Parking System Research Articles

Smart Car Parking System

This project proposes a smart car parking system that utilizes Arduino UNO, a servo motor, a 16x2 i2c LCD display, two IR sensors (one at the entry and the other at the exit), a PAM 8403 Amp, and a speaker to inform the user about the availability of parking slots. The system works by detecting the presence of a car using the IR sensors and updating the display to show the number of available slots. The servo motor controls the barrier at the entry and exit, while the PAM 8403 Amp and speaker provide voice notifications to guide the driver through the parking process. This system simplifies the parking process by providing real- time information and voice guidance, enhancing the overall parking experience.

Optimizing the configuration of electric vehicle charging piles in public parking lots based on a multi-agent model

With the rapid development of electric vehicles, how to improve the charging efficiency of electric vehicles has become a challenge. The Chinese government has made great efforts to build charging piles. At present, the most popular construction mode is to build charging piles on a fixed proportion of spaces in existing parking lots. The proportions of charging piles recommended by the government, which is known as a one-size-fits-all strategy. Challenges have arisen with the growth of electric vehicles, such as how to keep hot charging piles from overheating. This paper mainly simulates the actual demand and optimizes the configuration of charging piles to reduce the uneven spatial distribution of charging demand, to improve the overall utilization efficiency of regional charging stations. In particular, based on agent-based simulation technology, a multi-agent system of the road network, vehicles, and charging stations is constructed to simulate the charging behavior in the mixed scenario of electric vehicles and traditional fuel vehicles. The optimization model aims to design the configuration of charging piles to minimize the sum of electric vehicle queueing time, gasoline vehicle queueing time, and vehicle transfer time to idle parking lots. The model is solved by the genetic algorithm. This paper takes the Wulin Square business district in Hangzhou as a real-world example. The simulation results show that by optimizing the number of charging piles, the objective function is reduced by 17.1% compared with the initial number of charging piles, which effectively improves the operation efficiency of the parking system. To this end, this paper predicts the electric vehicle charging demand in the city and optimizes the configuration of charging facilities, which is conducive to maximizing social benefits in the transportation system and has good practical engineering application value.

River Park Assessment: 2D Hydraulic Watercourse Modeling for Nature-based Solutions in Urban Area

Over time, fragmentation of semi-natural habitats in urban areas has become a pressing concern, disrupting ecological processes within cities. The focus on preserving open ecosystems has grown, highlighting the need to enhance resilience in urban riverside areas for effective ecosystem restoration. Comprehensive studies on river valleys, considering both hydrology and ecology, play a crucial role in urban river ecosystem development. Our article explores the potential of protective zones with urban vegetation and watercourses as Nature-based Solution within Krakow's ongoing riverine park system development. The study's cross-sections in the River Park area revealed dominant velocities ranging from 0.67 to 2.0 m s-1for SWQ (mean annual maximum flow) and below 0.67 m s-1for Q1% (1% annual exceedance probability flow). The hydrological analysis accurately captured the natural river bed channels' curvature, providing the basis for a two-dimensional mathematical model to visualize the hydraulic structure of protected sites. Integrating water and greenery management systems in urban areas offers significant potential for adapting to climate change, mitigating extreme weather events. Our research's novelty lies in applying 2D hydraulic modeling, demonstrating how River Parks can serve as climate change mitigation solutions in urban environments.

Revolutionizing Urban Mobility: IoT-Enhanced Autonomous Parking Solutions with Transfer Learning for Smart Cities.

Smart cities have emerged as a specialized domain encompassing various technologies, transitioning from civil engineering to technology-driven solutions. The accelerated development of technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), software-defined networks (SDN), 5G, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, and analytics, has played a crucial role in providing solutions for smart cities. Smart cities heavily rely on devices, ad hoc networks, and cloud computing to integrate and streamline various activities towards common goals. However, the complexity arising from multiple cloud service providers offering myriad services necessitates a stable and coherent platform for sustainable operations. The Smart City Operational Platform Ecology (SCOPE) model has been developed to address the growing demands, and incorporates machine learning, cognitive correlates, ecosystem management, and security. SCOPE provides an ecosystem that establishes a balance for achieving sustainability and progress. In the context of smart cities, Internet of Things (IoT) devices play a significant role in enabling automation and data capture. This research paper focuses on a specific module of SCOPE, which deals with data processing and learning mechanisms for object identification in smart cities. Specifically, it presents a car parking system that utilizes smart identification techniques to identify vacant slots. The learning controller in SCOPE employs a two-tier approach, and utilizes two different models, namely Alex Net and YOLO, to ensure procedural stability and improvement.

Accelerating Benders decomposition approach for shared parking spaces allocation considering parking unpunctuality and no-shows

By allocating idle private parking spaces to demanders, shared parking reuses idle resources and effectively alleviates parking problems. In practice, there may be parking unpunctuality behavior of demanders, as well as the potential no-show behavior of owners and demanders. These stochastic factors affect the allocation of shared parking spaces. In this paper, we study the shared parking spaces allocation problem considering parking unpunctuality and no-shows. First, the allocation problem considering parking unpunctuality is formulated as a stochastic programming model, with the objective to maximize the profit of the shared parking platform. Sample average approximation (SAA) combined with an accelerating Benders decomposition (ABD) algorithm is exploited to solve the model effectively, where initial optimality cuts are explored to speed up the convergence of the algorithm. Then the proposed approach is extended to incorporate no-shows. Numerical experiments show great performance of the proposed approach. The experiments also show that the fluctuations of the unpunctual time and the no-show probability have a significant impact on the shared parking system, and balanced supply and demand is helpful to increase the profit of the platform and the satisfaction of demanders.

Traffic Calming Measures and Their Slowing Effect on the Pedestrian Refuge Approach Sections

The ever-increasing use of motor vehicles causes a number of traffic safety and community issues, which are particularly severe in cities, accompanied by a scarcity of parking spaces and challenges encountered in road layout alteration projects. The commonly applied solutions include the designation of through streets, the implementation of on-street parking on residential streets, and retrofitted traffic calming measures (TCMs). This article presents the results of the study conducted on a two-way street where the Metered Parking System (MPS) was implemented together with diagonal and parallel parking spaces, refuge islands, horizontal deflection, and lane narrowing by a single-sided chicane. The aim of this study was to identify those TCMs that effectively helped to reduce the island approach speed. The heuristic method was applied to assess the effect of the respective TCMs on reducing the island approach speed, and the key speed reduction determinants were defined using a cause-and-effect diagram and a Pareto chart. The determinants were evaluated with the binary system and tautological inference principles, whereby a determinant was rated as true when it was found in the field, with a simultaneous speed reduction determined in the survey. Determinants that were not confirmed in the field were rated untrue. Comparative analyses were carried out to rate the respective TCMs as effective, moderately effective, or ineffective. In this way, the following three determinants were rated as the most important for speed reduction at refuge islands: free view, visibility of a pedestrian on the right-hand side of the island, and the refuge island surroundings. Although the study was limited to a single street in Poland, the findings may hold true in other countries where similar TCMs are used.

Paid Parking Performance at Depok Lama Station

PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) or PT KAI is a State-Owned Enterprise (BUMN) that provides rail transportation services, the old Depok station is one of PT KAI's operating facilities which stops regularly to get on and off passengers, Depok Lama Station is in the area operational area one located in Pancoran Mas District, Depok city. The increase in passengers at the Old Depok Station and the inability to accommodate parking facilities at the Old Depok Station. Some passengers choose to park their vehicles in private parking lots. Therefore, according to the author, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of the current parking area as a future plan. So that it can provide an alternative solution for parking lots at the Old Depok Station, and also overcome so that train passengers don't get a parking space anymore. It also aims to provide comfort for train passengers. This research was conducted to evaluate the parking area at Depok Lama Station. This evaluation is an important step that must be carried out, in order to identify problems that occur in the parking system at Depok Lama Station. This data collection uses a quantitative method with direct observation in the field at the old Depok station, while the literature is used as a reference for secondary data. Based on the survey results and data analysis that the author obtained for 10 days, namely the existing condition of the parking lot obtained secondary data using the survey method so as to produce existing data on a 230m2 motorbike parking area with a capacity of 100 SRP (Parking Space Unit) and a slope angle of 90° at the station old depot. In this analytical study, the results of the largest accumulated stasis capacity were 143 vehicles with an average parking duration of 08:14 hours on Thursday, 01 June 2023. During the ten days of the survey it was found that the maximum parking volume was 150 vehicles with an accumulation of vehicle parking a maximum of 150 vehicles that occurred on June 1, 2023, the highest turnover of motorcycle parking at Depok Lama Station reached 150.00%, this indicates that the performance of motorcycle parking is quite high. The capacity of motorbike parking space at the old Depok station can meet the existing parking needs. This is shown by looking at the parking index exceeding 100%.

Development of Engineering Thinking and Education in Secondary Schools of Russia and China

The relevance of the claimed research is determined by the insufficient knowledge of the development of engineering thinking and engineering education among high school students in Russia and China. The authors focus on the fact that recently in both countries there has been a literally “boom” in the development of engineering thinking and education in schools, starting from the initial stage and ending with high school. The purpose of the article is to identify and characterize the problem of the development of engineering thinking and engineering education among high school students in Russia and China. The authors analyze the main directions and describe a number of successful initiatives implemented in these countries that contribute to the successful development of engineering thinking and engineering education among high school students. Methodology and research methods. Analysis of scientific literature on the development of engineering thinking and engineering education among high school students, regulatory and program documentation and projects implemented in schools of the countries under study showed the importance of this area. Research results. The study confirmed that the development of engineering thinking and engineering education among high school students in Russia and China allows the younger generation to consciously make a professional choice and acquire motivation to study subjects of the natural science cycle. The development of engineering thinking and engineering education among high school students in Russia and China in the last decade has been under intense attention and support from the governments of these countries. A new system of technology parks is characterized, which contributes to the involvement of most of the school youth to a technical specialty. Conclusion. The study of the development of engineering thinking and education in secondary schools in Russia and China is of great theoretical and practical importance for preparing the younger generations for life and professional activity. The study of the positive experience of China can be important for understanding, enriching and the possibility of its use in domestic practice, taking into account the cultural characteristics of our country.

The Influence of Parents’ Outdoor Recreation Preferences on Children’s Outdoor Activities in State Parks

Parents play a vital role in influencing their children’s outdoor recreation participation. Families can enjoy nature and stay active in state parks, which provide abundant opportunities for outdoor recreation and education. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between parents’ experiences with, and attitudes toward, outdoor recreation and children’s participation in outdoor recreation for one state park system. A total of 104 parents completed an online survey in spring 2020. In these state park settings, parents generally valued their children’s participation in nonconsumptive outdoor recreation activities more than consumptive activities. A series of chi-square analyses further indicated, however, that parents who prefer engaging in consumptive recreation activities placed higher importance on their children’s participation in the consumptive activities of fishing and hunting. Parents’ outdoor recreation activity preferences did not reflect differences in their own levels of physical activity but did relate to variations in their children’s physical activity levels.

Assessment of future parking systems with autonomous vehicles through agent-based simulation: A case study of Hangzhou, China

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are expected to transform urban parking. AVs may not require dedicated parking spaces near their destination. Instead, AVs can drive to the optimal parking lot, cruise, or return to the origin after the passenger gets off. Previous research on AV parking strategies has largely overlooked actual trip patterns and road network conditions that can affect the effectiveness and feasibility of these strategies. In this paper, we construct an agent-based simulation model to assess the potential impacts of AVs on urban parking, focusing on new AV parking strategies. Using the real traffic network and trip data of Hangzhou, we assess the impacts on overall network efficiency, personal trip, and parking demand under different AV penetration rates. Results show that AVs could decrease the total parking cost from 23 to 6 RMB and increase parking convenience for both AVs and human-driven vehicles (HDVs). 21% of AVs will still choose to park, while 70% will return to the origin. On average, each trip with AV will generate an additional zero-occupant distance of 8.8 km, exacerbating the congestion. The findings indicate the benefits and challenges of new AV parking strategies, providing valuable insights for future urban parking planning and policy making.

Development of Energy Efficiency Activities at El Bosque University to Contribute to Climate Change

This article demonstrate that the increase reached by the University El Bosque promoted by the UIgreenmetric focuses on the Energy and Climate Change approach is important for the organization. The results on calculating the carbon footprint are important for thecommunity of the Forest for having Environmental responsibility, Awareness of the university community, cost savings and Institutional image. By doing that The educational institution installed 1,227 panels solar which contribute to reduce 79.2 tons of CO2 per year, whose function generates a percentage change of 20.11% in the facilities located in Usaquen. The bicycle parking system increased the use of the bicycle as transportation within the community university in more than 100%. Well, before the installation of the new bicycle parking spaces, the bicycle rotation at the University estimated a t 200 bicycles a day, while currently, the average daily turnover of bicycles is estimated at 528. In the first room, the elevators have a system of LED lights, which make the energy consumption related to Cabin lighting is greatly dimmed. They also provide greater durability luminaires and great savings on the bill electrical.

Face and number plate recognition for car anti-theft

Smart parking systems along with that is continuous development of new technologies, are widely applied to improve our lives. It can also add new technologies with advanced functions making it a multi-functional management system. Thanks to the anti-theft technologies that are installed, modern cars are significantly more difficult to steal than they once were. However, electrical systems can still experience issues, though and malfunction at some point. This paper suggests using video image recognition technology, at car parks and parking lots as an anti-theft solution, alerting the presence of the non-owner of vehicle in the driver’s seat. The system automatically predicts whether the driver is valid with the registration number plate. The image of the car is captured by the camera at the entrance gates of the parking lot. The proposed algorithm includes face recognition in images, building a deep learning convolutional network that classifies faces (subscriber’s images); using Cascade trainer to train number plate object recognition, vehicle number recognition through character recognition technique. The system can recognize reality through a personal computer connected to the camera at the scene or through photos and video files. Result, the model can face recognition and match to license plate in at a moment.

Cervical Foraminal Changes in Patients with Intermittent Arm Radiculopathy Studied with a New MRI-Compatible Compression Device.

Diagnosing cervical foraminal stenosis with intermittent arm radiculopathy is challenging due to discrepancies between MRI findings and symptoms. This can be attributed to the fact that MRI images are often obtained in a relaxed supine position. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of the Dynamic MRI Compression System (DMRICS) and to assess possible changes in cervical foramina, with both quantitative measurements and qualitative grading systems, with MRI during a simulated Spurling test. Ten patients (five women and five men, ages 29-45) with previously confirmed cervical foraminal stenosis underwent MRI scans using DMRICS. MRI images were acquired in both relaxed and provoked states. A radiologist assessed 30 foramina (C4-C7) on the symptomatic side in both patient positions. Quantitative and qualitative measures were performed, including the numeric rating scale (NRS) and the Park and Kim grading systems. The provoked state induced concordant neck and arm pain in 9 of 10 patients. Significant shifts in Park and Kim foraminal gradings were noted: 13 of 27 Park gradings and 9 of 27 Kim gradings escalated post provocation. No quantitative changes were observed. This pilot study indicates that the DMRICS device has the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy for cervical radiculopathy, demonstrating induced cervical foraminal changes during a simulated Spurling test while performing MRI.

Mathematical Modeling of a Fuzzy Logic-Based Car Parking System

This paper presents the mathematical modeling of a fuzzy logic-based car parking system. Many people are facing problems parking vehicles in parking lots in most urban cities. The technology of fuzzy-based systems is necessary for all vehicle users to acquire parking slots in cities. A smart parking system helps in obtaining information about available parking spaces, organizing and processing it, and then placing the car in a certain position. The method adopted makes use of a fuzzy-based smart car parking system to develop the usage of small parking spaces for parking lots to allow the parking of vehicles based on their weight. A set of rules was used in the fuzzy logic to control two sets of parking decisions, namely the vehicle entry decision and the inpark decision, by bearing in mind the weight of vehicles and the availability of parking spaces in the parking mall. The results obtained show that the smart car parking system keeps the availability of parking lots in equilibrium, depending on the entry and exit of vehicles. In conclusion, it was discovered that the total number of vehicles granted entry at each time interval depends on the availability of parking lots on each designated floor.

An rPark-branded Proposed Smart Occupancy Detection System for Parking

Due to the growing of the city population, progressively more vehicles are moving through the urban area in demand for parking lots, often causal to the worldwide difficulty of traffic jams. The existing parking system does not have a decent method to know whether the slots are empty or not. So, the user/driver has to rummage around to find an empty slot. As a result, there is a lot of traffic jam on the road, which destroys the normal life of the people. This paper focuses on how to improve the existing parking lot’s occupancy detection system in a scientific way and proposed the smart parking occupancy detection system named rPark. rPark is offered as an innovative technique for detecting parking occupancy. For the initial stage, Ultra High Frequency static RFID chips are installed on the asphalt and cross-examined by RFID interrogator antennas over the parking spots to notice the usage status. A maximum of the difficulties of the existing state-of-the-art parking usage recognition methods are not existing in this scheme. rPark was examined and employed to illustrate an experimental analysis in a physical domain out-of-doors parking spot and has been verified to have a system’s parking detection accuracy is about 100%.

Multiple territorialities and the shifting conservation frontiers of Patagonia

AbstractThis conclusion to the In‐Focus issue examines the conservation frontier in Patagonia. The conservation frontier is a historical process of spatial transformation connected to the mobilization of imaginaries that unlock existing regimes of resource control and promote new territorialization projects. The discussion highlights the creation of national park systems, the securing of the contested border, and the conversion of Andean Patagonia into a space of sublime wilderness. We argue that the contemporary conservation frontier is an open field of contestation defined by its multiplicities. The articles comprising the special issue reflect crosscutting themes regarding frontier multiplicities: varied conservation‐based territorialization projects; the genesis of onto‐epistemic frictions between actors; and disparate frontier temporalities that anchor spatial transformations. These contemporary frontier projects draw attention to new avenues of change related to Indigenous self‐rule and carework, co‐management regimes, infrastructure building efforts, and eco‐apocalyptic temporalities, as well as hyping the possibility of Patagonia as a bastion for alternative energy. Thus, this conclusion highlights how conservation frontiers are historically made and remade in relation to spatial production tied to capitalist dynamics and state formation.

Evaluation of the energy-economic-environment potential of urban-scale photovoltaic bus parking lots: The case of Tianjin, China

Integrating urban bus parking lots with photovoltaics is an important solution to promote carbon neutrality and net zero emissions in transportation systems. Except for the research on the integration of photovoltaics with car parking lots and bus roofs, not much attention has been paid to photovoltaic bus parking lots so far. We develop a new methodology for evaluating the potential of urban-scale photovoltaic bus parking lots. We use Google Earth, Baidu Panorama Map, Grasshopper, UAV, and PVSYST to evaluate the electrical generation potential of the bus parking lots integrated with photovoltaics in the central urban area of Tianjin. Considering the actual driving conditions of buses, the operating income and expenditure, and lifecycle energy demand, we evaluate the charging potential, economic feasibility, and environmental benefits of photovoltaic bus parking lots. The results show that the electrical generation of photovoltaic bus parking lot in the first year is 53971.96 MWh, which can meet the normal operation of 50% electric buses. When the self-use ratio of photovoltaic bus parking lot electrical generation is 40%, 80% and 100%, the system will reach the balance of payments in the 6.21st, 4.79th and 4.31st year respectively. The energy payback time of the photovoltaic bus parking system is 4.00 years. Our research demonstrates that photovoltaic bus parking lots have significant potential as one of the strategies for low-carbon and green transportation development in China. We also discuss policy measures that can promote their large-scale application. Finally, the method proposed in this study can help evaluate and understand the feasibility of charging electric buses by integrating photovoltaics in bus parking lots covering large-scale urban areas, thereby supporting decision-making and better planning of PV-integrated bus parking lot.

Security analysis of fog computing environment for ensuring the security and privacy of information

AbstractIn fog computing, the management, measurement, configuration, control, communication, and storage tasks are carried out collaboratively by one or more near‐user or end users. Fog computing is widely utilized in major application domains like centralized fog utilized in a shopping complex (UXFog), agriculture domain (FoAgro), health‐care domain (MediFog), vehicle parking system, and energy Lattices. The execution of fog computing at the system's edge provides the elevated quality of service (QoS), promotes area mindfulness, and minimal dormancy for the continuous and online streaming application areas. Fog networking is extremely concerned about wireless system security due to the prevalence of wireless communication in fog computing. Sniffer attacks, Jamming assaults, and several other intrusions are considered examples of security issues. While considering network storage issues, factors like interaction management, dynamic workload, and low dormancy are the most challenging aspects of designing the network model. Thus, privacy and security issues are crucial while designing the network model, accomplished through intrusion detection, access control and authentication methods. Therefore, the security analysis of fog computing based on authentication, access control and intrusion detection mechanisms are analyzed in this research to design a novel technique with enhanced security and privacy features for sharing and accessing information.

The Pavement Conditions Around Xian Jiaotong Liverpool University Town and Suggestions for Improvement

Suzhou, known as the Land of Fish and Rice, is located in the middle of the Yangtze Delta in southern Jiangsu Province. Xian Jiaotong Liverpool University, located in the city of Suzhou, is currently the largest Sino-foreign cooperative university in China, with a campus built with modern infrastructures and an independent environment. However, with an increased number of citizens traveling to the university, as well as night market culture being popular at the campus, the road at the campus has been considered to become congested and accident-prone. Hence, this work evaluated the existing road construction, and the road conditions during daytime and nighttime at the university, and analyzed the possible causes of traffic jams and accidents at the campus, such as lack of driving skills for people, or weak road conditions, which further give suggestions to avoid traffic jam, such as improve road signs, construct multi-usage road, and more parking lots with advanced parking system.

Trustworthiness Assessment for Crowdsourcing-Based Citywide Parking Availability Sensing via Connected and Automated Vehicles

Real-time status acquisition of parking spaces is highly valuable for an intelligent urban parking system. Crowdsourcing-based parking availability sensing via connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) provides a feasible method with the advantages of high coverage and low cost. However, data trust issues arise from incorrect detection and incomplete information. This paper proposes a trustworthiness assessment method for crowdsourced CAV data considering different impact factors, such as the distance between the CAV and the target parking space, line abrasion, scene complexity, and image sharpness. The crowdsourced CAV data are collected through extensive field experiments and PreScan simulations. The classical line detection algorithm of VPS-Net and the target detection algorithm of YOLO-v3 are applied to detect on-street parking availability. A failure probability model based on the XGBoost algorithm is then developed to establish the relationship between data trustworthiness and different impact factors. The results show that the proposed model has an average accuracy of 78.29% and can effectively assess the degrees of external influences on the trustworthiness of the crowdsourced data. This paper provides a new tool to identify the data quality and improve the sensing accuracy for a crowdsourcing-based parking availability information system.