Pars Pro Toto Research Articles

Analysis of Language Style in Suara Bone Beradat FM Radio Broadcasts: A Descriptive Qualitative Approach

This research aims to analyze and document various types of language styles used in Suara Bone Beradat FM radio broadcasts. The research method used is descriptive qualitative analysis of radio broadcast data transcription. The results of the research show that there are various types of language styles, including comparison, repetition, allusion, contradiction and emphasis. Comparative language styles include metaphor, allusion, synecdoche, and pars pro toto. Repetitive language styles include anadiplosis, mesodplosis, epizeuxis, alliteration, and epanolepsis. The language styles of satire and contradiction each consist of one data, namely innuendo and hysteron prosteron. The language style of affirmation includes parallelism and repetition. The results of this research provide a new contribution to the understanding of the use of language styles in Suara Bone Beradat FM radio broadcasts.

When the Wind Is Gently Rustling: Film and the Aesthetics of Natural Beauty

While experiencing natural beauty is a key appeal of the cinema and other moving-image media, academic film scholarship has rarely paid attention to it. In this article I will use the widespread motif of the gently rustling wind as a pars pro toto to make some general remarks about the experience of natural beauty in film. I will first note the firm place of the motif of the rustling wind in film theoretical debates from the late 19th century until today. Then, I will propose three modes of how viewers can experience this beautiful motif in film. In the following section I will discuss how film's mediation modifies the experience of natural beauty. And in a final step I will explore the reciprocal relation between nature and film, and how one can enhance the appreciation of the other. Ultimately, I follow two – mutually imbricated – goals. On the one hand, I aim to (re)connect the film theoretical discourse about the wind in the trees to natural beauty. On the other hand, I use the motif of the gently rustling wind to say something more general about the aesthetic experience of natural beauty in film.

PENGGUNAAN GAYA BAHASA DALAM PUISI KARYA SISWA KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI 27 MALANG

Poetry is one of the standards for junior high school (SMP) students' literary abilities. In poetry, there is definitely a language style that functions to beautify the language in poetry. Likewise with poems written by class VIII A students at SMPN 27 Malang. Based on this, the aim of this research is to reveal the use of language styles in students' poetry, so that the types and forms of use of language styles are known and students' abilities in applying diction in poetry. The research used is qualitative. The data sources contained in this research are 34 poems written by students. From the results of the analysis, it was found that sixteen (16) types of language styles were obtained, with a total of 79. The language styles found include: the first is rhetorical reticence with the highest number of occurrences of around 22 data, then followed by the metaphor, hyperbole and personification language styles with 9 data, followed by the anaphora language style with 6 data. There are other language styles such as rhetorical questions and associations with 4 data each, followed by synecdoche pars pro toto and repetition with 3 data. Next there are the language styles of allegory, tautology, synecdoche totem pro parte which both amount to 2 data, then there are also the language styles of epic parable, simile, pleonasm, and alliteration which each have 1 data. The forms of language style units obtained from students' poetry are in the form of word units, sound units and sentence units. Finally, students' ability to apply denotative and connotative meaningful diction in poetry.

Man-making and World-making on Two Wheels: Indian ‘Globe Cyclists’ in the Interwar Years

Abstract Around 20 cyclists from India embarked on long and arduous intercontinental journeys between 1923 and 1942 individually or in groups. Many of these ‘globe cyclists’, as they were often referred to by the Indian press, later wrote media articles and longer travelogues about their expeditions. This article examines the narratives of these long-distance cycling expeditions to argue that these journeys can illuminate new histories of the bicycle’s socio-cultural impact beyond the West, the self-fashioning of Indian cyclotourists as an example of complicit masculinity, and world tours as a novel form of anti-imperial counter-mobility. It does so by drawing on several historiographical subfields that have hitherto rarely been mobilized together, namely the histories of sports, masculinity, colonialism and decolonization, tourism, and (everyday) technology. The article focuses pars pro toto on the tours of Adi Hakim, Jal Bapasola, and Rustom Bhumgara (1923-1928) and Ramnath Biswas (1931-1940) that were strongly over-determined by the contexts of colonialism, anti-colonialism, and decolonisation, while nationalist masculinity represented another recurring trope.

«Я буду свидетельствовать о том, что помню»: роман Я.М. Рымкевича «Умшлагплац»

The article analyses the novel Umschlagplatz (1988) by a significant Polish writer and literary critic, J.M. Rymkiewicz, which deals with a twice iconic space (Warsaw’s Umschlagplatz — pars pro toto of the Holocaust and the painful problem of Polish- Jewish relations during and after the Second World War). The article aims to determine the novel’s place in the ongoing debate in Polish society about Polish complicity in the Holocaust since the second half of the 1980s. The analysis of the complex text construction covers the relationship between poetics and the problem of testimony, the modality of fiction. Generated by an acute sense of the blatant non-presence of the space of the Jewish tragedy in Polish historical consciousness as a place of memory, guilt, and shame, Rymkiewicz’s novel appears as a postulate of commemoration and empathy addressed to Polish society, a call for recognition and comprehension of the traumatic past. Umschlagplatz was a significant artistic and ethical step in preparation for working through the Holocaust-related Polish trauma, complicated by the persistence of the heroic-romantic self-identification of Polish society.

Jak duchowość zmartwychstańców przekształcała środowisko kulturowe. Modlitwa Pańska o. Piotra Semenenki i Feliksa hr. Sobańskiego

The text is an attempt’ to present the influence of the spirituality and ideas preached by the Resurrectionist fathers on the culture and art, including architecture and the cultural environment of the Polish territories in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The postulates concerning the need to change the way society functions (towards a civil society), to work on an increase of parish structures and communities operating within local societies, as well as the thorough education of priests and the renewal of liturgical life, were of particular importance to the congregation. The change in thinking towards ideas close to those of the Resurrectionists became evident, among other things, in a tendency particularly prominent in the erection of so-called village cathedrals, or neo-Gothic churches, which became centers of community revival and raised the status of the neighborhood by providing appropriate space for the renewal of the splendor of the collective liturgy and space for educational and charitable works. Feliks and Emilia Sobański, originally from Obodówka in Ukraine, settled in Guzów in Mazovia since 1865, would consciously embraced the idea of secular involvement in the religious development of Poles, the growth of the presence of Christian principles in politics, economy, philanthropy, education, science and art, and thus – in the long run – the rebirth of Polish statehood. Feliks Sobański particularly profoundly experienced his faith in the context of the Lord’s Prayer words, which accompanied him throughout his life and which he put into action through charitable works – he founded orphanages, shelters, hospitals, as well as places of worship – that were part of the architectural landscape of the Polish lands. His attitude derived from personal contacts with the fathers of the Resurrectionist order and benefited from Father Piotr Semenenko’s lectures on the Our Father prayer. Individual invocations of the Lord’s Prayer appeared on places of worship and charity founded by Sobański, including: the chapel at the Guzów palace, the chapel at the Ophanage in Guzów, above the entrance to the Classrooms for Boys in Warsaw, and on the office building of the Sobański palace in Aleje Ujazdowskie in Warsaw. The constant use of fragments of the Lord’s Prayer in order to mark the buildings he founded was an extremely conscious manifestation of piety, simplicity and charity. Feliks Sobański, by placing the message in public space, would probably have assumed that it could be decoded by many, nevertheless it is difficult to identify specific recipients. The permanent (at least in assumption) inscription on the building is, or rather becomes, a permanent element of the space, assigned to carry the values contained in the inscription and influence others with them. The use of passages from the Lord’s Prayer, a text fundamental to Christianity and widely known (at the time of the message’s transmission), is an interesting use of pars pro toto, when a “part” stimulates thinking about the “whole” and a peculiar public confession of faith by Feliks Sobański, resulting from a deliberate embodiment of the Christian attitude following the teachings of the Resurrectionist fathers. It seems that the concept of marking buildings with invocations from the Lord’s Prayer, applied by Feliks Sobański and Emilia Sobańska, has no counterpart in the Polish territories, as well as it has not yet been possible to point out semantically similar European realizations.

Populism in power and its hybridizations

According to the authors of Populism and Civil Society, ‘populism is situated within the democratic imaginary’ but its logic is authoritarian. This article agrees with the first but challenges the second argument by focussing on the question of representation. In the case of ‘populism as government’ the tensions between bottom-up and top-down articulations seem to be more or less resolved by the repression of bottom-up organization, but in so doing, so the argument of this article, populism is mutating into something else. Furthermore, ‘populist dictatorship’ seems to be closer to a dictatorship strategically using populist tools than to an intrinsic populist logic. While I agree with the authors on the authoritarian cases of populism in government, my argument diverges from the book when it comes to populism as government and introduces a discussion about the nature of populism. To this purpose, I first propose a complex definition of populism which understands populism not as the essence, but as one component of hybrid authoritarian formations, thus enabling the disentanglement of populism, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism. Second, I examine two components of populism that Arato and Cohen lay out in the book: the specific representation pars pro toto and embodiment. Building on Lefort, I argue that these components are not populist but totalitarian and that the empirical manifestations of populism are always hybrid, mixing populist and authoritarian or even totalitarian components.

Managing difference: Preliminary research to an enculturational care strategy in the triple periphery of Eastern Saxony, Lower Silesia and North-Eastern Bohemia

There may be areas in the world where reflection on strengthening intercultural resilience belongs to the group of amenities–nice to have, but not a must be, and a mere object of evening chit-chat among well-mannered people, after which the brave citizen goes to bed. The triple periphery of East Saxony, Lower Silesia and North-East Bohemia does NOT belong to this type of area. Here, on the contrary, the future of society and its economy, depends on successful intercultural resilience, and not least its political including its party-political preferences.
 For the following reflections, we choose the example of the care labour market and focus in particular on the situation in the German part of the European City of Görlitz-Zgorzelec as pars pro toto of the three-countries’-region. A small preliminary empirical study by Monique Ritter commissioned by us can be found in the same volume.
 The intercultural integration of care workers from overseas requires special efforts. Max Frisch (1965) wrote about the situation of Italian “guest workers” in Switzerland: They have called for labour, and human beings are coming. This sentence has a special truth when it comes to people who come from far away and hope to find a new home here.
 A critical question to be asked in the following is whether the city of Görlitz is at all suitable for such a project, and how the research can do justice to the complex situation in the border triangle. Can the findings from Leipzig (Decker et al., 2023) be transferred one-to-one to the situation in Görlitz? What insights does a more detailed analysis of crime and constitutional protection statistics offer for the safety of foreign trainees in Görlitz? What is the need for research on enculturation? This article concentrates on the background picture from which the concrete research on care will start.

A Double Voice on Latin Grammar, or a Gloss to Reflections on the Challenges of Cultural Pedagogy

The aim of the article was to demonstrate, referring to the arguments taken from the correspondence and essays of Jerzy Stempowski and Bolesław Miciński, that humanistic education (actually: humanistic formation) still can and should be the foundation of the educational process. The title “Latin grammar” functions here as pars pro toto of culture. Knowledge of classical patterns – attitudes, actions, creation, or destruction of social structures – enables communication and creates the basis for formulating projects of the future. The protagonists of the article remind us about the basic culture forming aspect of tradition – collective memory and individual attitude to it. They also point to individual responsibility as a distinguishing feature of the Mediterranean culture

Participatory conspiracy culture: Believing, doubting and playing with conspiracy theories on Reddit

The popularization and normalization of conspiracy theories over the last decade are accompanied by concerns over conspiracy theories as irrational beliefs, on the one hand; and their advocates as radical and extremist believers on the other hand. Building on studies emphasizing that such accounts are one-sided at best, and pars pro toto stigmatizations at worst; we propose to study what we call “ participatory conspiracy culture”—the everyday, mundane online debates about conspiracy theories. Based on a 6-month ethnography on Reddit’s r/conspiracy subreddit, an analysis of 242 selected discussions, and supported by digital methods tool 4CAT, this article addresses the question of how people participate in online conspiracy culture. It shows that among the plethora of conspiracy theories discussed online, discussions are heterogeneous, and their participants relate to each other primarily through conflict. Three epistemological positions occur: belief (particularly leading to constant discreditation of others’ beliefs), doubt (particularly as opposed to belief), and play (particularly with the fun of entertaining conspiracy theories without taking them too seriously). We conclude that the participatory conspiracy culture of r/conspiracy is not a homogenous echo chamber of radical belief, but a heterogeneous participatory culture in which belief is fundamentally contested, rather than embraced.

Ukraine as the Hub of Postimperial Formalism. Ukrainness, Revolutionary Populism, and the Theory of Poetical Language ‘in’ Russia and ‘in’ Poland

AbstractThe notion of ‘postimperial formalism’ accounts of the interconnectedness of Russian, Ukrainian, and Polish variants of formalism, whose distinctive character is contingent on the dialectics of liberation and subjugation (or autonomy and heteronomy) operating in the multinational entity of the Russian empire. Specifically, the theory of poetic language – the pars pro toto of early literary theory – carries with itself the survivals of the conditions of the multinational empire. This is most eloquently expressed in the writings of Polish and Jewish-Ukrainian populist activists turned ethnographic researchers, who prepared a theory of poetic language to which the formalists could have recourse. I first map the dimensions of the Ukrainian investment into the formulation of the theory of poetic language. Secondly, I describe the role of the constructed Ukrainness – under the guise of the so-called Ukrainian school of Polish romanticism – in the emergence of Polish formalism.

The creation of high self-esteem as a voting incentive

“The statesman’s task is to hear God’s footsteps marching through history, and to try and catch on to His coattails as He marches past” (Otto von Bismarck). Populist movements all across the globe somehow managed to catch it. Additionally, this happens in the most highly advanced and well established democracies of the world. What is even more intriguing is that the explanatory power of classical variables to account for this dynamics seems limited. On the other hand the role of emotions and the constructivist power of the mind by which they are created prove to be enormously insightful. Despite those observations there exists no systematic approach to the affective dimension. In contrast to investigations, that mainly focus on one single emotion, such as the politics of fear, here the interplay of the whole emotional game is regarded key to uncover the unseen, but felt reality underneath: The analysis reveals that the emotional negativity is mainly generated as a means to an end, namely to create at the same time a positive antidote and remedy. The strongest common denominator of this emotional logic is the technique of Altercasting, whereby the negativity is projected onto alter while what is positive is used to construct auto-affirmative identity-concepts of ego. This in turn led to the conclusion that self-esteem, which is hardly ever analyzed in these contexts, lies at the heart of the emotional constellation. Populist voters are therefore not primarily seen as opponents to democracy, but much more as seekers of a positive self-concept. Therefore the democratic system´s diminuition could be understood as a collateral damage to something much deeper seated in the human psyche. The case study chosen here is the PiS party´s election victory in 2016, which, on the abstract level of rhetorical meta-frames, is regarded as a pars pro toto for what is observed globally.

Results of micrometallographic analysis of metalworking tools in graves of metallurgists in Moravia/Czech Republic

AbstractThe number of finds relating to metalworking, without evidence of mining and processing facilities, is very limited. In Final Eneolith graves of specialized metallurgists that have occurred, they contain a metal‐founding or metalsmithing toolkit, whose origins were from eastern Europe (the Maykop, Yamnaya Culture). Such metallurgical tools may have reached central Europe as part of the so‐called Yamnaya Package before the onset of the Bee Beaker Culture (BBC); and unlike the Pontic region, these two types of metallurgy separated here. There are found an accumulation of metallurgists' graves in Moravia, where the complete metalworking toolkit is deposited in a predefined place in richly furnished male graves with a distinctive funerary architecture that exhibit a clear relationship to the grave goods.EDX‐analysis detected a high content of metals (Cu, Ag, Au, Au–Ag alloy) on all working surfaces of stone tools, grinders, and boar tusks used for the final treatment of their metal products. This makes us believe that the used artefacts were laid as symbolical objects in the graves of these craftsmen who perfectly knew these advanced technologies. Due to their knowledge, their social significance gradually rose and finally reached the level of social elites, who were usually buried in a spectacular manner, including the quantity of grave goods (Überausstattung) and the pars pro toto deposition in one part of the finds.

Могильник Котыртас — новый памятник эпохи бронзы Центрального Казахстана

Archaeological research of a group of monuments located in the valley of the Taldy River (Shetsky district of the Karaganda region) that were conducted in the 2nd decade of the XXI century provided important infor-mation about the chronology and transcultural interaction of the early Alakul population of the Bronze Age of the region. This article proposes to consider the results of work on three structures of the Alakul cultural tradition. The main necrofield-forming position was occupied by structure 1, which was an earth mound with a diameter of 15.5 m, which had a ring fence on the floors of the embankment. During the excavations, it was found that in addition to the central burial, there were numerous children’s burials located along its perimeter, as well as in the mound. In the southwestern part of the excavation, the poorly preserved remains of two horses were unearthed, one of which was initially represented by an anatomically intact skeleton, directed to the south with its vertebrae and the muzzle, and the second one, according to the principle of pars pro toto, with a pair of limbs. A bone psalium was found on the shoulder blade of the animal. The placement of the remains of horses on a burial ground is a characteristic feature of the high-status burial places of the Alakul society, emphasizing the belonging of the deceased to a group of chariot warriors. Summing up, the early Alakul affiliation of the burials of the burial ground Kotyrtas is emphasized by the characteristic cheek-piece, the burial of a horse, ribbed pot-shaped vessels, and a large central burial. Regarding the time of existence of Central Kazakhstan monuments of this type, it seems possible to draw parallels with similarly dated complexes of the region, the age of which is determined within the 19th–17th centuries BC

Tuulest tulek. Jaan Kaplinski luule tuuline maailm / Coming from the Wind: The Windy World of Jaan Kaplinski’s poetry

Artikkel käsitleb tuule esinemisviise Jaan Kaplinski luuleloomingus, vaadeldes neid peamiselt kultuuriloolise ja fenomenoloogilise rõhuasetusega looduskirjanduse poolt pakutavas raamistikus. Kaplinski poeetilises ilmas võib juba olemuslikult avatusega seotud, tõkkeid ületav tuul kaasa aidata luuletuste avarama geograafilise või luulemina poolt vahetult aistitava ruumi mitmemõõtmelisele ülesehitamisele või seostuda eri traditsioonidest pärinevate religioossete ja mütoloogiliste kujutelmadega, esineda personifitseeritult või kosmoloogilise maailmaloova nähtusena. Kirjaniku tuuletõlgendused tõusevad traditsioonilisema, tuult eelkõige metafoorina kasutava poeetilise lähenemise taustal jõuliselt ning omanäoliselt esile.
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 There is an international anthology of wind literature entitled Nobel Winds and Breezes (2009) that has come into existence because of the hunch its would-be compiler Alexande Mohr had about people’s awareness of the wind in daily life, in comparison with which literature seemed to prefer showcasing rare and spectacular storms rather than mundane winds that would affect people’s everyday behaviour. To check this hypothesis, Mohr compiled the anthology, asking how Nobel laureates from the period 1901-2008 have employed the motif of the wind, what aspects of the phenomenon they have rendered to their readers, how they have used it in structuring their works, and what kind of wind experiences they have found worth sharing. These questions form a backdrop for the present article’s discussion of wind as it emerges in Jaan Kaplinski’s poetry. To create a more detailed context for the observation of Kaplinski’s winds, the article charts some dimensions of the treatments of the wind that have been brought into relief in the relevant works by such nature writers, phenomenologically inclined philosophers and ethnographers as David Abram, Jan DeBlieu, Tim Ingold and Lyall Watson. Their ideas and suggestions are set side by side with Kaplinski’s own take on the wind that attributes to it characteristics of a mythological or religious divine breath, and, accordingly, compares it to a source of inspiration in creating both life and poetic art.
 The ensuing discussion sets out to detect the occurrences of winds and their different facets in Kaplinski’s poetry and compares these with the conceptualisations presented above. The dimension to head the list of wind manifestations in Kaplinski’s poems is the wind that emerges as a geographical phenomenon – the real wind, as it were. Such wind can be characterised by the direction from which it is blowing, it introduces different elements of the weather and can overcome spatial distances, boundaries and obstructions. This type of wind can be directly experienced with the help of the senses and it contributes to the constructing of the sensory space of the poems. In addition to this type, what is also significant in Kaplinski’s work is the mythological wind that can roam across the whole of the universe; it has a role in human creativity and an ability to cross the boundaries of the sensible world as well as those between the human interior space and the realm external to it. In addition to these, two minor yet distinct kinds of wind can be detected in Kaplinski’s poems. There is the personified wind who materialises as a character that may boast certain features of a trickster figure, with whom humans can communicate, and who displays vague elements of being embodied or having a particular nature; and, last but not least, a type of wind that emerges in Kaplinski’s verse is the cosmological wind that is not contained within the world, but appears to be an inherent part of its structure as a synecdochal pars pro toto side by side with the Sun.
 In comparison with the map of Nobel winds provided by Mohr, Kaplinski’s windy world stands out as deviating from the emerging patterns, even though the methodology used in compiling the anthology may admittedly have affected the results and rendered the material too generalised to draw conclusions on any particular author’s poetics in comparison with it. Still, also a survey of wind motifs in earlier Estonian poetry conducted by the literary scholar Õnne Kepp displays results that appear to be considerably more metaphoric than Kaplinski’s multi-dimensional conceptualisation of the notion. Thus it can be suggested that Kaplinski’s idiosyncratic poetics of the wind stands out as a complex original creation full of multifaceted and surprising observations of the natural phenomenon.

Gaya Bahasa Figuratif dalam Syair Ana Ma’a Al –Irhab (Aku Bersama Terorisme) karya Niizar Taufik Qabbani

This study aims to describe terrorism through figurative language styles, both comparisons and linkages. This studyuses a stylistic approach that focuses its study on forms of linguistic formation, especially those contained in literarytexts. Stylistics is intended to explain the function of beauty in the use of certain linguistic forms, from aspects of sound, structure, lexical, figurative language, rhetorical means, to graphology. Based on the results of the above research on the poem ? ??????? by Nizar Taufik Qabbani, it was found that the types of figurative language styles in the lines of the poem, among others, are simile ( ?? ? ? ? ?? ), metaphor (???? ? ? ??? ), allegory ( ?? ? ?? ?? ), metonymy ( ? ??? ? ?? ). ), and synecdoche ( ?? ?? ?? ) in the type of pars pro toto and in the type of totum properte, but dominates in the description of the term terrorism in this poem.

Шкура копытного в курганных погребениях бронзового века: жертва или психопомп

Among the features of the burial rite of many Bronze Age kurgan cultures in Eastern Europe, there is one interesting common feature, when the deceased is accompanied by the ritual remains of hoofed animals, which are archaeologically recorded in the form of skulls and the lower parts of the limbs. Following M. P. Gryaznov (1977), the term “animal’s hide” or “stuffed animal” was assigned to these ritual objects, which were placed in burials to substitute the whole animals by the pars pro toto principle. In the Early Bronze Age, the main area of the use of ritual animals in the funerary ritual was the Lower Kuban region, where from a quarter to a third of the burials of the Novotitorovskaya and East-Azov Catacomb Grave cultures were accompanied by hides of small cattle. During the Middle Bronze Age, this burial practice significantly expanded its range and is found in all catacomb cultures of the Don basin and the steppe Ciscaucasia, with its greatest manifestation in the Seversky Donets basin. In the post-Catacomb period, the tradition of using of animal hides and stuffed animals in the funerary rite was preserved only in the Dnieper-Don Babino Culture. In the Late Bronze Age, this practice was unevenly represented in the Srubnaya cultural region, most massively in the Dnieper-Don region. Archaeological contexts, together with ethnographic, folklore and mythological analogies, allow us to interpret the ritual remains of ungulates as the animal–psychopomp that accompanied the soul of the deceased to the afterlife.

An Analysis of Language Styles Used in the Daily Newspaper of Radar Selatan

Language styles are commonly used in newspapers intended to interact the readers’ reading interest and comprehension towards the delivered information. The aim of this research was to describe the language styles including the meaning used in the daily newspapers of Radar Selatan March 2021 edition. This research was designed by using a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. The research data was the news found in the daily newspapers of Radar Selatan March 2021 edition. The data was collected through observation and interview, and analyzed by using an analysis model proposed by Miles and Huberman. In this case, the researchers implemented triangulation techniques as the data validity technique of this research. The result of this research revealed that there were some types of language styles used in the daily newspapers of Radar Selatan March 2021 edition. The most dominant language styles found in the newspaper included: (1) metonymy, such as the use of some familiar and popular words used by the society, (2) parable, such as the use of parable to illustrate something based on the characteristics, (3) pars pro toto, (4) figurative language of association , (5) antanaclasis, (6) synecdoche, (7) epizeuxis, (8) eponymy, and (9) anaphora.

The Polish Army Ghetto: The Internship of Jewish Soldiers in Jabłonna in 1920

At the height of the Polish-Soviet War in August 1920, the Polish army interned thousands of its Jewish soldiers at Jabłonna near Warsaw. Although the internees were released after several weeks, the events gave rise to numerous domestic and foreign policy debates and shaped Polish-Jewish relations in the years to come. ‘Jabłonna’ stands pars pro toto for the problems of the Polish state and Polish society in dealing with a heterogeneous population at the beginning of the interwar period. In recent decades, the events surrounding the internment have been taken up and contextualised sporadically by historians and publicists, but usually without them having made recourse to the available archival sources.

Гидропоэтика Алтая: реки

The article explores the water sphere of the Altai text (with the exception of lakes). The research methodology is based on works on local supertexts by representatives of the Tartu-Moscow school, as well as adherents of the geocultural and geopoetic approach. A range of motifs and images based on the real qualities of the object under study, on cultural tradition, and on archetypal foundations is revealed. The Katun and the Biya differ in their origin, color of water, specific flow, and sound. In a work of fiction, all the real characteristics of these and other Altai rivers often underlie the metaphor of personification. The formation of one of the main rivers of Siberia, the Ob, by the confluence of the Katun and the Biya, is reflected in literature through a visual image - the color difference between two rivers in the channel of the third, and an anthropomorphic image - the union / conflict of a man and a woman, two women. Chuyskiy Trakt is an analogue of the Chuya and the Katun. The white color of the mountain rivers is identified with milk and gray hair, giving rise to zoomorphic and anthropomorphic metaphors. The noise of the mountain rivers is interpreted as the cry of the beast, crying and speech, including artistic and human ones. The flow of water is associated with the passage of time, a turbulent current with a difficult historical moment, the immutability of the flow with eternity. Especially frequent is the chronotope of a river crossing associated with a crisis moment in the life of a person and/or society. Metonymic substitutions of a river and a crossing according to the pars pro toto principle, and vice versa, are based on a borderline - a feature common for them. The border concentrates around itself plots related to the implementation/impossibility of contact, changes. Therefore, not only the crossing of the river, but also the path along the river is accompanied by corresponding events. Swimming in the river is endowed with adventurous, epistemological, aesthetic functions. Rivers allow differentiating space and navigating in it. Small rivers are usually associated with the concepts of homeland and childhood. The noted semantics are universal for the most part. The territorial attachment of these meanings arises due to toponymic markers. The author declares no conflicts of interests.