Establishment Of Parks Research Articles

Border fences reduce potential for transboundary migration of Marco Polo Sheep (Ovis ammon polii) in the Pamir Plateau

Border fences have severely impeded the transboundary migration of a number of large mammals worldwide, with central Asia being one of the most impacted. The Marco Polo sheep (Ovis ammon polii), an iconic species of Pamir, is threatened in its transboundary movement by increasing border fencing among their five distributed countries, including Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. In this study, by building ensemble species distribution models, we found that eastern Tajikistan had the largest suitable Macro Polo sheep habitat (about 42 % of the total suitable habitat), followed by China (about 32 %). We used least-cost paths to identify 51 ecological corridors including 5 transboundary ecological corridors, which may be important to maintain connectivity in both domestic and transboundary regions. To assess the potential barrier effect of border fences, we assessed four scenarios (30, 40, 50 and 60°) corresponding to the upper limit of the slope for the construction of fences. In areas too steep for fencing, these could be used by wild sheep to cross barriers or borders and may represent migration or movement routes, defined as natural passages. In the most pessimistic Scenario 60, only 25 migratory passages along the border fences were identified, compared to 997 in the most optimistic scenario (Scenario 30), indicating a strong negative effect of intensive border fencing on the transboundary movement of Marco Polo sheep. The establishment of transnational conservation parks, and ensuring permeability is maintained in key areas, could have a positive impact on the connectivity and persistence of Marco Polo sheep populations, and provide important lessons for other large migratory mammals in transboundary regions.

How to Build a Returnee Entrepreneurship Technology Capacity in Developing Countries Using A Learning Economy Approach? Replicating the Chinese Experience in Malaysia

Purpose: In the current globalised economy, the brain-drain phenomenon is increasingly perceived as brain circulation. Returnee Entrepreneurs (REs) are vital players in this shift. REs are defined as people who return to their country of origin and start new businesses after settling overseas for some time as workers, students, or trainees. While REs have proven effective in assuming key roles in technology transfer and sustainable in some developing economies in the last two decades or so. This has been widely seen in China and some other Eastern countries, but is yet to find its way to other countries, particularly those enjoying global diaspora. In Malaysia -focused in this study-, despite the institutional efforts meant to attract both national and foreign talents, little research, if any, has dealt with issues related to returnee entrepreneurs in general and those in the technology sectors in specific.
 
 Theoretical framework: The study builds on the learning economy theory and proposes a relevant approach that is likely to boost the development of technology returnee entrepreneurship in the country.
 
 Method: Using a narrative review, the paper presents the Chinese model of developing returnee entrepreneurship and shows how its well-adjusted replication could benefit Malaysia
 as well as other developing countries to initiate, implement, and monitor an impactful returnee entrepreneurship in the technology sector.
 
 Result and conclusion: Malaysia’s strategies designed to attract technology returnee entrepreneurs must consider three principal components: infrastructure, training, and support, with primary emphasis on the establishment of advanced science and technology parks with university-industry linkages, university-overseas-student ties, conducive institutional framework, financial support, and updated understanding of return motives and conditions.

The update and ecological status of the flora of the Belezma National Park, Algeria

Abstract. Benchouala A, Bekdouche F, Si Bachir A. 2023. The update and ecological status of the flora of the Belezma National Park, Algeria. Biodiversitas 24: 6134-6150. The establishment of national parks and nature-protected areas helps to conserve biodiversity. The conservation and enhancement of the floristic diversity of the Belezma National Park (BNP), Algeria which is also designated as biosphere reserve, require precise knowledge of its flora. To that end, the inventory conducted at BNP at the level of forest massifs, preforests, and mountain grasslands enabled us to identify 562 taxa belonging to 342 genera and 93 families, with a predominance of Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Fabaceae. Based on biological spectrum, hemicryptophytes outnumbers other life forms by 44.4%. Zoochory is the most common distribution mode among inventoried species (44.3%). The Mediterranean type dominates the chronological spectrum with proportion of 45.9%. Endemism is represented by 53 species (9.4% of the total flora). According to executive decree No. 12-03 of January 4, 2012, the BNP flora consists of 196 rare species, including 34 endemic species and 26 threatened and protected ones in Algeria. Based on our results, it has been possible to constitute a database of the BNP flora, useful for its protection.

The Right to Decide on Marriage of People in Le Mon Industrial Park, Thanh Hoa City, Under the Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization

Abstract The process of industrialization and urbanization has been affecting the concept and practice of marital relations in general and of communities in the outskirts of industrial zones in particular. This impact process is clearly shown in the trend of late marriage, wide connection radius, variable selection standards for communication systems. The right to decide on marriage gradually shifts from parents to children, the model of residence and cohabitation after marriage is more independent, the trend of early household separation of newlywed couples. In addition, industrialization and urbanization also have the effect of making marital relationships looser, including the right to decide on marriage, the model of residence and living together after marriage. Research on the right to decide on marriage of the residential community on the outskirts of Le Mon industrial zone, Thanh Hoa city will focus on analyzing the right to decide on marriage, the time of marriage, and the impact of the issue on the right to decide on marriage of the suburban residential community, before and after the establishment of an industrial park in Le Mon industrial park, Thanh Hoa city.

THE ROLE OF INVESTMENT FINANCING IN THE OPERATION OF A OIL REFINERY

This paper analyses the comprehensive investment framework for the restructuring of the oil refining sector in Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to identify priority areas, strategies and policies to facilitate structural transformation, increase competitiveness and promote economic growth in the sector. Methodology. The research is based on a comprehensive review of national and international literature on investment strategies in the oil refining industry. It uses a qualitative approach to analyse the critical components of an effective investment framework, including technological, financial, institutional and policy aspects. In addition, the study considers case studies and empirical evidence to validate the proposed strategies. Results. The study outlines a multifaceted approach to investment in the oil refining complex, based on a unified classification of high-tech goods and an industrial development strategy aligned with national interests. It advocates public-private partnerships and the implementation of national projects as key mechanisms for promoting industrial restructuring. Furthermore, the study emphasises the importance of reducing investment risks and optimising depreciation funds by introducing higher depreciation rates and incentives for high-tech enterprises. It recommends preferential financing tailored to the specific characteristics of the industry and structural modernisation. The research also examines alternative sources of investment, such as joint investment institutions and venture funds, and stresses the need for an enabling legal environment and investor protection. It emphasises the role of the foreign trade aspect of government policy in reducing tariffs on high-tech products and providing political and economic support for industry exports. The paper recognises the importance of regional policies in creating a favourable investment climate and advocates the establishment of industrial parks and innovation clusters tailored to regional specificities. This study provides a comprehensive investment framework to support the structural transformation of Ukraine's oil refining complex. By implementing the strategies and principles outlined here, Ukraine can facilitate economic growth, enhance its competitiveness in the global market and ensure the sustainable development of its oil refining industry.

Can historic natural disturbances enable conservation opportunities? Evidence from the establishment of national parks in Sweden

ABSTRACT This study investigates conservation establishment and management in the context of Sweden's 30 national parks by conceptualising natural disturbances as focus events for conservation opportunities. Since positive effects on the environment manifest a long time after a natural disturbance, it may take time before society sees a need to conserve the natural area. To conceptualise such delayed responses to a focus event, the concept of a ‘delayed window’ is introduced. An analysis of Park Establishment Proposals from the Swedish Parliament for establishing and extending Sweden’s national parks was conducted by sending a survey to county representatives for each national park (response rate 19/30). The results show that historic natural disturbances were mentioned as a motivating factor for establishing many of Sweden’s 30 national parks (37%, i.e. 11 parks). The result suggests that the delayed window opens when biodiversity and Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) values of historic disturbance(s) become visible. The time span for motivating values is calculated for biodiversity values (18–829 years) and CES values (5–829 years). However, surveyed representatives responded that future disturbances may not be desired or only desired if controlled or limited, highlighting a paradox in terms of the perceived value of past and future disturbances.

Sustainable Multi-Objective Models for Waste-to-Energy and Waste Separation Site Selection

In the past, the Iranian government has excessively relied on fossil fuels, gas, and oil resources, leading to energy-related issues and increasing power outages in the provinces during peak seasons. One of the best opportunities for energy production in Iran is through the establishment of bio-methane and waste-based energy parks. This research aims to determine the optimal locations for waste sorting centers and the establishment of waste-to-energy plants. The coexistence and interaction of these two facilities will enhance system efficiency. To achieve this goal, two mathematical models, with three objectives, have been designed. The static allocation model assigns each industrial park to a waste sorting center, while the dynamic allocation model selects the shortest route from the industrial park to the waste-to-energy center. The first objective is to minimize establishment costs, while the second and third objectives aim to reduce the system’s waiting costs. Waiting for waste shipments leads to pollution, and the desirability and route length can increase the likelihood of organic pollution. Therefore, this research seeks to minimize these factors. The model results indicate that the sorting and energy production centers have been selected to incur the lowest establishment, transportation, and waiting costs. Additionally, the sensitivity analysis section of the model reveals the impact of coefficient changes on the model’s results.

Beyond the Ecological Boundary: A Quasi-Natural Experiment on the Impact of National Marine Parks on Eco-Efficiency in Coastal Cities

National marine parks (NMPs) are a crucial form of marine protected areas that serve an essential function in safeguarding marine ecosystems and the related inland urban ecosystems. Though 30 coastal cities in China have established NMPs, little is known about the ecological benefits national marine parks contribute to surrounding areas. This study takes China’s coastal cities as an example and employs a multi-period DID model to investigate how eco-efficiency responds to the establishment of national marine parks, based on panel data from 2003 to 2020. The results show that the establishment of NMPs contributed to a 3.87% enhancement in the eco-efficiency of coastal cities. This finding remains robust after a series of robustness tests such as PSM-DID. In addition, significant heterogeneities are captured, with NMPs exhibiting a more substantial enhancement effect for cities along the East China Sea and South China Sea. NMPs with a large area increased the eco-efficiency of coastal cities by 5.18%, but small-area NMPs failed the significance test. A mechanism analysis further reveals that NMPs could improve the eco-efficiency of coastal cities by optimizing the industrial structure, enlivening the local economy, and inhibiting sewage pollution behaviors. This study provides evidence of the impact of NMPs on local eco-efficiency in developing countries.

A Survey of the Wild Giant Panda Population and Habitat Reflects an Urgent In Situ Conservation Need: A Case of Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve

An important tool for conserving species and their habitats and achieving sustainable development is the establishment of national parks. The population ecology of the species to be conserved, including their population size and suitable habitat, needs to be assessed prior to integrating protected areas into national parks. The Liangshan Mountains are currently the southernmost habitat of giant pandas and lie outside the newly established Giant Panda National Park (GPNP). The population is threatened with extinction due to severe isolation and human disturbance. However, there has been a ten-year gap in the census of giant pandas in this critical area. This means that conservation managers are unable to keep up to date with population and habitat dynamics. The Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve is the core area of the giant panda population in Liangshan and the link for gene exchange. The focus of this study is to assess the spatial distribution pattern of suitable habitat, habitat fragmentation and the habitat selection characteristics of giant pandas in the Meigu Dafengding Nature Reserve in Liangshan in order to lay the foundation for the future inclusion of Liangshan into the national park. A total of 151 giant panda fecal samples were collected in 2023. Using the distance–bamboo stem fragments method, this indicated that nearly 28 to 29 giant pandas exist within the reserve. Based on MaxEnt and FRAGSTATS, the giant panda population is concentrated in Wahei–Yiziyakou. They tend to choose gentle slopes of 10–30°, at altitudes between 2500 m and 3500 m, with average annual temperatures between 8.5 °C and 10 °C. They also select the areas close to roads and settlements for their frequent activities. Unsuitable habitat is widespread and surrounds low-, medium- and high-suitability habitats with poor habitat connectivity. In situ conservation measures are urgently needed due to the restricted distribution of populations and poor habitat suitability. This lays the foundation for the future inclusion of Liangshan into the national park, providing greater protection for the giant panda and other species in the region, and for other national parks to integrate all habitats into a single management unit. This will address conservation gaps and overlapping management, and promote the conservation of rare or endangered species.

Environment Regulations for Constructing Industrial Parks and Clusters Via a Case in Hanoi - and Environment Protection Law

Objective: The primary objective of this study is to examine the establishment of industrial parks and clusters, focusing on a case study in Hanoi, and its relationship with environment protection laws. The study aims to achieve this objective through the utilization of descriptive methods, qualitative analysis techniques including synthesis and inductive reasoning. Method: In pursuit of the study's objective, descriptive methods are employed to investigate the development of industrial parks and clusters in the context of environment protection regulations. Qualitative analysis techniques such as synthesis and inductive reasoning are applied to analyze the collected data and draw meaningful insights. Result: The outcomes of the study reveal the formulation of an effective environment protection model suitable for the context of industrial park and cluster development. The study also highlights a crucial finding that investors engaged in constructing and operating technical infrastructure within these clusters bear significant responsibilities and obligations for ensuring environmental protection. Conclusion: Based on the analysis conducted, the study concludes that the management and oversight of environmental matters by governmental authorities exhibit certain weaknesses. Specifically, inspections and evaluations related to environment protection are identified as areas needing improvement. Moreover, compliance with environmental protection regulations among industrial clusters (CCNs) is reported to be insufficient. Notably, a mere five out of the operational CCNs possess wastewater treatment facilities. Furthermore, many industrial zones lack comprehensive plans for centralized water supply systems and contravene regulations by undertaking secondary projects to extract underground water for production purposes. The study also underscores that a substantial portion of these secondary investment projects fail to adhere to stipulated criteria for tree coverage and other environmental protection regulations.

Falz-Fein Biosphere Reserve "Askania-Nova" (dedicated to the 125th foundation anniversary)

We studied the history of F.E. Falz-Fein Biosphere Reserve “Askania-Nova”, which can be divided into several periods. The first period is the founding of Askania-Nova estate by the German Duke F. Anhalt-Kothen (1841). The second period is associated with F.E. Falz-Fein activities: the organization of a zoo with semi-free animals (1874), the establishment of a dendrological park with artificial irrigation (1887), the bequest of virgin steppe territories (1898). The next period of the reserve’s existence took place in the conditions of revolution, civil war, repressive measures of the Soviet authorities, and World War II. It was nationalized (1919) and renamed many times, including the State Steppe Reserve (1921), the All-Union Research Institute of Animal Hybridization and Acclimatization (1933), M.F. Ivanov Ukrainian Animal Husbandry Research Institute of the Steppe Regions (1956), Ukrainian Biosphere Reserve (1983), which was included in UNESCO International Network of Biosphere Reserves (1984). The last period began with Ukraine gaining independence (1991) and continues to this day.

Knowledge of Nigeria Wildlife Conservation Laws Among Staff of Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria

One of the key resources in effective management of National Parks is the knowledge base of the park staff. There is however little or no documented information about park official’s knowledge of the laws they uphold in Nigeria. This study assessed the knowledge base of Nigeria wildlife laws among park officials in Gashaka Gumti National Park (GGNP), Nigeria. Simple random sampling was used to administer structured questionnaire to 45 staff in the Head Office at Serti (HOS) and 140 staff in Main Park at Gashaka Gumti. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Majority (97.8%) had heard about wildlife laws and 136 (97.1%) understood the contents of the law. Majority 139(99.2%) knew the decree responsible for the establishment of national parks; however, a few could not distinctively identify the activities that constitute offences under this law. Majoriy (118 out of 185) rarely read the law in the park but by practice understood what constitutes offences in the park except for a few. For effective park management, proper orientation, education, training and re-training on the wildlife laws should be organized for the park officials at regular intervals.

The Impact of the Establishment of the Mount Wuyi National Park on the Livelihood of Farmers

The construction of national parks has a profound impact on the production and life of surrounding farmers. Based on the survey data of 354 farmers around the Mount Wuyi National Park, this paper uses the method of constructing a difference-in-difference model to analyze the impact of the Mount Wuyi National Park construction on the livelihood choices of surrounding farmers and the main income of families. In addition, this article analyzes the heterogeneity of surrounding farmers based on differences in tea planting area and farmers’ income levels. The results show the following: First, compared with pre-establishment, farmers around the Mount Wuyi National Park still prefer tea-based agricultural employment or part-time employment. Second, after the establishment of the Mount Wuyi National Park, the main income of surrounding farmers’ families is still agricultural income. Therefore, the authors of this article believe that it is necessary to further strengthen the protection of the livelihoods of surrounding farmers and moderately create more livelihood choices for surrounding farmers in order to achieve both ecological and economic benefits.

Find the one you like! Profiling Swiss parks with user generated content

The establishment of national parks originated from the desire to preserve scenic landscape areas of national or regional importance. With more recent diversification of protected area types and goals, obtaining knowledge on how parks are recreationally used has become more challenging for (local) policy makers and park managements, as there is a general lack of systematic and publicly available visitor monitoring data. We analyze recreational park use for 20 Swiss parks of national importance and develop park profiles, using user-generated content from Flickr. The 20 Swiss parks are described by 111,437 unique images taken by 6,468 unique users between 2007 and 2020. We fill an existing research gap by defining park use across three dimensions space, time and users, and combining these in our analyses. The park profiles provide information on diversity of recreational use and serve as a starting point for analyzing how the three dimensions contribute to this diversity. Our results show diverging park uses for the three dimensions indicating that park location matters, especially in terms of peri-urbanity and geographic region. Our method can be translated into European scale analyses, provided that different languages are considered. Park profiles are easy to communicate and easy to interpret tools for (local) policy-makers and park managers to segment the tourism market and develop new park marketing strategies to e.g. streamline visitation flows and reduce the negative impacts of outdoor recreation. In broader terms, our study serves as input for future recreation policy to protect, restore and promote sustainable use of protected areas Management implications•We offer insights into recreational park use in terms of users, space and time, particularly valuable for parks where monitoring visitation is vital (i.e. protected areas).•Park profiles provide easy to communicate and interpret extensible tools for (local) policy-makers and park managers.•Park profiles can be used for among others the development of new park marketing strategies catering preferences for differentiated user groups.•Since different recreational user groups differ in their recreational behavior and in turn their environmental impact, park profiles can help in streamlining visitors as a potentially effective management measure for increased park sustainability (e.g. biodiversity conservation).

Landscape Dynamics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Cold Temperate Forest Moose Habitat in the Great Khingan Mountains, China.

The change in habitat pattern is one of the key factors affecting the survival of the moose population. The study of the habitat landscape pattern is the key to protecting the Chinese cold-temperate forest moose population and monitoring the global distribution of moose. Through the ecological risk assessment of the moose habitat landscape pattern in a cold-temperate forest, we hope to assess the strength of habitat resistance under stress factors. This study provides a theoretical basis for the protection of the moose population in the cold-temperate forest in China and the establishment of the cold-temperate forest national park. In the study, the MaxEnt model, landscape index calculation and ecological risk assessment model construction were used to analyze the field survey and infrared camera monitoring data from April 2014 to January 2023. The habitat suitability layer of the moose population in the Nanwenghe National Nature Reserve of the Great Khingan Mountains was calculated, and the range of the moose habitat was divided based on the logical threshold of the model. The landscape pattern index of the moose habitat was calculated by Fragstats software and a landscape ecological risk assessment model was established to analyze the landscape pattern and ecological risk dynamic changes of the moose habitat in 2015 and 2020. The results showed that under the premise of global warming, the habitat landscape contagion index decreased by 4.53 and the split index increased by 4.86 from 2015 to 2020. In terms of ecological risk: the area of low ecological risk areas increased by 0.88%; the area of medium ecological risk areas decreased by 1.11%; and the area of high ecological risk areas increased by 0.23%. The fragmentation risk of the landscape pattern of the moose habitat tends to increase, the preferred patch type is dispersed, the degree of aggregation is low, and the risk of patch type transformation increases. The middle and high ecological risk areas are mainly concentrated in the river area and its nearby forests, showing a fine and scattered distribution. Under the interference of global warming and human activities, the fragmentation trend of the moose habitat in the study area is increasing, and the habitat quality is declining, which is likely to cause moose population migration. For this reason, the author believes that the whole cold temperate forest is likely to face the risk of increasing the transformation trend of dominant patch types in the cold-temperate coniferous forest region mainly caused by global warming, resulting in an increase in the risk of habitat fragmentation. While the distribution range of moose is reduced, it has a significant impact on the diversity and ecological integrity of the whole cold-temperate forest ecosystem. This study provides theoretical references for further research on the impact of climate warming on global species distribution and related studies. It is also helpful for humans to strengthen their protection awareness of forest and river areas and formulate reasonable protection and sustainable development planning of cold-temperate forests. Finally, it provides theoretical references for effective monitoring and protection of cold-temperate forests and moose population dynamics.

Decline in Semi-Natural Grasslands and Changes in Value Perceptions in Japan’s Natural Parks

The decline in semi-natural grasslands has resulted from reduced traditional use, leading to a marked decrease in their overall area. Despite being located within Japan’s core protected area system, the effectiveness of natural parks in conserving grasslands remains unclear. This study aimed to determine whether natural parks successfully prevent the decline in grasslands. By analyzing historical changes in value perceptions toward grasslands in natural parks, natural parks’ contribution to grassland conservation and the associated challenges were explored. The study focused on the Sengokuhara grassland in Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park and incorporated previous studies on other grasslands. It revealed that grasslands have been valued for their scenic views and recreational potential since the establishment of the national park. As grassland scarcity increased nationwide, attention shifted toward rare plants found exclusively on grasslands, along with grasslands’ value as semi-natural landscapes. Consequently, natural-park-based grasslands have primarily been conserved based on these two values. However, conservation efforts within natural parks have mainly focused on regulating human activities, with limited measures to sustain nature, such as grasslands, through livelihoods. To enhance grassland conservation, it is essential to recognize their cultural value and develop mechanisms that ensure economic benefits are reinvested in conservation efforts.

Development-Induced Impacts on the Livelihoods of Displaced Communities: The Case of Bole Lemi Industry Park, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Livelihood encompasses the resources and capabilities that individuals and households utilize to ensure their survival and to enhance their well-being. This study examined the impact of the Bole Lemi Industry Park on livelihood systems in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It focused on how the establishment of the industrial park affected the livelihoods of displaced communities. A survey was conducted on 379 household heads who were displaced by the industrial park, ensuring representation across various factors such as gender, marital status, education level, ethnic group, and religion. Descriptive statistics, including frequency counts, mean values, standard deviations, and percentages, were used to analyze the data. Multiple linear regression models were employed to investigate how socioeconomic variables predicted the household heads’ annual income before and after the establishment of the park. The findings revealed that 84% of the household heads said that the BLIP has hurt their livelihoods. The majority of respondents (69%) became jobless as a result of the BLIP. Another 16% transitioned to urban lifestyles, while 7.3% shifted to semi-agrarian and 5.6% to trade and services. This study identified the balance gap between industrial development and the interests of local farming communities, and how it failed to ensure sustainable livelihoods. It is recommended that development projects in Addis Ababa prioritize the affected communities by offering compensation, support for resettlement, and opportunities for livelihood diversification. Taking a comprehensive and participatory approach to industrial park development is crucial for achieving sustainable and equitable economic growth while safeguarding the well-being of local communities.

The heterogeneous effects of Chinese industrial parks on environmental pollution

As a form of regional agglomeration, industrial parks create huge benefits for China's economic development, but they also generate considerable environmental externalities and are expected to become the breakthrough to achieve green transformation. This study builds a panel data set by combining a variety of data on the environmental and economic characteristics of firms, industrial parks, and regions, and empirically investigates the effects of establishing industrial parks on emissions of COD, NH3, SO2, and dust. We find such effects are heterogeneous across scales of investigation and types of industrial parks. After entering the industrial parks, firms can reduce their environmental pollution, and the emissions of COD, SO2 and dust have decreased by 9.3 %, 13.4 % and 4.6 %, respectively. However, the study at the regional level finds that, after the establishment of industrial parks, the overall emissions of COD, NH3, SO2, and dust have increased by 37.9 %, 365 %, 45.5 % and 34.9 %, respectively. The expansion of production scale and the increase of pollution-intensive industries are the main factors that cause more serious regional pollution. Meanwhile, the improvement of pollution treatment is very limited. After the establishment of a new park, the emission intensities of newly entered firms are higher than those of pre-existing firms, indicating industrial parks may lower environmental requirements in exchange for economic growth. Parks with clean dominant industries, high levels of water reuse and technical innovation tend to emit less pollutants. Based on the results, this study gives four suggestions for establishing environment-friendly industrial parks, that is, to plan the industrial layout rationally, to speed up the construction of pollution treatment facilities, to increase the environmental threshold for entrance, and to promote technical innovation.

Shariah and the Halal Industry

The book is comprehensively written for the general reader. The chapters begin with a series of explanations that are followed by additional read-ings on ijtihad-related aspects of shariah relevant to the halal industry. Part I concludes with a chapter on “Islam and Science,” which examines ways in which scientific research can be incorporated into Shariah. Part II states that the Department of Standards Malaysia has issued sixteen halal standards since 2004. Halal pharmaceuticals are a significant com-ponent of the halal industry’s growth. The establishment of halal parks in Malaysia’s various states and strategic locations aims to facilitate the country’s development as well. Part III of the volume analyses regional and international developments in the ASEAN region’s halal industry. Following that, a brief history, development, and diversification of the industry in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Turkey are discussed. The book closes with a summary of the book’s findings and a number of actionable recommendations.

In the northern periphery of Russia abroad. The Norwegian destiny of Anatol Ye. Heintz (1898–1975), palaeontologist and native of St Petersburg

ABSTRACT This article provides an exposé of the life and work of Anatoliy Yevgenyevich Geynts, in Norway known as Anatol Heintz. Heintz was born and raised in St Petersburg, became a Russian refugee after the revolutionary events in Russia in 1917–1918, and ended up in Norway with his family. Later Heintz became renowned in the world of science as a Professor, Academician, and one of the founding fathers of Norwegian palaeontology, as well as a well-known promoter of scientific knowledge among the common people in Norway. At the same time, he was an active participant in and organizer of scientific expeditions to Spitsbergen (Svalbard) in search of fish fossils, but he also became one of the pioneers in the protection of wild animals and establishment of natural parks on this Arctic archipelago. Heintz’s life is examined against the background of social and cultural processes that Russian emigrants faced in this so-called “first wave” of emigration in the twentieth century, processes of socio-cultural adaptation and integration into their new country of residence. The conditions for finding oneself and ways of preserving one’s Russianness in the large colonies of the Russian diaspora, which appeared in Berlin, Prague, and Paris, are compared with the conditions in the northern periphery of Europe and a small country like Norway. The paper focuses on what Anatol Heintz did to preserve his Russian identity, and how he simultaneously struggled to become fully recognized as a Norwegian citizen.