Parole Program Research Articles

Evaluating the Use of Humanitarian Parole as a Border Management Strategy in the United States

The number of arrivals at the U.S.-Mexico border has increased dramatically over the past five years. To accommodate this increased flow, the Biden administration introduced a new program that allows migrants from ‘non-deportable’ countries - Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua, and Venezuela (CHNV) - the opportunity to apply for parole while still in their home countries and arrive for U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) appointments at a given port of entry, alleviating the numbers of unsolicited arrivals along the border. In this article, we analyze CBP data to assess the program's effectiveness in reducing irregular migration along the southern U.S. border. Our results show that the CHNV parole program has demonstrated varying levels of success in reducing border encounters, with pronounced, long-term effects for Cuban and Nicaraguan nationals and only temporary for Venezuelan and Haitian individuals. We explore the potential causes for these different outcomes and recommend program adjustments to facilitate the growing number of individuals pursuing lawful entry into the United States.

Praktik Pencabutan Pembebasan Bersyarat Pada Narapidana Residivis di Rutan Kelas IIB Pangkalan Brandan

The Class IIB State Detention Pangkalan Brandan is Technical Implementation Unit that has duties and functions of Corrections in accordance based Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning of Corrections. Even though did service for prisoner, The Class IIB State Detention Pangkalan Brandan also provides service for inmates, one of which is Parole program consisting of Conditional Exemption (PB). Conditional Exemption (PB) is more likely to be revoked due to the long probation period. When Conditional Exemption (PB) got released, the inmates who violate general conditions and special conditions in accordance with the provisions of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation Number 7 of 2022 can be revoked. This research type of normative legal was carried out to answer the process of revocation of Conditional Exemption and get the accurate results by drawing from several sources. In the case of revocation of Conditional Exemption, it starts sending a request letter by Class IIB State Detention Pangkalan Brandan Officer then examined by the Community Counselor (PK) to be brought to the Correctional Observation Team session so that the results are reported to the Director General via SPION. The decision to revoke Conditional Exemption is conveyed to the prison and state detention officer to be implemented in accordance with the decision. However, the revocation of Conditional Exemption have problems.

Does the parole program affect recidivism? Qualitative Analysis in Malaysia

Objective: the objective of this study is to identify the critical factors that present challenges and opportunities for parolees in Malaysia to avoid committing repeated crimes and reduce recidivism.Methods: the study employs a qualitative approach, using face-to-face interviews with prison officers in the state of Pahang, Malaysia, to gather data. Content analysis is used to analyse the data and identify the critical factors for parole activities in Malaysia.Results: the study identified five crucial factors that affect parole activities in Malaysia: individuals, families, communities, private institutions, and government policies. Individuals refer to the characteristics and behavior of the parolee, while families and communities relate to the support and involvement of the parolee’s family and community in the rehabilitation process. Private institutions, such as Intermediate Houses and Corporate Smart Internship (CSI), can provide support and resources for parolees, and effective government policies and practices can ensure successful reintegration into society. Further studies could investigate the specific ways in which these factors influence parole activities in Malaysia and explore best practices for reducing recidivism rates.Scientific novelty: this study contributes to the literature on parole activities in Malaysia by identifying critical factors that can impact the success of the parole system in reducing recidivism. The study provides valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by parolees in Malaysia.Practical significance: the findings of this study can be used by the Malaysian Prisons Department to develop effective strategies and policies to reduce recidivism rates and improve the success of the parole system. The study can also be used by other countries with similar parole systems to identify critical factors that impact the success of their parole programs.

Double-Edged Roots: Two Advance-Parole ‘Dacamented’ Mexican Women Visiting Their Country of Birth

This article explores the experience of two young migrant women protected under DACA visiting Mexico within the advance parole program in 2017. It builds on qualitative research fieldwork conducted in Mexico and the US in 2018. This article discusses how they reconnected with their country of birth, after living caged in the US as children and teenagers and reinforced their sense of belonging to the US. This paper stresses their different experiences depending on the age of emigration, because of the memories that the young people may have endured of family and places. As other studies have documented, the short stay helped the young women understand the reasons that led their parents to emigrate and reinforced a sense of belonging to the US as they underpin their identification with Mexico, and it also helped build direct ties with their kinship. The paper concludes with the idea of double-edged roots to the ancestral homeland, because as the short visit to Mexico reinforces the idea that although Mexico is the country in which they do embrace an emotional kinship, it is not the country in which they feel embedded to achieve their life, their promised land is the US.

Buckman v. Commissioner of Correction: Salvaging Massachusetts' Medical Parole Program.

Buckman v. Commissioner of Correction: Salvaging Massachusetts' Medical Parole Program.

EFEKTIVITASPEMBEBASAN BERSYARATDAN CUTI MENJELANG BEBASSERTA CUTI BERSYARAT BAGI WARGA BINAAN DALAM UPAYA MENGATASI OVER CAPACITY DI LAPAS KLAS II A PADANG

The pattern of guidance in the penal system based on UU No. 12 Tahun 1995 concerning Pemasyarakatan is done gradually until the efforts of integrating prisoners and prisoners to the community through conditional free program in the form of Conditional Liberal (PB), Free Before Leave (CMB) and Conditional Leave (CB). To see the implications of this matter, it can be seen directly about the effectiveness of the program free of conditional in Prisons in its implementation in Lapas Klas IIA Padang which has over 200% capacity over the existing capacity. This study uses primary data as the main data obtained from interviews, supporting data is secondary data obtained from the results of literature research/document studies. Based on the result of the research, it is found that the procedure of Conditional Free Program implementation at Lapas Klas IIA Padang based on the provision of Human Rights Permenkum No. 21 Tahun 2013 which was amended by Permenkum HAM No. 21 Tahun 2016. Referring to the rule of Lapas Klas IIA Padang runs a conditional free program with administrative governance system in Lapas Klas IIA Padang intended to streamline and optimize the implementation of the program free of conditional, so it can be seen the effectiveness of the implementation of the program in overcoming the advantages Capacity at Lapas Klas IIA Padang based on percentage comparison parameters between the number of increase in the implementation of the program free of conditional with the percentage increase in the number of homes in Lapas Klas IIA Padang. The implementation of a parole program at Lapas IIA Padang faces several obstacles including obstacles in the legal administration system, constraints from prisoners and prisoners and the obstacles posed by legal rules that provide tightening on the implementation of the free program as regulated in PP Nomor 99 Tahun 2012.

Eligibility for opiate substitution therapy in recently released prisoners with high-risk amphetamine use, and their perceptions of its effectiveness

ABSTRACTIntroduction and Aim: The harmful consequences of amphetamine (including methamphetamine) misuse in Australia and internationally have been well documented. There has been surprisingly little exploration, however, of the role of opiate substitution therapy (OST), an evidence-based harm minimization strategy for opiate dependence, in eligible high-risk amphetamine users. Design and Methods: This survey study explored histories of substance use and dependence, and eligibility for OST, in a group of Queensland adult male ex-prisoners recently released into a residential supported parole program. Results: 57% of participants were identified as high-risk amphetamine (HRA) users. Of these HRA users, 74% were eligible for opiate substitution treatment under current Australian guidelines, and 59% believed that suboxone (buprenorphine and naloxone) maintenance would reduce their risks of going back to prison due to amphetamine use. Discussion and Conclusions: In recently released prisoners with a history of high-risk amphetamine use and opiate dependence, OST may be a strategy to reduce the harms of both opiate and amphetamine use. Further studies are needed to understand poly-drug use in this population, and optimize the safety, effectiveness, and attractiveness of suboxone maintenance for these potential clients.

The effect of a social reintegration (parole) program on drug-related prison inmates in Japan: a 4-year prospective study

Social reintegration has been known to protect against recidivism, but its effects against drug-use relapse have previously remained unclear. To address this gap, the present study sampled 196 inmates imprisoned for drug-related offenses in Japan. We examined the protective effects of a social reintegration (parole) program against recidivism and drug-use relapse using a 4-year prospective design. During the 4-year follow up, 79 (40.3 %) of the participants reoffended and 61 (31.1 %) relapsed into drug use. The results suggest that the parole program was significantly associated with a decreased risk of recidivism, even if participants’ age, sentence length, number of prison terms, educational levels, and gang membership were controlled for. However, the effects of the parole program on drug relapse disappeared when the above variables were controlled for. To decrease the risk of relapse, drug-related inmates may need both prosocial communities and rehabilitative environments. The Japanese criminal justice system needs to introduce drug treatment courts for drug users.

Is Something Better Than Nothing? The Effect of Short Terms of Mandatory Parole Supervision

This article reports the findings of a quasi-experimental evaluation of a mandatory early parole program. New Jersey’s Statutory Early Release (SER) law required that all inmates, with few exceptions, be released onto parole six months before the expiration of their sentence. SER participants (n = 405) were matched using propensity scores to two groups of similar offenders who left prison in the year prior to the implementation of the SER statute. Comparison groups include former inmates that were released either unconditionally (n = 4,507) or onto standard parole (n = 5,657). At the conclusion of the matching routines, 395 SER-parolee pairs and 394 SER-unconditional release pairs were identified. Outcomes measures, including comparisons of rearrest and reconviction rates, are reported pre and post matching, and at 6-, 12-, and 18-month intervals. Individuals enrolled in the SER program demonstrated significantly reduced arrest rates during the SER supervision period when compared to unconditionally released offenders, though differences do not persist past six months. Offending rates for both SER participants and matched parolees were generally similar, with some significant variation in arrest rates emerging after 12 months.

Federal Policy on Criminal Offenders Who Have Substance Use Disorders: How Can We Maximize Public Health and Public Safety?

ABSTRACT The Obama Administration is striving to promote both public health and public safety by improving the public policy response to criminal offenders who have substance use disorders. This includes supporting drug courts, evidence-based probation and parole programs, addiction treatment and re-entry programs. Scientists and clinicians in the addiction field have a critical role to play in this much-needed effort to break the cycle of addiction, crime and incarceration.

Danger and Opportunity: Making Public Safety Job One in Pennsylvania's Indeterminate Sentencing System

Pennsylvania's prison population increased annually between 2000 and 2007 by an average of 3.2%. However, between 2007 and 2008, the change was 9.1%, the highest in the nation and well above the national average of 0.8%. In 2008, the Pennsylvania General Assembly authorized $800 million for the construction of four new state correctional facilities; nonetheless, the Department of Corrections has contracted with county facilities to house about 500 state prisoners, and with other jurisdictions to transfer 2,000 inmates to facilities out of state. Both overcrowded facilities and reactionary policies to reduce overcrowding can have negative impacts on public safety. In an indeterminate sentencing system, efforts to maintain public safety within the constraints of correctional resources requires fundamental changes in sentencing practices and improved coordination with parole decision making. In the fall of 2008, the Pennsylvania General Assembly enacted a comprehensive package of sentencing and corrections reform legislation, which added to the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing's existing duties the responsibilities of developing parole guidelines. The establishment of integrated guidelines, for consideration at sentencing and at parole, represents a major departure from the guideline practices of the last three decades in Pennsylvania. It requires a careful consideration of the role of retribution and prediction in the development of guidelines, the use of actuarial data to forecast future offending patterns, and the study of outcomes to determine the efficacy of sentencing and parole programs and practices. However, as has been demonstrated convincingly in other jurisdictions, when done correctly, public safety can be enhanced and correctional costs contained through a more thoughtful and coordinated use of these evidence-based approaches.

Parole Revocation Among Prison Inmates With Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders

Parole Revocation Among Prison Inmates With Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders

Examining Relationships Between Receiving Mental Health Services in the Pennsylvania Prison System and Time Served

This study examined a cohort of 7,046 men who were released from the Pennsylvania State prison system between 1999 and 2002 to Philadelphia County to assess the relationships between receipt of mental health services in prison and prison exit. Administrative data on prison stays for 7,046 men released from Pennsylvania prisons to Philadelphia locations were analyzed. Of the 7,046 men, 8.7% received ongoing or intensive mental health services and 25.9% received mental health services while incarcerated. Multivariate analyses indicate that use of mental health services was positively associated with increased odds of serving the full prison sentence (as opposed to receiving parole), although the relationship between mental health services received and length of prison episode was inconclusive. Dynamics related to prison release warrant further attention in efforts to reduce the prevalence of mental illness in prisons and to facilitate community reentry for persons so diagnosed.

The cost benefits of providing community-based correctional services: An evaluation of a statewide parole program in California

This was a cost-benefit study of a statewide program involving multiple community-based services for parolees in California. Program effectiveness was assessed by comparing program costs to incarceration costs avoided due to decreases in recidivism. During the first year following parole release, program participants on average stayed out of prison longer than the comparison population. Participants who completed any of the community-based services stayed out of prison substantially longer. The reductions in re-incarceration yielded a net saving of $21 million in incarceration costs over the study period, after the costs of the program and parole supervision were subtracted, or a 47 percent net return on each program dollar invested. This study did not include potential cost savings to other parties in the justice system. These findings suggest future investments in community-based correctional services might produce substantial financial benefits. A fuller apprehension of the potential benefits would benefit from continuing evaluations, including studies employing a true experimental design.

Examining the Effectiveness of Boot Camps: A Randomized Experiment with a Long-Term Follow Up

The boot camp model became a correctional panacea for juvenile offenders during the early 1990s, promising the best of both worlds—less recidivism and lower operating costs. Although there have been numerous studies of boot camp programs since that time, most have relied on nonrandomized comparison groups. The California Youth Authority’s (CYA’s) experimental study of its juvenile boot camp and intensive parole program (called LEAD)—versus standard custody and parole—was an important exception, but its legislatively mandated in-house evaluation was prepared before complete outcome data were available. The present study capitalizes on full and relatively long-term follow-up arrest data for the LEAD evaluation provided by the California Department of Justice in August 2002. Using both survival models and negative binomial regression models, the results indicate that there were no significant differences between groups in terms of time to first arrest or average arrest frequency.

Building bridges between the parole officer and the families of serious juvenile offenders: a preliminary report on a family-based parole program.

Responding to a model of juvenile offender case supervision that called for a new intervention paradigm to guide the work of probation and parole officers, the present article reports on the use of a family-based parole initiative known as the Growing Up FAST program. Developed in part as a tool for use within this new intervention paradigm, the Growing Up FAST parole program targets serious youthful offenders who have been released from juvenile correctional facilities and their families. Based on elements contained within the "what works" literature and the Balanced and Restorative Justice model, this program recognizes the central role that field staff can play in rehabilitation efforts. Demographic information and formative data regarding the first set of families to participate in this program are presented, then program limitations and lessons learned as part of the initial offering of this parole initiative are discussed.

Working with the Families of Serious Juvenile Offenders: The Growing Up Fast Parole Program

The present article reports on the use of a family-based parole initiative known as the Growing Up FAST program. The Growing Up FAST parole program targets serious youthful offenders released from juvenile correctional facilities and their families. A full description of this family-based initiative is given, and is augmented by a case example of one family's journey through the five levels of the Growing Up FAST parole program.

Rates of Drug Detection in Urine Samples from Various Populations

About 14% of all substance abuse urine tests are positive for 1.2 substances. Cannabinoid and cocaine metabolites are most frequently the cause of positivity. Individuals in probation or parole programs have the highest numbers of positive urine substance abuse tests. Our data suggest that a consistency of positivity exists for substance abuse urine tests and that this positivity, once developed by testing laboratories, can be used for purposes of contractual relations and cost predictions. Valuable educational information that may assist the population serviced by the laboratory in regard to substance abuse can also be obtained.

Halfway houses and parole: A national assesment

As part of a 1978 national study of parole, the roles of halfway houses for criminal offenders were examined. It was found that the number of halfway houses began to expand rapidly in the 1960s, and that both services and types of clientele proliferated in the 1970s. Three underlying assumptions of halfway houses were examined, and a topology of houses was developed. It was concluded that halfway houses may be as effective as any other parole program and strategy and may be more cost effective at this time. Future research should further clarify and expand on types of houses and their treatment modalities, linking treatment outcomes to recidivism and reintegration, as well as on including more adequate comparison groups.

The Life Career Development Model as a Framework for Client Needs Assessment in Probation and Parole Program Development

The Life Career Development Model as a Framework for Client Needs Assessment in Probation and Parole Program Development