Parotid Saliva Of Patients Research Articles

Enzyme activities in parotid saliva of patients with the restrictive type of anorexia nervosa

ObjectiveIn patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) specific signs may occur in the oral cavity, but there are conflicting reports about their significance, especially concerning changes in salivary composition.The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the resting parotid flow rate (PFR) and the activity of the following enzymes in parotid saliva: amylase, aspartate amino transferase (AST), lysozyme, peroxidase, serine and acidic proteases in the acute phase of the restrictive type of AN and to compare the findings with those in healthy controls. DesignForty-one subjects participated (20 patients with AN, 21 matched healthy controls), parotid saliva was collected using a modified Lashley cap at rest. Enzyme activities were measured with fluorimetric and photometric assays. ResultsThe unstimulated PFR was significantly lower than in the controls, lysozyme and AST activity was significantly lower, and amylase showed a high inter-individual variability. A positive correlation for amylase and lysozyme and negative ones for lysozyme and BMI, lysozyme and IBW%, serine protease and salivary flow were observed. ConclusionsThe reduced PFR and enzyme activities levels suggest that AN does not only affect the quantity of the saliva but also its quality and, its biological functions. The results obtained should help to provide a better understanding of the effect of AN disease on the pathogenesis of at least some oral diseases. Further research is needed on any possible role of reduced lysozyme and transaminase activity in maintaining oral protection against external toxic agents and bacteria.

Serum and salivary IgG and IgA antibodies to desmoglein 3 in mucosal pemphigus vulgaris.

The use of saliva for the diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using desmoglein (Dsg)3 antigen has not been extensively documented, nor has the detection of serum IgA antibodies to Dsg3. (i) To establish whether whole saliva might provide a suitable alternative to serum for diagnosing and monitoring PV; (ii) to investigate whether anti-Dsg3 IgA antibodies can be detected in serum and saliva and (iii) to establish whether there is an association between serum or saliva anti-Dsg3 antibodies and disease severity. Precoated Dsg3 ELISA plates were used to test serum and/or saliva for IgG and IgA antibodies. Matched serum and whole saliva samples were collected from 23 patients with PV, 17 healthy subjects and 19 disease controls. All patients with PV, disease controls and six healthy controls provided matched parotid saliva. Whole saliva IgG antibodies to Dsg3 were detected in 14 of 23 patients (61%) and serum IgG antibodies were detected in 17 of 23 (74%) with a strong positive correlation. Serum IgA antibodies were detected in 14 of 23 patients with PV (61%) with a combined positivity (IgG and/or IgA antibodies to Dsg3) of 78% (18 of 23). We were unable to show IgA anti-Dsg3 antibodies in either whole or parotid saliva of patients with PV. Sequential samples showed that changes in IgG antibody titres in whole saliva were associated with a change in disease severity scores. Assay of salivary IgG antibodies to Dsg3 offers a diagnostic alternative to serum in the diagnosis and monitoring of PV. The role of anti-Dsg3 IgA antibodies requires further elucidation in the pathogenesis of PV.

Molecular Alterations of Parotid Saliva in Infantile Chronic Recurrent Parotitis

Infantile chronic recurrent parotitis (ICRP) is an insidious disease whose etiopathogenesis remains an enigma. Alterations in the physical appearance of parotid saliva from ICRP patients have been frequently reported. However, sialochemical studies in regard to ICRP are very rare. The aim of this study was to determine whether saliva of ICRP patients presents major physicochemical and biochemical alterations compared with saliva from paired healthy controls. Parotid, whole, and submandibular/sublingual saliva was collected at an asymptomatic stage from 33 ICRP patients (5-16 y old, both sexes) and from 33 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Saliva was analyzed for protein concentration, mode of protein diffusion on cellulose membranes, unidimensional sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein profiles and zymographic profiles of metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Parotid saliva of ICRP patients showed an increased protein concentration, altered mode of protein diffusion, a higher frequency of polypeptide bands of 43, 37, 33, 29, 26, 16, and 10 kD, higher asymmetry in the polypeptide profiles of both contralateral parotid saliva, and an increase in the frequency of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Parotid saliva of patients with ICRP is molecularly altered with respect to normal saliva. Some of the molecular differences could be related to the etiopathogenesis of the disease.

Assessment of SS‐A and SS‐B in parotid saliva of patients with Sjögren's syndrome

The purpose of this study was to compare the sensitivity of parotid saliva to that of serum in detecting anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La autoantibodies in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Forty patients and 20 controls participated in the study; all patients met the 1993 European Community criteria for the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome. Healthy controls were age- and sex-matched individuals with no signs or symptoms of Sjögren's syndrome. Serum and saliva samples were evaluated using AffiniTech SSA/Ro and SSB/La antibodies kits (AffiniTech, Ltd. Bentonville, AR, USA). The results were also compared with serological status of SS-A and SS-B as reported by an independent clinical laboratory. Serum was significantly more sensitive than saliva in detecting SSA/Ro and SSB/La antibodies (P = 0.001). There was high agreement between the results with the AffiniTech kits and the independent laboratory (kappa = 0.80; P < 0.001). However, there was poor agreement between saliva and serum results (kappa = 0.174; P = 0.168). The overall results appear to support that serum analysis is effective method for evaluating the presence of SS-A and SS-B autoantibodies.

S-IgA and cytokine levels in whole saliva of Sjögren's syndrome patients before and after oral pilocarpine hydrochloride administration: a pilot study.

Previous investigations have found elevated levels of s-IgA in the parotid saliva and normal levels in submandibular saliva of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Fox et al. also found elevated levels of cytokines (i.e., IL-2 and IL-6) in serum, salivary epithelial cells and parotid saliva of patients with SS. The oral administration of pilocarpine hydrochloride stimulates whole and parotid salivary flow. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of s-IgA and IL-2 and IL-6 in whole saliva before and after administration of pilocarpine hydrochloride in SS subjects. Ten definitively diagnosed SS subjects were enrolled in the study, as were ten controls (C). The mean age was 57.2 years and all subjects were female. Whole unstimulated saliva (WUS) was collected by standard techniques for 5 min, after which the volume and flow rate were determined (mean WUS: SS = 0.047 vs C = 0.480 ml/min). Samples were centrifuged and the immunoglobulin analysis performed on the supernatants by immunoreactivity in a double-sandwich technique as previously described by Rudney et al. Cytokine analysis was performed similarly utilizing commercially available kits from R&D Systems. The results as analyzed by pairwise t-tests revealed comparable levels of s-IgA in the saliva of the SS patients, as compared to controls at baseline (means +/- SEM: SS-IgA = 348.1 +/- 82.0 vs C-IgA = 284.0 +/- 65.1 micrograms/ml; NS). Whole salivary flow was significantly increased (328%) in the SS subject group 60 min after the administration of 5 mg pilocarpine hydrochloride (means +/- SEM: 0.0472 +/- 0.017 vs 0.1546 +/- 0.054 ml/min; P < 0.01). There was no significant change in the concentration of s-IgA in the SS subject group following the pilocarpine dose (means +/- SEM: SS-IgA = 439.9 +/- 121.2 microliters/ml; P = NS). There were elevated levels of IL-2 in the saliva of four out of the ten and IL-6 in two out of the ten SS patients, as compared to controls (means +/- SEM: SS-IL-2 = 127.8 +/- 11.4 vs C-IL-2 = 30.8 +/- 1.6 pg/ml and SS-IL-6 = 41.4 +/- 7.1 vs C-11.6 +/- 2.8 pg/ml). There was also a significant decrease in the concentration of IL-2 in the same four out of ten SS subjects following the pilocarpine dose (means +/- SEM: SS-IL-2 = 32.4 +/- 10.3; P < 0.01). These preliminary results indicate that s-IgA levels do not change with increased salivary flow following the administration of pilocarpine hydrochloride in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. While cytokines are elevated in the whole saliva of some SS patients, a decrease in IL-2 concentration may occur with increased salivary flow.

Kallikrein activity in saliva of patients with inflammatory and hyperplastic diseases of the oral mucous membrane.

Levels of Kallikrein activity in human saliva vary in dependence of changes of systemic conditions. Bhoola et al. (1978) reported about a physiological increase of Kallikrein activity in saliva prior to the onset of menstruation in school girls. They also found (Bhoola et al. 1969) a decrease of Kallikrein activity in saliva of patients with sarcoidosis. Recent studies showed that glandular Kallikrein activity in saliva of patients with malignant tumors remote from the oral cavity is significantly higher than in a healthy control group (Jenzano et al. 1986). However, at the present it is not known which function Kallikrein may have in physiological and pathophysiological processes in the oral cavity. To get more detailed information about changes of glandular Kallikrein activity in pathophysiology in our present study we investigated differences of Kallikrein activity in parotid saliva of patients with inflammatory, hyperplastic and malignant diseases of the oral mucous membrane.KeywordsSquamous Cell CarcinomaOral CavityOral Mucous MembraneHealthy Control GroupHuman SalivaThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

IgA antibodies to gram-negative bacteria in the serum and saliva of patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

The concentration of IgA and titre of IgA antibodies to several Gram-negative bacteria were measured in the serum and parotid saliva of patients with AS and normal tissue-typed individuals. Salivary IgA and antibody levels in the patients were identical with the control population. The serum antibody level against Yersinia enterocolica 0:3 was slightly raised in patients but there was no difference in the reactions to Klebsiella oxytoca strain MX100 or Escherichia coli 0111.B4. The serum IgA level was elevated in patients with AS, irrespective of HLA B27. We conclude that this approach is unlikely to provide convincing evidence of a link between Gram-negative bacteria and ankylosing spondylitis.

Lactoferrin concentration in the parotid saliva of patients with chronic pancreatitis.

Lactoferrin is present in pancreatic juice, and greatly increased concentrations are found in the pancreatic juice of patients with chronic pancreatitis. It is not known whether these high levels of lactoferrin represent a genetically determined defect predisposing to the later development of chronic pancreatitis or are simply a consequence of the disease. In view of the morphological and functional similarities between the pancreatic and parotid glands, we have measured the immunoreactive lactoferrin concentration in pure parotid saliva of 30 patients with chronic calcific pancreatitis, 26 controls, 5 patients with proven pancreatic cancer, 2 patients with Sjögren's disease and 2 patients with chronic recurrent parotitis. No difference in the lactoferrin concentration was detected between control subjects and patients with chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer. Raised levels were found in the 4 patients with parotid gland disease. These findings suggest that increased lactoferrin secretion is confined to the exocrine pancreas in patients with chronic pancreatitis and is thus probably a phenomenon secondary to the disease.

Cyclisches AMP im menschlichen Parotisspeichel bei arterieller Hypertonie und unterschiedlicher Plasma-Renin-Aktivit�t

Since the salivary glands are rich of norepinephrine, cyclic AMP as second messenger of β-adrenergic function was determined in the parotid saliva of patients with arterial hypertension. The cAMP was determined in correlation to the flow rate by the radio-isotope dilution test of Gilman. The corresponding plasma renin activity was determined by radioimmunoassay. In patients with normal renin hypertension and with high renin hyper-tension an increase of the cAMP concentration up to six times the normal range could be observed, while in low renin hypertension the values were similar to those of a normal control group. The increased secretion of cAMP could be inhibited by propanolol. The conclusion is, therefore, that the β-adrenergic system is activated in normal and high renin hypertension.

Further Studies of Parotid Saliva Test as a Diagnostic Means for Pancreatic Disorders

The parotid saliva test was made on 89 subjects in total, consisting of 54 patients with non-pancreatic disorders, 27 with pancreatic disorders, and 8 remote postoperative cases of pancreatolithiasis, and the following results were obtained: 1) The salivary output as well as the maximum bicarbonate concentration and amylase content in the parotid saliva of patients with pancreatic disorders were significantly less than those of patients with non-pancreatic disorders. 2) Three of the 8 remote postoperative cases of pancreatolithiasis and a case with cancer of the head of the pancreas showed abnormally high salivary output and amylase con-tent. 3) The positive saliva test was found in 85% of patients with pancreatic disorders. 4) Histological changes of the parotid glands were atrophic and degenerative in patients with hypofunction on the saliva test, and hypertrophic in patients with hyperfunction on the saliva test.

Characterization of salivary proteins in patients with Sjögren's syndrome

Parotid saliva of patients with Sjögren's syndrome was subjected to disc electrophoresis. The protein distribution in the saliva of the patients with Sjögren's syndrome was compared with the protein distribution in the saliva of a control group. More anode-migrating protein was found in the patients with Sjögren's syndrome, as well as less amylase, and these differences were possibly significant. There was no difference in the content of protein remaining near the cathode in the salivas of the two groups. Samples of parotid saliva from a group of patients with Sjögren's syndrome and from a control group were subjected to radial quantitative immunodiffusion. There was no significant difference in the amount of IgG, IgA, and IgM in the two groups.

Parotid saliva in cystic fibrosis. II. Electrolytes and protein-bound carbohydrates.

EXAMINATION of the parotid saliva affords a convenient means of studying possible aberrations of exocrine gland function in patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. The present study, in two parts, deals with the electrolytes (Part 1) and protein-bound carbohydrates (Part 2) found in the parotid saliva of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. Several investigators have reported elevation of sodium and chloride levels in patients with cystic fibrosis where samples were collected without stimulation 1,2 and with reflex stimulation. 3 However, in another study in which parotid flow was reflexly stimulated, differences in levels of sodium and chloride were reported to be of borderline significance. 4 The calcium and phosphorus content of reflexly stimulated parotid saliva has been reported to be significantly elevated in children with cystic fibrosis. 4 Abnormalities in the carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins have also been reported in duodenal fluid, 5 sweat, 6 and submaxillary