Pars Pro Toto Research Articles

M-Qubit states embedded in Clifford algebras

The quantum theory of a finite quantum system with L degrees of freedom is usually set up by associating it with a Hilbert space of dimension d(L) and identifying observables and states in the matrix algebra . For the case d = 2m, m integer, this algebra can be identified with the Clifford algebra . The case of d = 2m dimensions is simply realized by a system with m dichotomic degrees of freedom, an m-qubit system for instance. The physically relevant new point is the appearance of a new (symmetry-?)group SO(2m). A possible interpretation of the space in which this group operates is proposed. It is shown that the eigenvalues of m-qubit-type states only depend on SO(2m)-invariants. We use this fact to determine state parameter domains (generalized Bloch spheres) for states classified as SO(2m)-tensors. The classification of states and interactions of components of a physical m-qubit system as k-tensors and pseudotensors (0 ⩽ k ⩽ m) leads to rules similar to those found in elementary quantum mechanics. The question of electromagnetic interactions is shortly broached. We sketch, pars pro toto, a graphical interpretation of tensor contractions appearing in perturbative expansions.

Offertradition og religion i ældre jernalder i Sydskandinavien – med særlig henblik på bebyggelsesofringer

Offertradition og religion i ældre jernalder i Sydskandinavien – med særlig henblik på bebyggelsesofringer

The Acts of God and the Spirit in the Church(ES) and in the World: A Meta-Theology of ὁ θεός and ὁ Πνεμα in Revelations 1:4

In Rev 1:4, God is the matrix and it refers to His self-revelation. God is described here as the omnipotent, all-time present God. His self-revelation is focused particularly on the salvation of His churches and the world. In His self-revelation He makes use of a human being John, the churches and the seven spirits. The seven congregations suggest pars pro toto the church in its fullness, the church in the final phase of the kingdom of God. The integrity of the text and the context show that the seven spirits are the Holy Spirit. Rev 1:4 is a detailed attributive description of the churches, God and the Spirit. The churches, God and the Spirit are placed in a covenant, a kingdom and an eschatological perspective.

The Spreading of Objects and Ideas in the Late Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean: Two Case Examples from the Argolid of the 13th and 12th Centuries B.C.

New evidence from Tiryns is presented, suggesting that two object groups of eastern derivation-namely, wall brackets and armor scales-correspond not only in their form, but also in the contexts of their use, to oriental prototypes. The major importance of the wall brackets in Tiryns lies in the local manufacture of a foreign object with likely cultic connotation. While this new element in the Argolid was seemingly not introduced into public cults, it is likely to have been employed in domestic and workshop cults. The few bronze armor scales known from Late Bronze Age and Iron Age Greece are interpreted as evidence of an adoption not of a new type of weaponry, but rather of rituals using such objects either as pars pro toto dedications or as devices with apotropaic significance. It is argued that the potential for change brought about by such transmissions depended on whether society at large was willing to integrate the foreign traits into their world view.

The "incompatible idea" revisited: the oft-invisible ego-ideal and shame dynamics.

The observation that incompatibility with conscience initiates deployment of defense goes back to Freud's conceptualization of the "incompatible idea" put forward in Studies on Hysteria. In this view, consciousness itself, insofar as it gives rise to painful affect resulting from conflict with the conscience, is the cornerstone for dynamic thinking, first as regards repression of traumatic memory and later for dynamic thinking generally. Subsequent discoveries about the conscience tended to give rise to pars pro toto thinking in which the new discovery replaced rather than added to the basic notion of conscience. Such pars pro toto imbalance exists in full force in psychoanalytic thinking today: Modern conflict theory privileges the postoedipal retaliative aspect of the conscience, as Kleinian thinking does for the preoedipal projective aspects of retaliation. Neither conceptualizes shame adequately. Kohut appreciated the role of shame, but discarded the notion of incompatibility with the ego-ideal. The incompatible idea model still provides an all-inclusive model for conceptualizing the conscience in the context of intrapsychic conflict.

Presentation of the 2003 A.N. Richards Award to Marilyn Farquhar

It is a great pleasure and honor for me to say a few words of appreciation for Dr. Marilyn Farquhar Figure 1. Dr. Farquhar is being awarded the A.N. Richards Award of the ISN for the many scientific contributions of the highest quality that have streamed out of her laboratory for several decades.

A Metaphorical Etiology in Judges 18:12

At first glance, the names of the localities in Judg 18:12 do not seem to fit the framework of chapter 18. Traditionally, v.12 (in particular 12ba) is therefore labelled as an etiological note which was added later. P. J. van Dijk has made it clear, however, that texts viewed as etiological often do not explain or legitimize any phenomena, but -as rhetorical devices -lend credibility to stories. However, the fact that a place named Mahaneh-dan is unknown to us argues against both the classical-etiological understanding of v.12 and that of van Dijk. A solution to the problem begins with the geographical location and the theological meaning of the city of Kiriath-jearim. Geographically, Kiriath-jearim is in Judah, on the boundary of the Northern Kingdom; theologically the city may be associated with the ark of the covenant, and thereby with the Torah of YHWH. That the Danites are encamped at or beyond of Kiriath-jearim, shows from a Judean perspective that they distance themselves from Judah and the Torah of YHWH. Their way -leading diagonally from the Southwest to the Northeast through the Northern Kingdom, and therefore representing pars pro toto the conduct of life for all of the Northern tribes -is a way of brutal force and uninhibited serving of idols. Because the location of the encampment of the Danites is called Mahaneh-dan, "Dan's Camp", the Danites are characterized as anti-Yahwist desperados. Judg 18:12 is neither a classical etiology nor a rhetorical device, but a metaphorical etiology, i.e. a verse governed by its context in such a way, that it signifies something other than what it appears to signify.

Titian's Ruggiero and Angelica: a tribute to Ludovico Ariosto

Titian's drawing (25 × 40 cm) in Musée Bonnat (Bayonne), showing a recumbent voluptuous nuda in a lush landscape, depicts an episode from Ariosto's Orlando Furioso (×, 94–107). It conveys the very essence of the romance, proclaimed in the famous first lines of the poem. The episode about Ruggiero's rescue of Angelica that Ariosto described and that Titian rendered with acclaimed ‘verisimilitude’ occurred in an imaginary place, in the ‘olden days’. By emphasizing the recumbent nuda, her posture, and gestures, rather than the knights heroic deeds, Titian intimates Angelica's role in Ruggiero's life. The motif of the recumbent nude transcends the subject's boundaries. I suggest interpreting this figure as Voluptas, understood ambivalently in both antiquity and the Renaissance. Titian created a pen‐and‐ink visual counterpart to Ariosto's literary account of the romance as a whole. The episode serves as an example of what ‘usually’ happens in a romance, as pars pro toto.

Как «сдeлaны» имена Набокова?

The article is devoted to the names of characters in Vladimir Nabokov's last Russian language novel The Gift. It focuses not only on technical level of the name-build and function, but also on the relation and interference of in the larger context of the whole novel. The name of the main hero, Fëdor Konstantinovič Godunov-Čerdyncev, for example, is described on multiple levels: on etymological (i.e. the Greek origin of Fëdor's name mean-ing 'God's gift'), on phonetical level there is an interference with names like Končeev and Černyševskij. The article attempts to analyse and interpret the name Černyševskij, referring to five different heroes, followed by an overview of the names (and nicknames) of Nikolaj Gavrilovič Černyševskij. Some occasional names (as for example Stockschmeiser and Egda Stoboy) are also an opportunity to demonstrate not only the highly sophisticated technical level, but also the poetical one of Nabokov's prose when constructing a name. Phonetical interference of different names, transformation (or even transliteration) are viewed in the large context of the novel as a whole. The article demonstrates that names are multilevel, sophisticated elements of Nabokov's prose technique, bearing a methonimical character of pars pro toto.

Pars pro toto: reconstructing a sixteenth-century edition

Une feuille d'un vieil imprime a ete trouvee dans un manuscrit de 1440 venant du monastere des Chanoines reguliers de saint Augustin de Eemsteyn aux Pays-Bas. La feuille glissee dans le livre est une page probablement unique d'une edition inconnue, peut-etre un post-incunable. Le present article decrit et date cet objet qui represente une descente de croix sue une face, et une Pieta de l'autre, puis propose une reconstruction de cette edition sur la base d'une etude comparee de texte et d'images.

Pars pro toto: reconstructing a sixteenth-century edition*

Pars pro toto: reconstructing a sixteenth-century edition*

The Consequences of Uncertainty and of Irreversibility on Optimal Intertemporal CO2 Emission Policies

This paper investigates how uncertainty affects the optimal intertemporal accumulation of a stock externality using CO2 emissions and the greenhouse effect as a topical pars pro toto. More precisely, the evolution of the future temperature is assumed to follow an Ito-process with the drift provided by current carbon-dioxide emissions. In this context, the paper emphasizes two different kinds of irreversibilities. First, CO2 once dissolved in the air cannot be collected later which rules out quadratic value functions even in linear quadratic applications. Second, stopping CO2 emissions (i.e. a shut down of the entire fossil fuel industry) is irreversible; this introduces the technical complication that 'smooth pasting' is not applicable. Hence, this paper applies techniques that contrast both the deterministic set ups and the stochastic applications so far in the literature. The supposition that stopping emissions is reversible (i.e. a costless re-start of emissions is possible) leads to termination at a temperature level where the marginal benefit of emission still exceeds the net present value of marginal external costs. Although irreversibility is expected to mitigate the usual consequences of uncertainty (e.g. the conservative stopping rule above), it actually further lowers the threshold temperature at which the fossil fuel industry should be shut down forever.

Quantitative Evaluation of Anharmonic and Disorder Effects on Glassy Dynamics

Measurements of the pressure dependence at $T\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}80\mathrm{K}$ of the vibrational spectrum of a polymorphic material in its amorphous (G), orientationally disordered crystal (ODC), and ordered crystal (C) phases has permitted the separation of orientational and site disorder effects on Gr\"uneisen parameters used here, pars pro toto, as a measure of anharmonicity. The greater anharmonicity found for G compared to ODC is consistent with their differences in specific heat, while the very similar and strong vibrational attenuation in the two glassy phases indicates that phonon scattering for $T$ above the thermal conductivity plateau arises mainly from orientational disorder of the molecules.

A critical comment on Braun's “restricted access in exchange systems"*

In general this comment tackles the problems and difficulties potentially combined with an application of formal economic models and constructs, such as the Walras equilibrium and microeconmic demand theory, to pure sociological contexts. In particular, this is done by analyzing a further attempt, as recently suggested by Braun (1993 and 1994), to extend the well‐known Coleman Model by incorporating the embeddedness of social transactions in incomplete social network structures. “Pars pro toto” it is proved that Braun's conceptualization contains some weaknesses which imply that fundamental conclusions drawn in his article have to be revised.

Misinvoicing Imports: the Interdependence of Tax and Tariff Evasion

This article shows how tax systems can be made compliance enforcing by the requirement that taxable objects be declared consistently for different taxes. Pars pro toto we analyze an importer of inputs who can partly evade income taxes and duties by misdeclaring the same import price to both tax and customs authorities. We show that, first, revenue-maximizing authorities audit with an endogenous probability that depends positively on the extent of misdeclaration; second, the profit-maximizing importer will either over- or underinvoice, the sign of misdeclaration depending on the relative tax and tariff rates, whereas the extent of misdecla ration is determined by the detection function and the penalty; third, setting tax and tariff rates appropriately will reduce or eliminate evasion, if authorities cross-check.

Collectors of Modern Art in Holland: Picasso as pars pro toto, 1920-40

Collectors of Modern Art in Holland: Picasso as pars pro toto, 1920-40

The Introduction of Modern Art in Holland, Picasso as pars pro toto, 1910-30

The Introduction of Modern Art in Holland, Picasso as pars pro toto, 1910-30

Zum Problem der rezidivierenden und persistierenden Nummuli nach Keratoconjunctivitis epidemica

Three observations of typical patients with persistent and recurrent nummuli after epidemic keratoconjunctivitis serve--pars pro toto--to demonstrate that longterm therapy with high-dosed topical steroid offers no therapeutic solution. This experience and other disadvantages of steroids in KCE (dry eyes) lead us to recommend not to apply topical steroids in KCE unless an adenovirus specific antiviral agent has become available for basic antiviral therapy.

After the Revolution: Political Science in East Germany

In some ways the East German revolution of November 1989 revealed the failure of German political science, both East and West. East German political scientists were neither catalysts of nor participants in the protest movement. West German political scientists failed to foresee the crises and breakdown of the regime or even give an adequate analysis of the starting point of German unification. Despite tremendous difficulties the two German states are now growing together. Political science is only one small aspect in this transformation. However, the transformation of the discipline illustrates the complexity of the process of unification, with its encumbrances, radical breaks, and continuities. As a pars pro toto political science mirrors the process by which the East German society will develop and what will be left of the old political order.' 1

Reduction of quasilinear elliptic equations in cylindrical domains with applications

AbstractFor certain types of semilinear partial differential equations in a cylindrical domain small bounded solutions are known to lie on a so‐called centre manifold of finite dimension. In this paper we prove the result for quasilinear partial differential equations of elliptic and parabolic type.Possible applications include free surface waves and problems in non‐linear elasticity. Here we investigate, pars pro toto, the stationary inviscid potential flow in a channel with a free surface and an obstacle at the bottom.