a direct computation of the density response function within the molecular dynamics. The wave-packet models are compared to PIMC and DFT-MD for the static and low-frequency behavior. For the high-frequency behavior the models recover the expected behavior in the limits of small and large momentum transfers and show the characteristic flattening of the plasmon dispersion for intermediate momentum transfers due to interactions, in agreement with commonly used models for x-ray Thomson scattering. By modeling the electrons and ions on an equal footing, both the ion and free electron part of the spectrum can now be treated within a single framework where we simultaneously resolve the ion-acoustic and plasmon mode, with a self-consistent description of collisions and screening.

First-Principles Study on Thermal and Electrical Transport Properties of NbGe2 and NbSi2: The Role of Electron–Phonon Coupling

Abstract We study coupled electron and phonon transport in NbX2 with X=Ge, Si, in which experimental evidence of strong electron-phonon coupling and hydrodynamic transport has been reported. Based on first-principles calculations at the density functional theory level, we report their thermal and electrical transport properties. We find that phonon-electron scattering strongly affects their phonon thermal conductivity (κ ph) and leads to weak temperature dependence of κ ph, instead of normal inverse temperature dependence when anharmonic three phonon scattering dominates. Moreover, κ ph contributes to quarter of the total thermal conductivity, which differs from typical metals where total thermal conductivity is predominantly from electron part. Different from previous numerical study, our results of electrical resistivity agree well with experimental measurement. The anisotropic property of the transport coeffcients is attributed to the electron and phonon dispersion relation. Moreover, we find negligible effect of electron-phonon drag on the transport property, contrary to expectation from a strongly coupled electron-phonon fluid.

First Principles Investigation of Thermoelectric Properties of Naphyne

Designing a thermoelectric device to efficiently convert waste heat into electricity involves simultaneous adjustment of its electrical and thermal conductance. Herein, we have investigated the thermoelectric property of a two-dimensional naphyne sheet under various bias voltages and temperatures. Naphyne possesses a superior Seebeck coefficient under zero bias voltage at room temperature in comparison to other conventional thermoelectric materials, affirming its potential as a promising candidate for thermoelectric devices. Increase in temperature, tend to decrease various thermoelectric properties like Seebeck coefficient, conductance and figure of merit. However, an exception is found for the electronic part of thermal conductance which rises with the rise in temperature for naphyne. Interestingly, at a bias voltage of 0.2V, the highest value of electronic part of thermoelectric figure of merit ZTe=30.11 is found at 200K, while at 0.6V the highest value of ZTe=4.21 is observed at a temperature of 300K, indicating that naphyne could play a beneficial role in the design of thermoelectric materials.

High-Performance Flexible PLA/BTO-Based Pressure Sensor for Motion Monitoring and Human-Computer Interaction.

Flexible electronics show wide application prospects in electronic skin, health monitoring, and human-machine interfacing. As an essential part of flexible electronics, flexible pressure sensors have become a compelling subject of academic research. There is an urgent need to develop piezoelectric sensors with high sensitivity and stability. In this work, the high flexibility of polylactic acid (PLA) film and the excellent ferroelectric properties and high dielectric constant of tetragonal barium titanate (BTO) led to their use as filling materials to fabricate flexible piezoelectric composite films by spinning coating. PLA is used to produce flexible binding substrates, and BTO is added to the composite to enhance its electrical output by improving its piezoelectric performance. The peak output voltage of the PLA/BTO tetragonal piezoelectric film is 22.57 V, and the maximum short-circuit current was 3041 nA. Durability tests showed that during 40,000 s of continuous operation, in the range of 15~120 kPa, the linear relationship between pressure and the film was excellent, the sensitivity for the output voltage is 0.176 V/kPa, and the output current is 27.77 nA/kPa. The piezoelectric pressure sensor (PPS) also enables accurate motion detection, and the extensive capabilities of the PENG highlight its potential in advancing motion sensing and human-computer interactions.

Simplified approach to estimate Lorenz number using experimental Seebeck coefficient for non-parabolic band

Reducing lattice thermal conductivity (κL) is one of the most effective ways for improving thermoelectric properties. However, the extraction of κL from the total measured thermal conductivity can be misleading if the Lorenz (L) number is not estimated correctly. κL is obtained using the Wiedemann–Franz law, which estimates the electronic part of thermal conductivity κe = L σT, where σ and T are electrical conductivity and temperature, respectively. κL is then estimated as κL = κT − L σT. For metallic systems, the Lorenz number has a universal value of 2.44 × 10 −8 WΩ K−2 (degenerate limit), but for non-degenerate semiconductors, the value can deviate significantly for acoustic phonon scattering, the most common scattering mechanism for thermoelectric materials above room temperature. Up until now, L is estimated by solving a series of equations derived from Boltzmann transport equations. For the single parabolic band (SPB) model, an equation was proposed to estimate L directly from the experimental Seebeck coefficient. However, using the SPB model will lead to an overestimation of L in the case of low bandgap semiconductors, which results in an underestimation of κL, sometimes even negative κL. In this article, we propose a simpler equation to estimate L for a non-parabolic band. The experimental Seebeck coefficient, bandgap (Eg), and temperature (T) are the main inputs to the equation, which nearly eliminates the need for solving multiple Fermi integrals besides giving accurate values of L.

Effect of Pressure on Thermoelectric Performance of Half Heusler Compounds

In this work, the density functional theory (DFT) combined with Boltzmann transport equations are used to explore the effect of pressure on the structural, mechanical, thermal, and electronic properties of two half Heusler compounds PdXSn (X = Zr,Hf). The electronic band structure is tuned under pressure which enhances the thermoelectric properties of both compounds. The band gap opens with pressure and its value is 0.91 eV (1.26) for PdZrSn and 0.82 eV (1.16 eV) for PdHfSn at 0GPa (30GPa). The indirect nature does not alter at any pressure. The seebeck coefficient enhances from 900 μV/K to 1161 μV/K for PdZrSn and from 763 μV/K to 1012 μV/K for PdHfSn at pressure 0GPa to 30GPa. Similar trends observed in case of electrical conductivity and electronic part of thermal conductivity. But the lattice thermal conductivity is reduced from15.16 W/mKto 12.51 W/mK for PdZrSn and from 9.53 W/mK to 8.34 W/mK for PdHfSn at 30GPa respectively. Overall, the figure of merit ZT is elevated and attained maximum value of 0.45(0.55) for PdZrSn (PdHfSn) under pressure up to 30GPa.

Test results of an improved short-baseline digital deformometer using a new bench design

The article presents the results on laboratory tests of a short-baseline digital deformometer (SDC), developed to study deformation processes on pipelines and units of engineering structures, with the changes made to its design and electronic part, as well as the results of testing a new design of the test bench. The presented results show the effectiveness and accuracy of the new testing methodology, which makes it possible to increase the reliability of the results obtained.

Application of Linear Algebra in Image Processing for Medical Electronics

A very important part of medical electronics is the use of linear algebra in picture processing to improve the accuracy of diagnosis, treatment plans, and medical study. This abstract talks about the basic ideas and real-world uses of linear algebra in this area, showing how important it is for improving healthcare tools. Linear algebra gives us a strong way to change and understand pictures, which is very important in many types of medical imaging, like MRI, CT scans, ultrasound, and digital pathology. Images and how they are represented and changed are two of the most basic uses of linear algebra. A lot of the time, images are shown as matrices or tensors, where each part is a pixel strength or color value. Linear changes, like translations, rotations, and scaling, are needed to line up pictures, fix errors, and make sure that image data is the same across all modes. In medical image analysis, linear algebra methods like eigenanalysis and matrix decomposition (for example, Singular Value Decomposition) are also used to get information from images and make them simpler. These techniques help doctors and researchers find important patterns, oddities, and structures in pictures, which makes automatic analysis and disease classification easier. Medical image registration is a very important step for lining up pictures from different sources or places in time. Linear algebra makes it easier to figure out transformation matrices that get the best spatial alignment. This is very important for continuous studies and tracking of treatment, where exact comparison and analysis depend on perfectly aligned images. Linear algebra is also very important in methods for improving and fixing images. For example, filtering processes based on convolution matrices are used to get rid of noise, boost contrast, and bring out features in medical pictures, which makes them easier for doctors to see and understand. In computer imaging and tomography, linear algebra makes it possible to rebuild three-dimensional structures from two-dimensional picture slices. This makes it possible to see internal details and diseases more clearly. Overall, combining linear algebra with image processing in medical electronics not only makes medical pictures better and easier to understand, but it also leads to new diagnosis tools and treatment plans. Employing mathematical methods to pull useful data from large sets of images helps healthcare professionals make better choices, which ultimately leads to better patient results and progress in medical study.

An Empirical Study on Lightweight CNN Models for Efficient Classification of Used Electronic Parts

The problem of electronic waste (e-waste) presents a significant challenge in our society as outdated electronic devices are frequently discarded rather than recycled. To tackle this issue, it is important to embrace circular economy principles. One effective approach is to desolder and reuse electronic components, thereby reducing waste buildup. Automated vision-based techniques, often utilizing deep learning models, are commonly employed to identify and locate objects in sorting applications. Artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning processes often require significant computational resources to perform automated tasks. These computational resources consume energy from the grid. Consequently, a rise in the use of AI can lead to higher demand for energy resources. This research empirically develops a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN) model by exploring models utilising various grayscale image resolutions and comparing their performance with pre-trained RGB image classifier models. The study evaluates the lightweight CNN classifier’s ability to achieve an accuracy comparable to pre-trained red–green–blue (RGB) image classifiers. Experiments demonstrate that lightweight CNN models using 100 × 100 pixels and 224 × 224 pixels grayscale images can achieve accuracies on par with more complex pre-trained RGB classifiers. This permits the use of reduced computational resources for environmental sustainability.

Toward High-Throughput Surface-Sensitive X-Ray Scattering Studies of Electrochemical Interfaces

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely recognised as essential parts of portable electronics, electric vehicles, and grid storage. As such, LIBs have considerable potential to contribute to our modern society, especially as a fundamental component in the development of a sustainable energy system [1]. Despite their success, many fundamental questions in the context of LIBs still puzzle researchers today. These involve interfaces and interphases [2]. For example, the structure and speciation of the potential- and surface-dependent electric double layer (EDL) (especially in advanced concentrated electrolytes) is currently not well understood. Relatedly, basic knowledge of multiple properties of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), a passivation layer formed on anode surfaces by electrolyte reduction products, needs to be unravelled to predict electrolyte behaviour as well as cell kinetics and lifetime [3]. To understand the structural properties of these solid-liquid interfaces and interphases, X-ray reflectivity (XRR) is a powerful method that employs model electrodes such as single crystals or thin films [4,5]. XRR provides surface sensitivity with sub-Ångström resolution, is non-destructive, allows probing buried nanoscale layers, and, importantly, can be carried out in operando modality [3]. One of the main challenges of XRR is that it is typically employed for a single electrochemical cell at a given time, and a single experiment takes on the order of several hours up to one day. In this scenario, the experiments are not photon-limited and continuous data collection is not necessary to obtain meaningful results because changes are slow towards later stages of the experiment (even though initial processes occur relatively fast). To overcome this limitation, we designed a high-throughput setup and corresponding experimental workflow, in which up to ten electrochemical cells can be measured via XRR and other surface-sensitive X-ray scattering methods (e.g., GISAXS and GIWAXS) quasi-simultaneously in an interleave fashion. We will present our novel experimental setup and first results.Literature:[1] G. Zubi, R. Dufo-López, M. Carvalho, & G. Pasaoglu,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 89, 292-308, 2018.[2] K. Xu, Journal of Power Sources, 559, 232652, 2023.[3] C. Cao, H.-G. Steinrück, Encyclopedia of Solid-Liquid Interfaces, 391–416, Elsevier, 2024.[4] T. T. Fister, X. Hu, J. Esbenshade, ... & P. Fenter, Chemistry of Materials, 28(1), 47-54, 2016.[5] C. Cao, H.-G. Steinrück, B. Shyam, K. H. Stone, & M. F. Toney, Nano Letters, 16(12), 7394-7401, 2016.

An Assistant Professor at the Graduate School of Science has won the 2nd prize at the 2nd National Science, Technology & Innovation in 2024.

The Outstanding Cambodian Scientists Awards has been initiated by the National Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (NCSTI) and the Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology & Innovation (MISTI), coordinated by the General Department of Science. The initiative aims to highlight the value of knowledge generated through scientific research aligned with the eight priority areas outlined in the National Research Agenda 2025. The eight priority areas are local food, reliable energy supply, quality education, electronic and mechanical spare parts, cloud-based services, electricity and potable water, carbon neutrality, and digitally enhanced health. The application was open for one month, from February 14, 2024, to March 13, 2024. The selection committee would have selected the best based on the set criteria. According to a guideline of the Outstanding Cambodian Scientists Awards, some basic criteria for eligibility and evaluation for the award included degree holders with at least a Master’s degree, having publications (research papers, textbooks) in recognized publishers, conference presentations, thesis supervisions, grants received, recommendations from a researcher in the field, and a clean record regarding professional ethics and criminality. The committees, consisting of seven members, are selecting the top three ‘Outstanding Cambodian Scientists’; they consist of the following components: Minister of MISTI, Representative of the Advisor Board of NCSTI, Invited international researcher, Dr. HUL Seingheng, USS and Head of Secretariat of 2nd National STI Day 2024; Dr. TRY Sophal, Director General of STI, and Invited private sector from enterprise association, industrial association, or else. At the Gala Dinner held on March 24, 2024, the recipients of the prestigious awards were formally revealed. Dr. SOUM Veasna was one of the awardees and proudly accepted the 2nd prize at the 2nd National Science, Technology & Innovation event of 2024, focusing on the theme of ‘Electronic and Mechanical Spare Parts’. Delve into the pages ahead to explore the captivating narratives of his research endeavors and remarkable accomplishments within this domain.

Pulse electrodeposition of Ni–P alloy coatings from Watts baths: P content, current efficiency, and internal stress

Ni–P alloy has been used as a protective coating for mechanical parts, a surface material for electronic parts, and an electrocatalyst for water electrolysis. Ni–P alloy electrodeposition was performed by adding H3PO3 to Watts baths under four different types of pulse current conditions and compared with direct current (DC) electrodeposition. When the peak current density was kept constant and the off time was extended, the P content increased, and the current efficiency decreased. When the off time was extended while the average current density remained constant, the P content peaked. This is thought to be due to a change in the phosphorus precipitation mechanism from indirect to direct. The internal stress trend of the Ni–P electrodeposition was measured in-situ using a spiral contractometer up to about 20 μm thickness. The results confirmed that it exhibited internal tensile stress due to hydrogen desorption. As the current efficiency decreased, the internal tensile stress tended to decrease because some excess hydrogen was not desorbed and remained inside. The internal tensile stress could be remarkably reduced to half that of DC electrodeposition while maintaining a high current efficiency by reducing the frequency of pulse electrodeposition to accelerate hydrogen desorption, or by applying a reverse current to consume the electrons that induce hydrogen production.

Synchronized Diabetes Monitoring System: Development of Smart Mobile Apparatus for Diabetes Using Insulin

Accurate and timely injection of insulin doses in accordance with the treatment protocol is very important in the follow-up of insulin-dependent diabetes patients. In this study, a new smart mobile apparatus (SMA) has been developed. The SMA can be attached to insulin pens and record and transfer data by detecting the patient's dose of insulin and the time at which it was provided. The SMA can detect the dose determined in the insulin pen through linear capacitive sensors. Electronic parts and sensor mechanism are located on the designed SMA body. The insulin pen's two-part mechanical construction of the body senses movement during dosage adjustment while also making sure the dose information is recorded in the control unit. The dose and time information recorded in the SMA internal memory are transmitted to the patient's smartphone via the developed mobile application. The developed SMA prototypes were evaluated by a team of doctors in a hospital setting for three months. As a result of the three-month study, it was observed that the insulin dose and administration times could be accurately sent to the smartphone application via SMA. The SMA was created in the laboratory environment and was prepared for pilot research with insulin-dependent diabetes patients in a hospital setting. It was observed that the SMA prototype successfully identified and recorded the dose and timing of the patient's self-administered insulin.

Introduction of parasitic capacitance and methods of reducing its capacitance

This paper aims to introduce some basic knowledge of parasitic capacitors and how to reduce the impact of parasitic capacitors in theory and in practice. In the production and processing and daily life, people will be more or less to the use of capacitors. The main function of a capacitor is to store electrical energy when it is connected to its charging circuit. When disconnected from the charging circuit, it can consume stored energy, so it can be used like a temporary battery. However, not all capacitors are good for people, such as parasitic capacitors. Parasitic capacitor is an unavoidable and usually unnecessary capacitor that exists between electronic component or parts of a circuit simply because they are close to each other. Therefore, parasitic capacitance is an important problem in high-frequency circuits and is often a limiting factor in the frequency and bandwidth of electronic component and circuits. However, complete elimination of parasitic capacitors is not possible, only through a number of methods to reduce.

Balancing Technological Innovation and Environmental Sustainability: A Lifecycle Analysis of 6G Wireless Communication Technology

Wireless communication has revolutionized the evolution of humankind. The rapid growth and development of mobile communication has created an ecosystem better than what has been before. However, issues such as ample energy consumption and resulting carbon emissions, a lack of proper disposal mechanisms for large amounts of electronic waste, and the recycling of electronic materials interrupt growth. When the world is waiting for the implementation of 6G mobile communication technology, it is mandatory to resolve these issues for the sustainability of 6G technology. In this review, we present the superiority of 6G over previous generations accompanied by issues that cause extensive damage to the environment. To mitigate this adverse effect, we present a lifecycle analysis of 6G wireless communication technology from production to disposal, focusing on issues surrounding electronic waste, energy consumption, and environmental impact. This study explains the intricacies of electronic parts, toxic compounds, and the dangers of incorrect disposal techniques. It also investigates energy consumption issues specific to 6G technology, such as manufacturing processes and network infrastructures that require considerable energy. We also present a quantitative evaluation of the 6G lifecycle in detail. In addition, we present a comprehensive strategy and insights to make 6G sustainable. Furthermore, we suggest an ecological policy for all stakeholders for the sustainability of 6G. We also present political and commercial implications for 6G. As the process of 6G development continues, we show the impact of network fragmentation on standardization, which helps improve sustainability. Finally, we conclude that while the existing research has made significant advances in 6G, there is a need for correct disposal techniques to refine the key government policies for managing e-waste. New cooling technologies and renewable energy sources must be adopted to reduce the current greenhouse emission of 200 g of CO2 and energy consumption of 2.5 kWh per GB for 6G networks.

Development, Testing, and Thermoforming of Thermoplastics Reinforced with Surface-Modified Aramid Fibers for Cover of Electronic Parts in Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using 3D-Printed Molds.

This paper presents the development, characterization, and testing of PP/PE-g-MA composites with 10 and 15 wt% surface-modified aramid fibers, and aluminum-based pigment, as covers for a small drone body for collision protection. The successful fiber surface modification with SiO2 by the sol-gel method using TEOS was confirmed by FTIR, SEM, and EDS analyses. The composites were characterized by FTIR and SEM analyses and surface energy and water contact angle measurements and tested in terms of tensile, flexural, impact, and thermal properties. The materials exhibited hydrophobic character and compact and uniform morphostructures, with increased surface energy with fiber content owed to improved adhesion between modified fibers and the matrix. Compared to the control sample, composites with modified fibers showed an increase by 20% in tensile strength, and 36-52% in the modulus, and an increase by 26-33% in flexural strength and 30-47% in the modulus, with higher values at room temperature. Impact resistance of modified fiber composites showed an increase by 20-40% compared to the control sample, due to improved interaction between SiO2-modified fibers and maleic anhydride, which inhibits crack formation, allowing higher energies' absorption. The composites were vacuum-thermoformed on 3D-printed molds as a two-part cover for the body of a drone, successfully withstanding the flight test.

A Novel Method of Incorporating CNT into Additive Manufacturing Electronics Dielectric Material

Flexible Hybrid Electronics (FHE) Parts that are additively manufactured give engineers and designers greater flexibility in geometry, complexity, and variety or customizability. In this work, UV curable dielectric materials for additive electronics and incorporated Carbon Nano Tubes (CNTs) within a formulated UV/LED curable matrix was used. It will be shown that inkjet printing CNT mixture in specific manner with a commercial UV curable dielectric improves mechanical and thermal properties of the final dielectric compared to the dielectric without the CNT mixture, including a significant decrease in the coefficient of thermal expansion, while keeping excellent electrical properties.