Part IIA Research Articles

Pore-to-Core Upscaling of Two-Phase Flow in Mixed-Wet Porous Media: Part II-A Dynamic Pore-Network Modeling Approach

Pore-to-Core Upscaling of Two-Phase Flow in Mixed-Wet Porous Media: Part II-A Dynamic Pore-Network Modeling Approach

Trustee personal liability for contaminated land remediation: the UK position

Abstract Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 creates a liability risk for trusts and trustees. Trustees may indeed be found liable pursuant to Part IIA’s definition of an “owner” of contaminated land. This definition includes trustees to avoid the situation of people evading liability by transferring affected land into trust funds. However, the risk to trustees is sufficiently low. The law shows that trustees possess a lien over their trust funds that can be used to indemnify liabilities. Furthermore, Part IIA’s proportionate approach to sustainable development considers the “hardship” that liability can cause to trustees and obviates the risk.

Abstract 3737: Molecular and early clinical characterization of the anti-CD73 antibody S095024 (Sym024)

Abstract Background: Adenosine signaling is a central immunosuppressive mechanism affecting a broad set of immune cell types. Adenosine is generated from extracellular ATP by a group of ectonucleotidases including CD39 and CD73. Suppressing the adenosine pathway via CD73 blockade may enhance the potential of checkpoint inhibitor therapies.S095024 (Sym024) is a fully human, effector-function attenuated antibody that binds to human and cynomolgus CD73 with sub-nM affinity. Methods: Preclinically, the stoichiometry and conformational structure of the binding interaction between CD73 and S095024 was assessed by SEC-MALS and cryo-EM and the ability of S095024 to inhibit CD73 activity was done in vitro covering 3-, 6- and 24-hour incubation periods. The clinical safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of S095024 alone or in combination with Sym021, an anti-PD1 antibody, was investigated in a first-in-human study (NCT04672434) in patients with selected types of advanced solid tumors. Following assessment of single agent S095024 (100 to 1500 mg IV Q2W) in part I, the safety and tolerability of S095024 (300 to 1500 mg IV Q2W) was assessed in combination with Sym021 (200 mg IV Q2W) in part II. A part IIa was added: patients received 3000 mg IV Q2W of S095024 in Cycle 1, followed by 3000 mg S095024 + 200 mg Sym021 from Cycle 2 onwards. Results: Structural data indicate that S095024 binds to CD73 in a unique configuration by bridging the two monomers of the molecule, interacting in a 1:1 stoichiometry and effectively preventing the conformational state cycling required for catalysis. Functional data using a 20x cell line panel harboring a broad range of CD73 expression levels demonstrates that this interaction modus results in deep enzymatic inhibition. As of 12 Oct 2023, 43 patients have been treated with, S095024 in the FIH study. S095024, as a single agent (N=18) and in combination with PD-1 blockade (N=25) was well tolerated across all dose levels. The most frequent treatment emergent adverse events (≥15% patients) were fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, dyspnea, and vomiting. A dose proportional increase in drug exposure, both in monotherapy and combination, was observed starting at 900 mg. Target engagement assessed both peripherally (free soluble CD73) and intra-tumorally (enzymatic activity), showed a sustained decrease in free soluble CD73 in blood at dose levels ≥1500 mg and dose-dependent CD73 modulation, with >80% inhibition reached at ≥1500 mg in tumor biopsies. Conclusions: These findings reveal the potential of S095024 (Sym024) to prevent adenosine-mediated tumor evasion and support further clinical investigation. Citation Format: Anna Spreafico, Jordi R. Ahnert, David Sommerhalder, Maria Almena-Carrasco, Najah Harouki Crochemore, Xenophon Ianopulos, Janus S. Jakobsen, Emily Armbruster, Audrey Delmas, Amédée des Georges, Camilla Fröhlich, Julia Geronimi, Michael M. Grandal, Randi W. Hansen, Johan Lantto, Julie Legrand, Franck Levasseur, Matteo Riva, Christelle Rodrigues, Vanessa Seif, Vasileios Askoxylakis, Nehal Lakhani. Molecular and early clinical characterization of the anti-CD73 antibody S095024 (Sym024) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 3737.

Development, testing, and feasibility of a customized mobile application for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) risk assessment: A hospital-based pilot study

IntroductionObstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), the most prevalent form of sleep-related breathing disorder has practical and financial limitations in diagnosis by polysomnography, hence OSA risk-assessment can identify OSA-related symptoms early. ObjectivesTo develop a mobile application for OSA-risk assessment and tests its validity, feasibility, and application in a hospital-based pilot sample. Study design and methodsThe study comprised of two parts. Part iDevelopment of a mobile application “OSA-Risk Assessment Tool” using automated questionnaires. Part iiA pilot study to screen OSA-risk in 200 patients (100 adults,100 children) from the orthodontic OPD of a Govt. Dental Hospital, using the mobile application. Internal validation by manual and mobile-based methods was done on 30 random patients. Non-parametric tests assessed the statistical differences between OSA-risk and nonOSA-risk variables. ResultsThe prevalence of OSA-risk was 21.4% in adults and 8% in children. In adults, OSA-risk showed significantly greater neck circumference (p = 0.0001), waist circumference(p = 0.001), body mass index(p = 0.008), daytime sleepiness, headache, and mouth breathing(p = 0.0001). In children, OSA-risk is associated with a dry mouth on awakening, daytime sleepiness, and mouth breathing, and nocturnal enuresis. The low OSA-risk patients were suggested standardized preventive management counseling and orthodontic interventions while medium to high-risk underwent sleep-specialist referrals. ConclusionsThis study supports the feasibility and usability of the mobile application "OSA-risk assessment tool" in a hospital setup. This cost-effective tool can be advocated for self-evaluation, early detection, and awareness in pandemic times. The future upgraded versions may include preventive modules and real-time coordination with the nearest sleep clinics and specialists.

Foreword: The Degradation of American Democracy—and the Court

Foreword: The Degradation of American Democracy—and the Court

Racially derogatory cartoons and racial vilif ication laws: Where to draw the line?

This article examines whether racially derogatory cartoons are capable of infringing Part IIA of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth). In particular, it examines the exemption of ‘artistic work’ in section 18D, which depends on the artistic work being published ‘reasonably’. Courts have struggled to apply the concept of ‘reasonableness’ to cartoons, noting that cartoons are exaggerated by their nature and that they often convey political messages.

Racially Derogatory Cartoons and Racial Vilification Laws: Where to Draw the Line?

This article examines whether racially derogatory cartoons are capable of infringing Part IIA of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth). In particular, it examines the exemption of 'artistic work' in section 18D, which depends on the artistic work being published 'reasonably'. Courts have struggled to apply the concept of 'reasonableness' to cartoons, noting that cartoons are exaggerated by their nature and that they often convey political messages.

Cancellous bone and theropod dinosaur locomotion. Part II-a new approach to inferring posture and locomotor biomechanics in extinct tetrapod vertebrates.

This paper is the second of a three-part series that investigates the architecture of cancellous bone in the main hindlimb bones of theropod dinosaurs, and uses cancellous bone architectural patterns to infer locomotor biomechanics in extinct non-avian species. Cancellous bone is widely known to be highly sensitive to its mechanical environment, and therefore has the potential to provide insight into locomotor biomechanics in extinct tetrapod vertebrates such as dinosaurs. Here in Part II, a new biomechanical modelling approach is outlined, one which mechanistically links cancellous bone architectural patterns with three-dimensional musculoskeletal and finite element modelling of the hindlimb. In particular, the architecture of cancellous bone is used to derive a single ‘characteristic posture’ for a given species—one in which bone continuum-level principal stresses best align with cancellous bone fabric—and thereby clarify hindlimb locomotor biomechanics. The quasi-static approach was validated for an extant theropod, the chicken, and is shown to provide a good estimate of limb posture at around mid-stance. It also provides reasonable predictions of bone loading mechanics, especially for the proximal hindlimb, and also provides a broadly accurate assessment of muscle recruitment insofar as limb stabilization is concerned. In addition to being useful for better understanding locomotor biomechanics in extant species, the approach hence provides a new avenue by which to analyse, test and refine palaeobiomechanical hypotheses, not just for extinct theropods, but potentially many other extinct tetrapod groups as well.

Liability for Contaminated Land

Powys County Council v Price, a follow-up to the decision of the House of Lords in R (National Grid Gas Plc) v Environment Agency (hereafter National Grid Gas), is concerned with the question of when statutory successors to public authorities will be liable as Class A persons (polluters) for having ‘caused or knowingly permitted’ the relevant substances to be in, on, or under the land, thanks to the contaminated land provisions contained in the Environmental Protection Act 1990, Part IIA. In deciding that such a body will not be liable unless the legislation establishing the succession on its wording specifically makes such liabilities pass – an outcome which is highly unlikely – the Court emphasises that corporate identity is critical to liability under the provisions but also goes beyond the earlier decision in National Grid Gas. The result is that the burden of remediating land contaminated by a public authority whose identity has changed, and where the acts were committed before the relevant provisions came into force, will almost certainly fall on the owner or occupier of the land for the time being. This note discusses the facts and reasoning in this case, before considering the questions raised by the decision: the issue of succession and the definition of polluter; the question of contingent liabilities; and the consequences of finding that the only ‘appropriate person’ is the owner or occupier of the contaminated land.

A unified materials approach to mitigating optical nonlinearities in optical fiber. II. A. Material additivity models and basic glass properties

AbstractThe purpose of this paper, Part IIA in the trilogy (Int J Appl Glass Sci. 2018;9:263‐277; Int J Appl Glass Sci. 2018 (in press); Int J Appl Glass Sci. 2018 (in press)), is to describe the continuum models employed to deduce the physical, acoustic, and optical properties of optical fibers that exhibit intrinsically low optical nonlinearities. The continuum models described herein are based on the additivity approaches of Winklemann and Schott (W‐S). Initially developed over 120 years ago, W‐S additivity works well for predicting the basic properties of bulk silicate glasses. While high‐silica‐content glasses are still the gold‐standard for telecommunication and high energy laser fibers, the models have been systematically expanded to include deduction of the physical, thermophysical, and acoustic constants and coefficients that bear on parasitic nonlinearities. The state‐of‐the‐art in W‐S‐based continuum materials models is reviewed here with specific examples provided based on canonical material systems suggested from the findings of Part I and treated in detail in Part III.

A unified materials approach to mitigating optical nonlinearities in optical fiber. II. B. The optical fiber, material additivity and the nonlinear coefficients

AbstractThe purpose of this paper, Part IIB in the trilogy [Int J Appl Glass Sci. 2018 (not available); Int J Appl Glass Sci. 2018 (not available); Int J Appl Glass Sci. 2018 (not available)], is to describe the continuum models employed to deduce the effects of differential thermal expansion in the clad optical fiber in addition to the nonlinear optical behaviors at high intensities of light. In this continuation of Part IIA, more of the state‐of‐the‐art in W‐S‐based continuum material models are reviewed here with specific examples provided based on canonical material systems suggested from the findings of Part I and treated in detail in Part III. Part IIB pays particular attention to the optical fiber and its nonlinearities.

A Possible WTO Agreement on Investment-Identifying Emerging Issues and Their Implications for India

The potential of foreign investment to inject a positive and multiplier effect on the receiving economy’s national output is now universally recognised. Most developing countries are unilaterally liberalizing their capital account and actively pursuing foreign capital to finance, primarily, their infrastructure and development projects. In 2015, global FDI flows stood at US$ 1.76 trillion, increasing by more than 5.5 times in the last two decades (US $315 billion in 1995). In rhythm with the forces of globalisation, as capital began to disavow its territorial linkages and started moving freely across borders, concerns regarding the inability of States to establish the legal institutions necessary to offer protection for foreign investments and demands for an international investment protection regime heightened. The scepticism regarding host State’s behaviour was founded on the assumption that, although there is initially a convergence in the interests of the foreign investor and the host State in bringing in investment, post-establishment, the aspirations of the investor and the objectives of the State are fundamentally conflictive. Whereas the investor is forever aiming to maximise its profits and exit the market without suffering a financial loss, the host State, guided by the purpose of keeping the investment steadfast, has an incentive to amend the governing laws or put in place capital controls, if not expropriate the investment without compensation. It was against this background of scepticism regarding hostile host State behaviour that international legal instruments for protection of foreign investment first developed. They were concluded at the bilateral level as a set of rules that would offer a minimum standard of protection to foreign investments. Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) containing disciplines on non-discrimination, expropriation, fair and equitable treatment of investors and investments, prohibition of performance requirements and provisions on investor-state dispute settlement system (ISDS) were the first concrete building blocks for an international investment protection regime. It was expected that these scattered fragments of bilateral treaties would eventually pave the way to a multilateral investment agreement. Concerted efforts to initiate negotiations for such an agreement under the WTO framework were made at the Singapore Ministerial Conference of the WTO in 1996. However, the path towards multilateralism in international investment law has been fraught with complexities and has eluded the consensus that was visible in other areas of international economic laws (GATT and then WTO for international trade law and the IMF for international monetary law). This paper attempts to identify and evaluate the issues that need to be addressed before moving towards a multilateral agreement, specifically from the perspective of India. This issue has gained emphasis today as the efforts to locate a multilateral investment agreement within the WTO matrix have once again gained traction. In the run up to the 10th WTO Ministerial Conference at Nairobi, certain members proposed “new issues” as an item for consideration at Nairobi. Amongst other issues, the facilitator’s report that was circulated before the Nairobi Ministerial Conference mentioned ‘investment’ as an issue that could be pursued after Nairobi or as a recurring issue. The renewal of attention towards the “Singapore new issues” forms part of a larger narrative to develop multilateral rules on competition, investment, e-commerce, government procurement so as to enhance the participation of micro, small and medium enterprises in regional and global value chains. Even as debates continue regarding the appropriateness of the WTO as a forum for negotiating multilateral investment disciplines on investment and whether multilateral disciplines would actually contribute to enhanced MSME participation in GVCs, it seems pertinent to look at some of the substantive issues surrounding the extant international investment regime so as to assess whether any of these issues can be resolved by progressing from bilateralism to multilateralism. Part II of the paper identifies the issues underlying the multilateralization of the investment regime. The issues are broadly divided into three parts. Issues that pertain to the extant bilateral treaty framework are assimilated under Part IIa. The more fundamental question of whether FDI itself has the natural quality of positively impacting the economy of the host State has been dealt with under Part IIb. Issues that are India-centric, but could very well confront policy makers in other developing countries as they enter the transitory phase and liberalise FDI, are analysed in Part IIc. Part III concludes.

Analytic Theory of Finite Asymptotic Expansions in the Real Domain. Part II-A: The Factorizational Theory for Chebyshev Asymptotic Scales

This paper, divided into three parts (Part II-A, Part II-B and Part II-C), contains the detailed factorizational theory of asymptotic expansions of type (?) , , , where the asymptotic scale , , is assumed to be an extended complete Chebyshev system on a one-sided neighborhood of . It follows two pre-viously published papers: the first, labelled as Part I, contains the complete (elementary but non-trivial) theory for ; the second is a survey highlighting only the main results without proofs. All the material appearing in §2 of the survey is here reproduced in an expanded form, as it contains all the preliminary formulas necessary to understand and prove the results. The remaining part of the survey—especially the heuristical considerations and consequent conjectures in §3—may serve as a good introduction to the complete theory.

Analytic Theory of Finite Asymptotic Expansions in the Real Domain. Part II-B: Solutions of Differential Inequalities and Asymptotic Admissibility of Standard Derivatives

Part II-B of our work continues the factorizational theory of asymptotic expansions of type (*) , , where the asymptotic scale , , is assumed to be an extended complete Chebyshev system on a one-sided neighborhood of x0. The main result states that to each scale of this type it remains as-sociated an important class of functions (namely that of generalized convex functions) enjoying the property that the expansion (*), if valid, is automatically formally differentiable n ? 1 times in the two special senses characterized in Part II-A. A second result shows that formal applications of ordinary derivatives to an asymptotic expansion are rarely admissible and that they may also yield skew results even for scales of powers.

Kansas School District Efficiency Study: Part IIa: School District Efficiency Profiles A-F

Governor Kathleen Sebelius and the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation have commissioned Standard & Poor’s School Evaluation Services to conduct an Educational Efficiency Study of the state’s school districts. The overarching objective of the project is to help Kansas better understand which districts are utilizing their resources most efficiently and how less efficient districts may benchmark themselves against these districts to identify improvement opportunities.Specific objectives of the study include the following:1. Efficiency Measurement – provide a relative efficiency measurement system to assess school districts’ effective use of resources. Specifically, this study provides relative efficiency scores for individual districts and identifies those districts that are particularly effective in using their financial resources to optimize student learning (i.e., highly efficient districts). The relative efficiency of each school district is scored on a scale from 0%-100%. Part I of the study (a separate document) focuses on this objective.2. Efficiency Improvement – in conjunction with the measurement system, provide information to foster the more efficient use of resources, particularly to raise student achievement. Specifically, this study provides the less efficient districts with improvement targets and benchmarks derived from highly efficient districts to which they can compare themselves – a process that can lead to the identification of potential improvement opportunities. This section (Part II) of the study focuses on this objective.

The complete Codex Zouche-Nuttall: Mixtec lineage histories and political biographies

Foreword, by Rex Koontz Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1. The First Historian of the New World Chapter 2. Historiography and Native History Chapter 3. Reading Techniques Chapter 4. Document 1 (Obverse), Part 1, Pages 1-13: Lord Eight Wind Chapter 5. Document 1 (Obverse), Part IIA, Pages 14-19: The Ladies Three Flint Chapter 6. Document 1 (Obverse), Part IIA continued, Pages 20-21: The War from Heaven and Lady One Death Chapter 7. Document 1 (Obverse), Part IIB, Pages 22-35: Genealogies Chapter 8. Document 1 (Obverse), Part IIIA-B, Pages 36-41: The Four Lords from Apoala Chapter 9. Document 1 (Obverse): Discussion and Interpretation Chapter 10. Document 2 (Reverse), Pages 42-84: Introduction to the Political Biography of Eight Deer Jaguar Claw of Tilantongo Chapter 11. Document 2 (Reverse), Sections 1-6, Pages 42-50: Parentage Statement, Childhood Military Career, Chalcatongo Event, Transition from Chalcatongo to Tututepec, Eight Deer as Lord of Tututepec. Chapter 12. Document 2 (Reverse), Sections 7-12, Pages 51-74: Eight Deer's Toltec Alliance through the Conquests with the Toltecs Chapter 13. Document 2 (Reverse), Sections 13-14, Pages 75-84: The Battle in the Sky through the Siege of Hua Chino Chapter 14. The Four Voices of Mixtec History Appendix 1. The Mixtec Calendar Appendix 2. Occurrence of 260-Day Sacred Calendars in the 365-Day Mixtec Solar Calendar Appendix 3. The Cycle of 260 Days (Tonalpohualli) Appendix 4. The Calendrics of Codex Zouche-Nuttall Pages 42-84 Appendix 5. The Mixtec Calendar Cycle Correspondences from Byland and Pohl (1994) Appendix 6. The Complete Mixtec/Aztec Calendar Notes Bibliography Index

Contributions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, noradrenaline, and neuropeptide Y to local warming-induced cutaneous vasodilatation in men

We performed a two-part study to determine the roles of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and the vasoconstrictor nerves neurotransmitters noradrenaline (NA) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the cutaneous vasodilator response to local skin warming. Forearm skin sites were instrumented with intradermal microdialysis fibres, local heaters, and laser-Doppler flow (LDF) probes. Sites were locally heated from 34 to 42°C. LDF was expressed as cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC; LDF/mean arterial pressure). In Part I, we tested whether sympathetic noradrenergic nerves acted via eNOS. In 8 male participants, treatments were as follows: 1) untreated; 2) bretylium tosylate (BT), preventing sympathetic neurotransmitter release; 3) l-NAA to inhibit eNOS; and 4) combined BT+l-NAA. At treated sites, the initial peak response was markedly reduced, and the plateau phase response to 35min of local warming was also reduced (P<0.05), which was not different among those sites (P>0.05). In Part II, we tested whether NA and NPY were involved in the vasodilator response to local warming. In Part IIa, treatments were: 1) untreated; 2) propranolol and yohimbine to antagonize α- and β-receptors; 3) l-NAA; and 4) combined propranolol, yohimbine, and l-NAA. In Part IIb, conditions were: 1) untreated; 2) BIBP to antagonize Y1-receptors; 3) l-NAA; and 4) combined BIBP and l-NAA. All treatments caused a reduction in the initial peak and plateau responses to local skin warming (P<0.05). The results of Part II indicate that both NA and NPY play roles in the cutaneous vasodilator response and their actions are achieved via eNOS. These data indicate that NA and NPY are involved in the initial, rapid rise in skin blood flow at the onset of local skin warming. However, their vasodilator actions in response to local skin warming appears to be manifested through eNOS.

Gene Patents at Home and Abroad: Should the WTO Take Action in Light of Myriad?

In 2012 the U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari to the Myriad case. In doing so, the Court created an opportunity to harmonize U.S. patent law with global patent law norms regarding patents for composition claims of isolated human gene segments. The domestic importance of this case is high: it is estimated that as of 2005, 40,000 patents in the U.S encompass approximately twenty percent of the human genome.While the decision of the Myriad case is uncertain, the current global operating environment for gene patents poses a veritable minefield for practitioners in relevant industries. This article will attempt to address three questions. First: Is there a practical difference between allowing a patent on isolated genes and disallowing a patent on the method used with the isolated genes to diagnose patients? Second: Should the World Trade Organization (WTO) consider adopting a uniform approach on this issue, or is it too controversial? Third: Does a U.S. Supreme Court decision to disallow Myriad Genetics’ isolated gene sequence patents violate Article 27 of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement)?In part IIA, this article will examine the current posture of the Myriad case. In part IIB, the article will examine the background of international laws regarding patent law as relevant to the issue of isolated human gene segments. In part IIC, the article will examine the international law regarding patent law and human gene patents. In part IID, the article will examine the relevant U.S. domestic precedent affecting the validity of Myriad’s composition claims.In part IIIA, the article will analyze the differences between allowing a patent on isolated genes and disallowing a patent on the method used with the isolated genes to diagnose patients. In part IIIB, this article will analyze the considerations facing the WTO in considering whether to adopt a uniform approach to human gene patents.The article concludes that there is a difference between allowing a patent composition claim for on an isolated gene patent while disallowing an associated method claim. The WTO should not consider incorporating the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Substantive Patent Law Treaty into WTO TRIPS. Rather, there are existing mechanisms in the WTO TRIPS agreement that may be amended to facilitate a uniform, global treatment of human gene patents.Finally, a U.S. Supreme Court decision that disallows Myriad Genetics’ isolated gene sequence patents likely would not violate the current WTO TRIPS Agreement Article 27 because of the principle of nationality present in WTO TRIPS and other international patent agreements.

Effective communication in contaminated risk management

The process of managing contaminated land projects is complex and the necessary skill set required to communicate contaminated land risk has become extensive. The communication of contaminated land risk has become more important as a result of greater pressure placed on the redevelopment of brownfield sites, easier access to basic environmental information, increased public concern about human health risk and possible harm to controlled waters, and less trust that risk is communicated fully and honestly to stakeholders. These drivers have culminated in the task of effective communication associated with contaminated land becoming more onerous but a detailed consideration of their impact on stakeholders is critical to the successful delivery of remediation projects. The necessary skills required for the effective communication of contaminated land risk are considered. These skills are appropriate for contaminated land consultants, planners, civil engineers, specialist contractors and land owners who have to communicate risk issues to a lay audience. The part IIA Manywells landfill site is provided as an appropriate case study, in which effective communication and stakeholder management has been successfully implemented.

An initial screening tool for water resource contamination due to development in the Olympic Park 2012 site, London

Groundwater is the primary source of potable water in southeast England. Its protection in urban environments is of paramount importance. Following a scoping study the British Geological Survey (BGS) established a project to develop an initial screening tool (IST) to assist the planning community in the assessment of the potential risk to ground and surface waters from contaminants mobilised as a consequence of redevelopment. The tool has been designed in the context of the source-pathway-receptor paradigm that informs Part IIa of the UK Environmental Protection Act (1990). Building on the work of previous screening tools and in particular ConSEPT, a BGS contaminated site evaluation and prioritisation tool, the IST incorporates significant refinements to scoring methodologies and takes the prioritisation approach into the 3-D environment. Implemented as a customised GIS application and utilising surfaces extracted from 3-D geological modelling, the tool collates and interrogates a range of geoscientific information, including contaminant scale, geological, historic land use, groundwater level and hydrogeological domain data. The IST facilitates the ranking of various proposed development scenarios through a semi-quantitative assessment of contamination potential, via a number of pollutant linkages, providing planners with reports on the type, spatial distribution and hazards associated with potential contaminant sources within their area. To achieve this, a range of evaluation factors applied to the sources, pathways and receptors are scored through a combination of spatial and attribute queries, then assessed on the basis of potential linkages. The initial research area selected for the application of the IST was the Olympic Park site, London.