Parque Nacional De Research Articles

First record of subgenus Synaldis Foerster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae, Dinotrema Foerster) from Chile, with description of ten new species.

Synaldis is a taxon within the Aspilota group with a contentious taxonomic history, currently classified as a subgenus of the genus Dinotrema. Species of Synaldis were only documented in the Neotropical region in 2017, and until then, the Neotropical fauna of this subgenus was represented by five species from Brazil. In this study, Synaldis is reported for the first time in Chile, with the description and illustration of ten new species, namely: Dinotrema (Synaldis) acarinareolatumsp. nov., D. (S.) brunneumsp. nov., D. (S.) chilensesp. nov., D. (S.) daltonisp. nov., D. (S.) flavumsp. nov., D. (S.) latusdentertiumsp. nov., D. (S.) perisfelipoisp. nov., D. (S.) pilosicaudatumsp. nov., D. (S.) puyehuesp. nov., and D. (S.) veraesp. nov. The studied specimens were collected during expeditions to southern Chile, in the Valdivian temperate rainforest at Parque Nacional de Puyehue. This study also includes a dichotomous identification key for Neotropical species of Synaldis, as well as a discussion of the primary morphological characters used to distinguish species within the Neotropical and Nearctic regions.

Seasonality and composition of the Simuliidae fauna (Insecta: Diptera) from the altitudinal gradient in Itatiaia National Park, Brazil

Black flies are abundant on all continents except Antarctica, currently being known 2,384 species, of which 97 occur in Brazil. Due to the hematophagous habit of females, they cause extreme discomfort, causing severe allergic reactions, in addition to some species being disease vectors. Abiotic factors strongly interfere with the life cycle of insects and this work seeks to understand how the distribution of Simuliidae adults is influenced at in different altitudes in the Parque Nacional de Itatiaia (PNI), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Three six-meter-long Malaise-type flight interception traps were installed in streams during 30 days, with two collection pots at each end. Altogether, 1,430 adult specimens of Simuliidae were analyzed, with two genera and 11 species identified. Throughout the project, four collections were made, two in the dry season and two in the rainy season. The statistical analyzes (CCA and N-MDS) showed that wind speed and altitude are the most influent factors in the distribution of species.

Determination of the critical threshold for the occurrence of fires in the Parque Nacional de Brasília (Brazil) through temporal analysis using spectral índices

The Brazilian Savannah is one of the largest biomes in Brazil. Unfortunately, human pressure is aggravating the degradation processes of the biome and, together with the drought processes, fire events are a major concern. Monitoring tools must be designed, especially those involving the concepts of remote sensing, in anticipation of the fire phenomenon, mitigating the devastating effects. Therefore, the present research aims to determine the critical threshold for the occurrence of fires through the diagnosis of the conditions of greenness, humidity and senescence of the vegetation using the temporal analysis of Sentinel-2 images in the Parque Nacional de Brasília. Therefore, it is necessary to quantitatively determine each condition through the analysis of past events, determining the criticality threshold that conditions the region to present conditions that favor the onset of a fire, as well as the construction of an algorithm, in the Google Earth Engine. The study area is the Parque Nacional de Brasília, with the image data collection Harmonized Sentinel-2 MSI: MultiSpectral Instrument, Level-1C inside the Google Earth Engine. The algorithm aims to build a masking system to remove materials from the scenes, as well as the calculation of the NDVI, NDII, PSRI and dNBR indices, extracting the data through the mask of burned pixels. It was possible to identify six periods of fire occurrence, the data extraction allowed the statistical determination of the threshold, which was 0,580 for the NDVI, 0,015 for the NDII and 0,150 for the PSRI.

PROCYONIDAE (CARNIVORA) IN A CAVE IN THE PARQUE NACIONAL DE UBAJARA, NORTHEAST OF BRAZIL (EOHOLOCENE)

The most recent procyonids of Brazil came from North America at the end of the Pleistocene. This work presents and describes the first carnivore record (Procyonidae Gray, 1825) found in a cave deposit and collected from dated sediments in northeastern Brazil. The collection was made during an excavation mission at the Gruta do Urso Fóssil, Parque Nacional de Ubajara, State of Ceará. The studied material was found at a depth of 0.8 m. Using the Thermoluminescence and Optically Stimulated Luminescence methods, the material was dated to ± 8,450 years BP. The animal is represented by a maxilla fragment with a complete right M2 and can be attributed to Procyon cancrivorus (Cuvier, 1798). The presence of this species in this area suggests that the environmental dynamics of the region has been harmonious and conserved for, at least, the last 8,000 years.

Tradition and trade: culture and exploitation of avian fauna by a rural community surrounding protected areas in the south of Bahia\u2019s State, Northeastern Brazil

BackgroundIllegal capture and trade of wild birds are some of the most present types of wildlife trade in Brazil, and are often associated with cultural and socioenvironmental aspects. Those habits are particularly present in rural communities, where bird trade can be a source of income in dire economic situations and bird-keeping is a cultural trait passed down from generations.MethodsWe conducted a series of semi-structured interviews with bird-keepers and traders within the surrounding region of the Parque Nacional de Boa Nova, inquiring about local customs and practices related to bird-keeping, bird trade and bird capture, as well as how these were affected by the establishment of protected areas nearby. We then outlined the main trends and perceptions in a quantitative and a qualitative approach.ResultsA total of 21 avian species were mentioned as being used as pets and in commercialization, contests and breeding, most of them occurring naturally in the region. Most respondents were men possessing low levels of education and income. We observed a series of specialized practices regarding bird-keeping, from basic maintenance of captive individuals in order to ensure the animal’s health, to interspecies breeding as to produce hybrid individuals. Mentioned methods used to capture wild birds often involved specialized traps and were conducted mainly within the national park’s area. Bird trade was said to occur mostly in urban settlements, and the value of captive birds was said to vary, based on species and beforehand training. The official establishment of the protected area impaired all practices related to bird-keeping and trade, mostly as a result of increased surveillance by environmental agencies.ConclusionThe collected information presents a series of specialized habits and practices involved in bird-keeping, bird capture and bird trade, many of them being associated with the local avifauna surrounding the region. The establishment of protected areas affected local perceptions regarding bird-keeping and related practices mostly through fear of penalty, although individuals demonstrated some knowledge about how to evade surveillance. We recommend further studies about effective ways to integrate local communities in nearby protected areas’ conservation.

A new species of Mecophilus (Geophilidae: Aphilodontinae), with the first report of the genus from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Mecophilus carioca n. sp. is described based on males and females recently sampled in the Parque Nacional de Itatiaia, and is the first record of the genus from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The specimens were analyzed in both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and photos and schematic illustrations are provided. The known distribution of the three species of Mecophilus are presented in a map.

Diversidad genética y filogenia del género Cinchona en el Parque Nacional de Cutervo, Perú

Species of the genus Cinchona are recognized for their effectiveness in treating malaria. For Peru, this genus is of greater importance regarding forestry and civic aspects, because it represents the richness of the plant resource. Nevertheless, nowadays Cinchona populations are strongly threatened by various anthropogenic activities. Cutervo National Park (PNC) is the Peruvian's first Protected Natural Area (ANP) and is considered as a conservation unit for the genus Cinchona. Objective: Determine the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of the species of the genus Cinchona that inhabit the PNC. Methods: We tested 13 samples using the matK marker and a phylogenetic tree was generated using the maximum likelihood method and bootstrap measures of phylogenetic support. Results: 8 number of haplotypes (h) were recorded, with haplotype diversity (Hd) 0.859 and nucleotide diversity (π) 0.35%, also identifying: C. calisaya, C. pubescens and C. pitayensis for the PNC; the phylogenetic tree showed C. pitayensis as conserved specie, meanwhile C. pubsecens is present in many groups. Conclusions: The high genetic diversity of Cinchona and haplotype record of C. calisaya, species with a national conservation category of "Vulnerable", increases the importance for biodiversity conservation of the PNC.

A new species of Anaulacomera Stål, 1873 (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Phaneropterinae) from Parque Nacional de Itatiaia, Southeastern Brazil.

Anaulacomera currently contains 147 valid species, of those 50 are recorded from Brazil. The genus is further divided into six subgenera, which can be distinguished on characteristics of the male terminalia. A new Brazilian species is presently proposed, Anaulacomera (Anallomes) curvata sp. nov., based on three males and one female collected at Parque Nacional de Itatiaia, Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro State. It can be distinguished from all other species because of the pair of cerciform projections of the tenth male abdominal tergite and a combination of shape and size of the male cerci.

Euplocania cearaensis Silva-Neto, García Aldrete & Rafael, 2019 (Psocodea, ‘Psocoptera’, Ptiloneuridae): description of the female, update of the diagnosis and variation in the wing venation

The female of Euplocania cearaensis Silva-Neto, García Aldrete & Rafael, 2019 is described and illustrated, new records on variation in the fore and hind wings venation and an update of the diagnosis are provided. The material of this study where from two localities in the Parque Nacional de Ubajara, Ubajara, Ceará, Brazil.

Machima itatiaia sp. nov.: a new species of lichen-mimic katydid (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

The Brazilian genus Machima Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 includes three valid species: M. paranensis Rehn, 1950 and M. scalprum Rehn, 1950 distributed on Southern and M. phyllacantha (Burmeister, 1838) from Northeastern Brazil. Herein we analyzed eleven male specimens of Machima from Parque Nacional de Itatiaia and propose a new species. Machima itatiaia sp. nov. is characterized by its main lobe of the cercus curving abruptly on apical two-thirds and accessory lobe as long as wide. The new species is the first record of the genus from Southeastern Brazil. Finally, we also present a key to species of Machima based on males.

Cognitive and emotional responses to urban and nature exposures in the Brazilian Cerrado

Contact with nature increases human health and well-being by stress reduction, positive-emotionelicitation, and attentional restoration. Despite the outstanding Brazilian biodiversity, we are unaware ofstudies linking nature experiences to welfare. Herein, we applied cognitive tasks and emotional self-reportsin 33 subjects, before and after a 30-minute walk in a nature trail at Parque Nacional de Brasília, and compared them with the same tests applied before and after a 30-minute walk in Brasilia´s downtown. We recorded improvements in emotional self-reports after nature experience, while the urban exposure caused decreases in self-reported happiness and increases in negative emotions. These results highlight the relevance of natural settings for cognitive and emotional well-being and the need for a better understanding of the relationships between nature and human health. The recognition that mental health is an ecosystem service can improve the arguments for nature conservation, and the quality of life and public health.

Three new species of Camillina Berland, 1919 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Brazil.

The genus Camillina Berland, 1919 includes 75 valid species which are mainly distributed in South America. However, in Brazil, the knowledge regarding Camillina remains limited and a few contributions to the taxonomy of the genus have been made in the last two decades. Camillina belongs to Zelotinae, a group of gnaphosid spiders which diagnostic character is a preening comb on metatarsi III and IV, and the genus can be recognized by the presence of a prolaterally situated, bifid terminal apophysis and medially situated, recessed embolar base on the male palp and a median epigynal plate. Here, we describe the males and females of three new species: C. suya sp. nov. and C. kuarup sp. nov., both from Fazenda Tanguro, Querência, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil and C. bonaldoi sp. nov. from Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, Piracuruca, state of Piauí, Brazil.

O ecossistema urbano da ocupação Santa Luzia

A ocupação informal Santa Luzia, nas proximidades do Parque Nacional de Brasília, está inserida na microbacia hidrográfica da cabeceira do Córrego Cabeceira do Acampamento, a qual define seu Ecossistema Urbano. O Governo do Distrito Federal busca realocar a população ocupante da região com proposta de projeto de habitação social linear com 3,2 km de extensão como medida mitigatória, pressionado pelo Ministério Público do DF e Territórios que acusa o aumento de impactos ambientais na região. A fim de defender a manutenção da população no local foi realizado um inventário ecológico simplificado com dados espaciais acerca de aspectos sócio-econômico-ambientais da microbacia hidrográfica e foram indicadas melhorias segundo as Soluções Baseadas na Natureza. O mapeamento incluiu análises tipo NDVI; Tipo de Solos; Relevo; Declividade; Risco de perda do solo por erosão, Risco de contaminação; Tipos de vegetação; e Grau de impermeabilização do solo. O resultado do inventário demonstrou que o impacto ambiental gerado pela ocupação é menor que as áreas adjacentes, sendo um cenário positivo incluir a população no processo de regeneração com pequenas adequações e alterações, principalmente sensíveis à água baseadas na visão dos serviços ecossistêmicos ao tratamento de efluentes em nível paisagístico de tratamento; de fonte de recurso, adequação vegetação.

Desafios da gestão de uma unidade de conservação no Brasil

O Brasil está no centro da discussão mundial sobre a proteção do meio ambiente. Uma das maneiras criadas para efetivar a conservação da biodiversidade é a implantação de unidades de conservação (UC), porém, ainda se faz necessário entender os aspectos gerenciais e os obstáculos enfrentados na gestão dessas áreas. Portanto, o objetivo geral deste artigo é analisar os desafios da gerência no Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades (PNSC), uma unidade de conservação localizada no norte do estado do Piauí. Para este fim, o estudo, a partir dos princípios de boa governança, fez uso de entrevista semiestruturada e observação de campo para entender os aspectos gerenciais do parque. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de análise de conteúdo, em que as categorias temáticas escolhidas foram os nove princípios supracitados. Portanto, o artigo contribui para a discussão teórica acerca do gerenciamento de UCs e traz implicações gerenciais sobre o desafio de gerir essas áreas, em que, de acordo com os resultados obtidos, conciliar e se relacionar com a comunidade do entorno e o capital humano interno é o principal desafio identificado nessa área de conservação, se tornando um fator positivo se bem trabalhado, capaz de manter o funcionamento do parque, mesmo em tempos de crise.

Descubrimiento de alcaloides en la piel de la rana Pristimantis gaigei, indicios de mimetismo Mülleriano en dos poblaciones de Panamá

La rana Pristimantis gaigei ha sido utilizada como modelo de mimetismo batesiano, adoptando el aposematismo (coloración llamativa) de su modelo, la rana venenosa Phyllobates lugubris. Los estudios sobre la composición química de su piel son escasos. Considerando que se han reportado alcaloides en otras especies de ranas consideradas miméticas y sin toxinas por mucho tiempo, queremos corroborar la presencia o ausencia de algún tipo de alcaloide en el extracto de piel de dos poblaciones de P. gaigei (PJIC001-Parque Nacional Altos de Campana y BJIC002-Parque Internacional La Amistad-Atlántico) en Panamá. Para la caracterización fitoquímica de los alcaloides se utilizó las pruebas de Dragendorff, vapores de yodo y radiación de luz ultravioleta (365nm). Igualmente se empleó la técnica de cromatografía de capa fina (CCF), con dos fases móviles diferentes (cloroformo/metanol 9:1 y acetonitrilo/agua 9:1) y poder identificar el perfil químico de los compuestos. Tanto las muestras PJI001 Y BJI002, dieron positivas para la prueba de Dragendorff. Con capa fina se logró separar y caracterizar la presencia de más de un compuesto de alcaloide. Existió diferencia en la composición y comportamiento químico entre los dos extractos, donde la muestra dePJIC001 presenta compuestos entre una polaridad media y muy polares, con una composición química más abundante, para la muestra BJIC002, presentó compuestos con alta polaridad y baja polaridad.Estos resultados demuestran la presencia de diferentes compuestos de alcaloide en la piel de la P. gaigei, siendo un indicio de un mimetismo mülleriano, logrando adquirir un posible modelo químico para su defensa.

Soft-bodied benthic algae in pristine Brazilian streams: from acid to karst

ABSTRACT This study evaluated soft-bodied benthic algae from seven streams located in protected areas of central Brazil (Parque Nacional de Brasilia, Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros and Parque Estadual de Terra Ronca), and related them to abiotic factors. We addressed the following questions: A) how algal community structure in Cerrado streams is influenced by the marked seasonality typical of the region; and B) how karst geology influences algal communities in Parque Estadual de Terra Ronca, as compared to streams in other Cerrado areas. Samples were collected between 2012 and 2013 from a single site in each stream, and upstream and downstream of caves present in Parque Estadual de Terra Ronca. Altogether, 159 taxa were recorded. Algal community structure varied significantly among sites, but not between seasons, despite relatively lower abundances during the rainy season, likely due to a negative influence of the faster currents in streams during this period. Some alkaliphilic species were observed only at sites near caves (e.g. the cyanobacterium Tolypothrix distorta), while acidophilic taxa were more frequent in the other streams (e.g. desmids and Cyanobacteria such as Scytonema caldarium, Hapalosiphon stuhlmannii and Stigonema ocellatum). We observed a rare green alga, Microthamnion kuetzingianum, and reported the cyanobacterium Rivularia aquatica for the first time in Brazil.

Erythroxylum niziae (Erythroxylaceae): A New Species from the West-Central Cerrado of Brazil

Abstract—A new species of Erythroxylum (Erythroxylum niziae) from west-central Brazil is presented here. Descriptions, illustrations, a map of geographic distribution, and morphological comparisons with morphologically similar species are provided. The novelty differs from its congeners by its subshrub habit 12 to 16 cm in height, firmly chartaceous to coriaceous leaves (8.8‐12.7 × 4.3‐7.9 cm), and single flowers produced per node along the distal portion of the main branch. A key is provided to differentiate the new species from others occurring in Parque Nacional de Brasília.

Waterfalls as Geological Value for Geotourism: the Case of Ordesa and Monte Perdido National Park

Studies of the variables that make waterfalls an undoubted attraction for geotourism remain relatively rare. Through surveys in Parque Nacional de Ordesa and Monte Perdido (Spain), we analyze some of the most important variables of waterfalls, such as morphological characteristics, discharge, or esthetic aspects, including scenery. Statistical analysis reveals differences in the perception of attractiveness between seasons of the year. Spring seems to produce the best effect. Changes in perception affect most of the variables studied. However, there are complex relationships between seasons of the year and the variables studied. Slight changes in discharge lead to a positive perception by geotourists of morphological and esthetic variables, although these variables are apparently disconnected. The correlation between scenery and waterfall beauty is significant, at a 0.05 p value, but despite this, geotourists do not choose any specific environment as the best location for a waterfall. Surprisingly, an urban environment can become an ideal place, at the same level as a different but wilder one. The geological characteristics that encompass a waterfall are another strong and important point in the preferences of the visitor. The abundant scientific-geological information about waterfalls and their surroundings could be used as an informative complement to improve the quality of visits. Geotourists already demand this information. An adequate waterfall classification, the use of genetic aspects, and the processes involved in a specific waterfall feature could be of interest in interpretative signs or brochures. The findings of our study could be used in management strategies as new designs for viewing points, trail access, location of interpretative boards, and educational programs.

Nuevos peregrinos y nuevos turistas para la sostenibilidad medio-ambiental: el turismo lento como vía para la conservación de la autenticidad del patrimonio tangible e intangible de un territorio

Este artículo ofrece una lectura de la evolución del estado del arte en materia de proyectos de desarrollo turístico local sostenible, en el marco del turismo “lento” de peregrinación, como aplicación concreta de políticas de armonización entre turismo y ambiente. Se hará referencia, como marco empírico, a unos casos en el ámbito interregional (La Vía Francigena y el Parque Nacional de las Florestas Casentinesi), dentro de un ámbito regional más amplio (Europa). Las experiencias mencionadas, que se ilustrarán según un marco prevalentemente cualitativo y descriptivo, tanto interdisciplinario como intercultural, han utilizado protocolos de sostenibilidad dictados por organizaciones internacionales y europeas, lo que resulta en la aplicación efectiva del turismo lento de “peregrinación”; y en su apoyo como práctica turística ecológicamente sostenible en relación con el más amplio movimiento cultural del “reverdecimiento de la religión”.

Avaliação isotópica e hidrogeoquímica de nascentes que descarregam de aquíferos cársticos de Alta altitude no Parque Nacional de Lar, norte do Irã

Stable isotopes oxygen-18 (δ18O) and deuterium (δD) and the hydrochemistry of the main springs of well-developed karst aquifers in Lar watershed in the Haraz basin, northern Iran, were investigated. Water samples were collected in the recession period for analysis of major ions and the stable isotopes. Predominant hydrochemical types of main karst springs samples were Ca2+ – Mg2+ – $$ {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-} $$ type. The hydrochemical composition of the karst springs is dominated by Ca2+, Mg2+, $$ {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-} $$ and $$ {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $$ ions. The hydrochemical results indicate that dissolution of carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite) governs the major ion concentrations, with minor effects of silicate weathering, ion exchange and precipitation effects on concentrations of Na+, Cl−, K+, and $$ {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $$ . In the northern parts of the study area, hydrothermal fluid affects the chemistry of the draining springs. The isotopic content ranges from −43.8 to −52.9‰ and from −7.09 to −8.97‰ for δD and δ18O, respectively. The karst spring samples lie above the local meteoric water line, similar to the δ18O and δD signature of the snowpack samples, and have small spatial and temporal variability. The similarity of the isotopic composition of the springs to the snowpack suggests that the dominant recharge is by snowmelt water.