Part Of Azerbaijan Research Articles

PhD in History Adjunct, Karoli Gaspar University, Budapest, Hungary

. The Savirs played an important role in the early medieval history of the Caucasian people, and many historical sources mention them. They had involved in the Byzantine-Persian wars during the 6th century, then actively participated in the struggles against the invading Arabs in the 6-7th centuries. Most historical sources considered them to be Huns. They lived on the western part of the Caspian Sea, and we can find early historical sources, which mentioned them on the eastern parts of the Black Sea. Traces of the steppe horsemen can still be found in some parts of Azerbaijan, where some monuments preserved their memories. Archaeological excavations revealed their material culture almost the whole territory of Azerbaijan. In my presentation, I would present the memories left behind by the Savirs, referring some ancient historical sources and results of the archaeological excavations as well. Keywords: Huns, Savirs, Azerbaijan, Caucasus, Nomads, Byzantine, Persia

The Karabakh War: Azerbaijan's Geopolitical Superiority Over Armenians

Both modern-day Armenia and Azerbaijan were part of the Soviet Union from the 1920s to 1991. During that time, Nagorno-Karabakh, which had a multiethnic population mostly consisting of ethnic Armenians and Azerbaijani Turks, was officially controlled by Azerbaijan. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Azerbaijan and Armenia became independent states. Since then, the struggle between Azerbaijan and Armenia has remained on the status of Karabakh. In the first Karabakh War, Armenia gained the upper hand with the help of Russia over unprepared and isolated Azerbaijan. While Karabakh is legally considered part of Azerbaijan, this region was controlled mainly by Armenian-backed separatist governments. Over the past several decades, Azerbaijan has prepared itself well to regain lost territory by developing its economy, training military personnel, acquiring cutting-edge equipment, and building diplomatic assets. In the recent Karabakh War, Azerbaijan gained geopolitical advantages, outperformed its rival Armenia in almost every arena, and successfully liberated most of its lost territory. The Azerbaijani government has been working on rebuilding and reconstructing liberated territories under the new local administration of Karabakh.

INFLUENCE OF ABIOTIC FACTORS ON DYNAMICS OF WHEAT PHYTONEMATODE IN MUGHAN PART OF AZERBAIJAN

The article deals with the impact of abiotic factors on the dynamics of wheat phytonematode in the Mughan part of Azerbaijan. To study the population dynamics of phytonematodes of wheat and its rootstock soil under Azerbaijan conditions, soil and plant samples were collected by stationary method monthly from March to June during 2018-2023. In the wheat field, 45 species of nematodes were recorded during the vegetation period. In both roots and rootstock of wheat, the highest number of phytonematode individuals was observed at the beginning of the study (March), then their density began to decrease sharply and reached a minimum at the end of the growing season (June). In aboveground parts, the highest peak of phytonematode abundance occurs in mid-spring (April), followed by a decline in abundance at the following dates. The lowest abundance is recorded in summer before harvesting. The recorded phytonematodes were distributed in the following ecological groups: polytrophs - 8 species, typical saprobionts - 2, devisaprobionts - 15, potential parasites - 12, true parasites - 8 species. Ecological groups of phytonematodes respond differently to changes in the conditions of existence. At the same time, the effect of ecological factors depended on the habitat of phytonematodes. It is known that in the Mughan region of Azerbaijan, the influence of abiotic factors on the dynamics of wheat phytonematodes mainly includes elements such as soil structure, climatic conditions, sunlight and water supply. These abiotic factors determine the level and distribution of nematode populations and affect the yield of crops. As a result of the changing influence of various abiotic factors, the population levels of nematodes also change, which affects the effectiveness in the crop field. In this regard, the understanding and management of these factors is important for improving the quality and production of wheat products. Preventive and preventive measures, depending on the completeness and timeliness of this information, allow you to create optimal conditions and get a stable harvest from plants. The above-mentioned issues have been extensively investigated and reflected in the article.

Agrochemical Characteristics of Light-Gray-Brown Salt Characteristic Soils of the Kura Part of Azerbaijan

Various methods of agrotechnical and reclamation measures related to soil salinization in the Kura-Araz lowland are considered. The focus is on deep plowing, which breaks the capillary channels of the soil, reduces evaporation and prevents further salinization. The need for proper soil cultivation before sowing and adaptation of sowing norms in saline areas to ensure optimal plant growth is highlighted. An integrated approach to improving soil fertility is described, including the application of organic and mineral fertilizers, as well as haymaking in the periods between irrigations. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of gypsum as a means to reduce absorbed sodium and improve soil structure, especially in areas with high salinity levels. The dosage of gypsum varies depending on the degree of soil salinity and can range from 5 to 15 t/ha. The authors emphasize that adequate water management and avoidance of over-irrigation are critical to preventing soil salinization.

Meat Performance of Sheep Balbas Breeds in the Southeastern Part of Azerbaijan

In the Republic of Azerbaijan and, in particular, in the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, a transhumance system for keeping sheep has long been adopted, which requires animals with a strong constitution, hardy and well adapted to local climatic conditions. These requirements are best met by the local meat-wool-milk fat-tailed Balbas sheep breed, which produces high-quality white wool for carpet production, lamb with excellent taste, milk and sheepskins. But the quality of meat products from these animals has not yet been sufficiently studied. Based on this, the following tasks were set; obtaining offspring from females of the Balbas breed of the local population and local rams of the same breed; studying the meat productivity and quality of these types of products in offspring, studying the economic efficiency of slaughtering offspring at different age periods. In the process of work, the chemical composition and energy value of the meat was determined, and by looking at the longissimus dorsi muscle, its chemical composition, energy and biological value were determined. The study of the slaughter qualities of animals, determination of the chemical composition, energy and biological value of meat was carried out in accordance with the methodological recommendations of VIZH. In conclusion, the authors concluded that the meat productivity of sheep is quite high. Control slaughters carried out over many years have shown that their slaughter yield under normal economic conditions is on average 46-52%. Sheep of this breed have stable heredity and well pass on their valuable biological and economically useful qualities to their offspring, both when bred pure and when crossing crosses. The greatest economic efficiency was obtained when selling 8-month-old balbas rams.

Preparation of future development scenarios of urban landscapes in accordance with natural and socio-economic conditions (on the example of the cities of the Kura-Araz lowland)

Problems Statement and Purpose. More than 50% of the world's population lives in cities. In Azerbaijan, 53% of the population lives in cities. For this reason, almost all global problems originate from urban landscapes. Therefore, it is very important to study the development of cities and prepare the future scenario. Our goal is to study the cities located in the Kura-Araz plain, determine their annual growth rate and forecast future development trends. Data and Methods. In the article, the development of 17 cities located in the Kur-Araz plain in the central part of Azerbaijan during the historical period and its future forecast were analyzed. Modern methods were especially preferred during the research. Satellite images of cities were processed and the results were analyzed. Satellite images from 1975 and 2023 were used and deciphered in determining the boundaries of cities and studying their dynamics. The dynamics of changes in the areas of the cities were studied by determining the boundaries of the cities, and the dynamics of population growth was studied and analyzed. Statistical analyzes were used in the study of the population. Results and Discussion. The cities of Kura-Araz lowland cover 25% of the cities of the republic. These rivers are the main source of the formation of cities. However, as these coastal cities grew, the ecological problems of the Kura and Araz rivers increased and the water level decreased. Cities have grown in all directions and are still growing. For the first time in Azerbaijan, urban landscapes were studied based on GIS technologies and Remote Sensing methods. For the first time, the factors of natural conditions, the absolute height, inclination and exposure of the terrain were analyzed based on GIS technologies, and it was determined that 2/3 of the research area is located below sea level, and 1/3 is located in areas up to a maximum of 200 m absolute height. The inclination of the area continues up to a maximum of 5⁰. Cities have been classified in different directions. Conclusion. For the first time, issues of territorial management of urban landscapes were conducted and mapped on the basis of GIS technologies. At this time, it was determined that cities have grown more than 2 times during 1975-2023. However, this increase cannot be compared with the dynamics of population growth. Because during these years, the population growth has varied between 10-30%. Urban landscapes have grown mainly in riverside areas, along transport routes.

Study of green mold infection on pomegranate fruits in the western part of Azerbaijan

The article presents information on green mold (Penicillium expansum Lk. et Thom.) infection on pomegranate bushes in the western part of Azerbaijan. The activities which was carried out in the period 2021-2023 and were focused on the phytosanitary condition of pomegranate orchards with large industrial importance located in the Ganja-Kazakh geographical zone (western part of the country) showed that fungal diseases were widespread in the region, including green mold (Penicillium expansum Lk. et Thom.) infection. In some years, the green fruit mold (Penicillium expansum Lk. et Thom.) has reduced the productivity of pomegranate bushes by 50-100%. The local cultivars of pomegranate were the object of the study and the results showed that all varieties were highly susceptible to the pathogen. The article presents also results of laboratory experiments about effectiveness of some fungicides – 0.4% Selphate (37.5% copper oxychloride + 16% zineb), 0.05% Azoxifene (20% azoxystrobin + 12.5% difenoconazole), 0.05% Conazole (25% difenoconazole) and 0.3% P-oxide (50% copper oxychloride) against green mold infection. The assessment of biological effectiveness was based on reduction of growth of green mold (Penicillium expansum Lk. et Thom.) on the treated variants relative to the control. Among the tested fungicides, the product Selphate showed the highest biological effectiveness. Keywords: pomegranate, pathogen, Penicillium Link., protection, fungicides

Bacterial root cancer of cherry in the conditions of the Western part of Azerbaijan

Bacterial root cancer or goiter of the root system is a plant disease with symptoms of proliferation of plant stem or root tissues, caused by the transfer of Ti-plasmids from the virulent bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens Conn. into plant cells. The article presents the results of studies of bacterial root cancer of cherries in the conditions of the Ganja-Kazakh geographical zone during 2021—2023. In these years of research, it was found that the disease is widespread in cherry orchards in the western part of the country and severely damages trees. The causative agent of the disease from the soil through wounds and cracks in different parts of the root system penetrates into its cells and the incubation period of the disease begins. It lasts (depending on temperature) 4—7 weeks. The resulting cancer growths do not lead to the rapid death of cherry trees. However, the pathogen suppresses their overall growth, viability and reduces their resistance to fungal and other infections, which leads to a significant decrease in yield, and after a while the energy of the plants is depleted, they gradually dry out and eventually die. The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens Conn. has been studied in detail in the laboratory over the years of research. We have developed a system of complex agrotechnical methods for combating bacterial root cancer.

Methods for the Determination of Fire Blight on Pome Fruit Crop Plants in the Western Part of Azerbaijan

Fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora (Burrill, 1882) Winslow et al., 1920 causes significant production losses in the world’s leading pome fruit crop producing countries. The main route of infection of many fruit crops, including apple and pear trees, is through newly blooming flowers. The bacterium overwinters in the bark tissue along the edges of cankers formed on branches and stems as a result of infection in the previous year and becomes a source of infection in the next year. Determining the prevalence of the disease in areas with a large number of orchards is important from the point of view of disease control. Therefore, the purpose of the work is to study the prevalence of the disease in the Ganja-Dashkesan and Gazakh-Tovuz Economic Regions, as well as the accurate diagnosis of the obtained E. amylovora isolates using classical and molecular methods. For this purpose, trees in the studied apple and pear orchards were examined for the disease, the pathogen was isolated from infected plants, and morphological, biochemical, physiological and molecular analyzes were carried out. Among 36 bacterial isolates obtained from 27 samples of infected plants, Erwinia amylovora was identified in 11 as a result of morphological, biochemical, physiological and molecular tests.

DISTRIBUTION REGULATIONS AND LIFE FORMS OF THE SPECIES OF THE BERBERIDACEAE JUSS. FAMILY WHICH ARE DISTRIBUTED IN THE NAKCHIVAN AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC OVER ALTITUDE ZONES

Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, which is part of Azerbaijan, has unique physical and geographical conditions. The total length of the border lines of the autonomous republic, located in the south west of the Lesser Caucasus, is 398 km. The main plain of the Autonomous Republic, 2/3 of which is mountainous and 1/3 is plain, is Araz-Long Plain, which in turn is divided into Ordubad, Nakhchivan, Sharur, Sadarak and other small Plains. Due to the fact that the territory of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic consists of mountainous and lowland areas, the vegetation cover was formed in accordance with these conditions. The north-eastern territories of the autonomous republic, being part of the high mountain belt, cover heights of more than 2500 meters, and the Alpine and subalpine meadows of the Zangazur and Daralayaz ranges included here cover large areas. Plants belonging to the family Berberidaceae Juss. are distributed mainly in the middle and lower mountain belts, sometimes in the upper mountain belt, Alpine and subalpine belts on dry slopes, clayey, salty soils, Stony-gravel areas, as well as in arable land, field and grounds. In the article berberidaceae juss. The distribution of plants belonging to the family in the height zones, life forms have been studied and it has been determined that the species belonging to this family are most common in the middle and low mountain zones. Keywords: low mountain belt, barberry, height belts, shrub, Berberis vulgaris L., biological spectrum, distribution pattern.

АРМИЛЛЯРИОЗНАЯ КОРНЕВАЯ ГНИЛЬ АБРИКОСОВЫХ ДЕРЕВЬЕВ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЗАПАДНОЙ ЧАСТИ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА

АРМИЛЛЯРИОЗНАЯ КОРНЕВАЯ ГНИЛЬ АБРИКОСОВЫХ ДЕРЕВЬЕВ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЗАПАДНОЙ ЧАСТИ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА

Formation and Development of Education in Nakhchivan (End of the XIX Century Before the Early XX Century)

The article discusses the development of school and pedagogical thought in Nakhchivan before and during autonomy. It has been established that, in Nakhchivan, which is an integral part of Azerbaijan, they always pay special attention to education and also take care of it. Studies show that before gaining autonomy in Nakhchivan, new types of urban and emergency educational institutions were created. It should be noted that, the enlightenment movements, science and education, the highest peak of the early twentieth century. During this period, an extensive network of the Nakhchivan education system was created and our people were involved in education. As a result, all the enlightenment captured in this period in Nakhchivan rose to the very high level achieved great success in science and education. Teachers in the social and economic recovery of the country of Nakhchivan stubborn struggle against the old educational system for the reconstruction of old schools. It is still not effective. The old form of training and education in the synopsis took the first steps towards a new one. Progressive changes in education in the development of Nakhichevan enlightening ideas and gave an impetus to the formation of a local educated class. At that time, the achievements of education and culture made basis for future success.

Transport routes emerging in the South Caucasus and the position of regional and extraregional states / Транспортные маршруты, формирующиеся на Южном Кавказе, и позиция региональных и внерегиональных государств

The 44-day war diametrically changed the security architecture of the South Caucasus that emerged after the first Artsakh war. Today, Armenia no longer has the strategic and geographical superiority that existed before September 27, 2020: sovereign control over Artsakh and favorable defense characteristics, military capabilities, an additional 90-kilometer border with Iran - geographical and geopolitical superiority, etc. The current government the Republic of Armenia itself abandoned its geographical and geopolitical advantages by recognizing Artsakh as part of Azerbaijan in October 2022 in Prague. This was carried out on the basis of the so-called improvement of relations between Armenia and Azerbaijan and the implementation of new road opportunities, which were initially presented in the form of the opening of transport routes or the Zangezur corridor and are currently presented under the name “Crossroads of the World”.

Research on liquid-phase catalytic thermolysis of high-viscosity oil samples being stimulated by microwave radiation in dynamic mode (in the order of discussion)

A significant part of Azerbaijan’s oil reserves are fields of high high-viscosity oil, being at younger stage of development, in conditions of low permeable reservoirs. Technogenic complications arising from the exploitation of such fields, create new requirements for oil production technologies, capable to increase the oil recovery of the already existing layers. This paper presents the results of a study of liquid-phase catalytic thermolysis stimulated by microwave radiation of samples of high-viscosity oil from the Balakhani-Sabunchu-Ramany (VI and XI horizons) and Kyurovdag fields, characterized by averaged values of density, respectively, 885 kg/m3, 908 kg/m3 and 923 kg/m3 at 20 oC. In dynamic mode in the presence of synthesized heterogeneous catalysts that intensively absorb the energy of the microwave electromagnetic field.

Role of national spiritual values in children’s reading-teaching (based on Nakhchivan Children’s Folklore and new teaching methods)

The main goal here is the collection and teaching of children's literature in the Nakhchivan region, which is an integral part of Azerbaijan. This is important for all stages of education (both in secondary schools and higher education). In Nakhchivan region, in addition to research and scientific-theoretical problems of children's literature, the collection and study of children's folklore has also been proposed. In particular, this article talks about important issues such as reading, learning, researching based on new methods in the process of children's education. Our national values have been preserved for years, passed down from generation to generation, from century to century. From this point of view, we think that this research article will be useful in learning new methods of teaching.

Геохимические особенности и зональность залежи Филизчайского колчеданно-полиметаллического месторождения (южный склон Большого Кавказа)

The article discusses the geochemical features and zoning of the ore deposit of the Filizchay deposit on the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus. The spatial distribution of valuable (Cu, Zn, Pb) components, their sum, as well as the distribution of Ag, which have a high content for the Filizchay deposit, are considered. A field model was built on the basis of the Leapfrog GEO program. In order to quantify zoning, the index of geochemical zoning was calculated based on the ratios of the concentrations of elements accumulated in the upper part of the ore deposit (Zn, Pb, Ag) and elements accumulated in the lower part of the deposit (Cu, Co, Mn). It has been established that in the Azerbaijan part of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, as we move from the northwest to the southeast, there is a regional ore zonality, expressed in the change of chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite ores by sulfide-polymetallic ones, as a result of which there is a decrease in the concentration of copper and, accordingly, an increase in the amount of zinc and especially lead. According to the degree of intensity of manifestation of zinc, lead and silver mineralization in the deposit, two parts can be distinguished: the western one is richer, where almost all the maxima are concentrated, and the eastern one is poorer, which accounts for most of the minima. Additional exploration work is recommended in the eastern part. The distribution of elements in individual wells established a clear zoning in terms of the thick ness of the ore deposit, manifested in a regular change in the mineral and chemical composition of ores from a lying to a hanging side. This leads to the accumulation of copper, cobalt, tin and manganese in the foot, and the concentration of zinc, lead, cadmium, thallium, mercury, antimony, etc. in the hanging side of the ore deposit.

Study of the Salt Composition of Some Rivers of the Lerik District

The article is devoted to the study of the ionic and salt composition of the rivers of the Lerik District of the southern part of Azerbaijan. The results of analyzes of the river waters selected as the object of the study show that there were no serious processes of mineralization in the rivers. The salinity of the river waters of the Lerik District (the Bilnа River, river waters taken from the villages of Mastail, Lankaranchay, Konjavuchay) varied within the range of 0,440-0.674 g/l. The composition of ions in these water sources varied depending on the rivers.

On the role of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and ensuring security and support for Armenia as its signatory during the ongoing armed conflict with Azerbaijan

The article describes the conflict between the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, two Caucasian states with the so-called the region of Nagorno-Karabakh, which is part of Azerbaijan, inhabited and ruled for many years by Armenians. In addition to a more detailed approximation of the background of the conflict and the current role of international organizations in its resolution, the article discusses the circumstances of the creation and history of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), which was established, among other things, to prevent and resolve conflicts among its signatories, including Armenia and Azerbaijan. The article makes a legal classification of Azerbaijan’s aggression against Armenia as a violation of the OBUZ treaty regulations and presents the legal consequences of this. It also contains a negative assessment of the current role of CSTO in settling the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan and a negative assessment of the Treaty’s real capacity to fulfill its functions, especially in the light of the current international situation and the current political situation in Armenia.

Modern seismogeodynamics of the north-western part of Azerbaijan

Modern seismogeodynamics of the north-western part of Azerbaijan

Cherry scab in the conditions of the Ganja-Kazakh geographical zone of Azerbaijan

Scab is one of the most common and harmful diseases of cherries, found in all western regions (Ganja-Kazakh geographical zone of the country) of its cultivation. Mass damage to cherries by scab is often observed in wet years. The disease manifests itself on leaves and fruits causing a great harm to fruit-bearing cherry plantations. The harmfulness of cherry scab is expressed by a decrease in yield and a deterioration in its quality. The direct crop losses from scab on heavily affected cherry cultivars (for example, the cultivar "Shedraya") can reach 60-80%; the decrease in the yield of the first-class products is 90%. In the cherry orchards of Azerbaijan, the shortage of products from scab reaches 50-70%, and in the years of epiphytoties, the harvest may be completely absent. In the affected leaves, photosynthesis decreases, they fall prematurely. The sick fruits are delayed in development, wrinkled, which reduces the yield and degrades the quality of products. The article presents the results of the field research carried out on cherry scab (Fusicladium cerasi (Rabenh.) Sacc.) in the conditions of the western part of Azerbaijan in 2021-2022. In 2022, an assessment of the prevalence and intensity of scab in the region was done, and a scientifically based and improved control system was developed. For this purpose, the following preparations were tested in the fight against scab on cherries: Abiga Peak, VS (400 g/l copper oxychloride), Score, EC (250 g/l difenoconazole), Hom, SP (861 g/kg copper oxychloride), Chorus, FDG (750 g/kg cyprodinil) and a control without chemical treatment.