Parking Requirements Research Articles

The adequacy of residential parking requirements: a comparison of demand and required supply in European cities

Minimum residential parking requirements exist in most European cities to regulate the number of off-street parking spaces built for new or converted residential buildings. As minimum parking requirements can have various negative impacts, they are controversially discussed and increasingly complemented or replaced by maximum requirements in several cities around the world. This paper evaluates the adequacy of residential minimum and maximum parking requirements in 12 mid-sized cities in Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland. By calculating the number of required parking spaces and by comparing this required supply to the estimated parking demand, we evaluate the impacts and possible steering effects of parking standards. We base our estimations on a hypothetical scenario, in which all existing residential buildings comply with the requirements and use the number of registered cars as a proxy for residential parking demand.Our results reveal great differences between the cities’ parking standards. Some cities have minimum requirements, which would lead to a parking supply exceeding the current parking demand in large, mainly densely-populated and centrally located areas. These requirements would result in an oversupply of off-street parking at the place of residence of more than 50% of all residents, which in some areas would even exceed the parking demand by a factor of 2. In contrast to that, other cities have quite stringent requirements, which fall well below the current parking demand at the place of residence of 64 to 81% of all residents. Some of these restrictive cities complement their minimum parking requirements with additional measures by enforcing maximum requirements, limiting access to parking permits or reducing the overall parking capacity. Based on these findings, we discuss the adequacy of the parking requirements, their likely underlying objectives and their possible impacts on future urban development.

Determinants of bicycle ownership and use: A case study of apartment residents in Melbourne, Australia

Cycling can offer a range of benefits for individuals and society, yet factors influencing bicycle ownership and use are not well understood, particularly among apartment residents where the provision of bicycle parking is stipulated by planning requirements. A survey of 480 apartment residents was undertaken in Melbourne, Australia, with results analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression modelling. Results show that households owned 0.86 bicycles on average, much higher than the current bicycle parking requirement of 0.2 spaces per household for new apartment developments. Additionally, 28% of respondents reported using a bicycle in the last week. Factors associated with bicycle ownership and use included various socio-demographics, attitudes, preferences, and built environment and transport characteristics. In general, these factors were far more extensive than previous studies that have considered all housing types together. Notably, the availability of off-street bicycle parking was found to increase the odds of an apartment household owning one bicycle, compared with none, by more than two times. The results imply that increasing bicycle ownership and use among apartment residents requires a multifaceted approach, including adequate bicycle parking requirements that vary both spatially and by apartment size, along with programs and events that can foster positive attitudes towards cycling.

Strategic Transportation Planning: Co-Site Planning at Coolwood SA Company

This technical report presents a meticulous exploration of the site planning endeavours undertaken by CoolWood SA, a distinguished entity in wood furniture production, as it endeavours to relocate its operations to Hasselt, Belgium. With over 15 years of industry expertise, CoolWood SA seeks to optimize spatial utilization and operational efficiency through strategic site planning. The report delves into the intricacies of site location, area adjustment, department allocation, external flow access to the warehouse, and current road infrastructure analysis. Utilizing a multifaceted approach, CoolWood SA collaborated with Afro International Transport Planning Consultants to employ various software tools and adhere to international standards throughout the planning process. Key findings include detailed area adjustments, department allocations aimed at enhancing operational efficiency, and analyses of internal circulation, parking requirements, and external traffic movement. Notable measures such as prioritizing employee safety, accommodating diverse transportation modes, and promoting cleanliness and hygiene within the facility are meticulously outlined. The report concludes with insights gleaned from sight distance analyses, swept analysis simulations, and overarching recommendations for CoolWood SA to elevate safety standards and facilitate industry growth. By implementing the proposed strategies and measures, CoolWood SA stands poised to navigate its relocation journey with precision and foresight

Model of Kalitidu Traditional Market's Off-Street Parking Requirements

Model of Kalitidu Traditional Market's Off-Street Parking Requirements

Bicycle Parking Requirements in City Building Codes and Their Potential to Promote Sustainability

Bicycle parking requirements in building codes are an important tool for promoting cycling, as several studies have shown that the provision of secure parking increases cycling rates and contributes to sustainability. However, bicycle parking requirements are not comprehensive across the EU and vary widely within countries and between municipalities, which questions what aspects they should consider. This paper analyzes the literature and guidelines on parking requirements and compares their implementation in ten German and four international cities both qualitatively, examining specific requirements for parking facilities, and quantitatively, examining the number of spaces required. The results show that most guidelines set comparable standards in terms of quality and quantity. However, the quality standards defined in the actual building codes are heterogeneous. While most cities require features such as the ability to lock the bicycle frame, they do not adequately address different user groups and insufficiently consider e-bike charging infrastructure. Most cities meet the guidelines for the required number of bicycle parking spaces, but lack a clear rationale based on local conditions, which can lead to an unsustainable under- or oversupply. In summary, cities do not fully utilize the potential of parking requirements to promote cycling because of incomplete qualitative standards.

Missing Housing: How Los Angeles Is Wasting Multifamily Housing Units in the Midst of a Housing Crisis

Like other US cities, Los Angeles faces a housing crisis, with sale and rental prices exceeding the national average. We used data on property characteristics and zoning status to examine properties zoned for multifamily use in the city of Los Angeles, particularly those not building to their legally permitted maximum number of units, to determine whether those properties were capable of reaching this level of development. Our study reveals a 400,000-unit unbuilt allowable housing gap, predominantly in properties over 50 years old. We analyzed the properties as-built and developed scenarios under which they were built to their legal maximums, and found evidence that regulatory limits, mainly minimum parking requirements (MPRs), inhibit full development of these properties. However, there are also a large number of additional allowable units in buildings that do not face regulatory constraints. Our analysis of the upzoning Transit-Oriented Communities policy reveals that while zoning changes allow for more multifamily developments, many eligible properties still face regulatory hurdles. Our research shows that a core strategy for improving the Los Angeles area housing shortages should be policies to facilitate older properties redeveloping or adding units.

Determinants of zero-car and car-owning apartment households

AbstractWhile much research has explored the determinants of car ownership, there is little understanding of these factors in the context of apartment households, where off-street car parking provision is frequently stipulated by planning requirements and zero-car households are more evident. Drawing on a survey of apartment residents (n = 1316) in three Australian cities, this study aimed to understand the determinants of zero-car and car-owning apartment households. The data was analysed using binary and multinominal logistic regression, including random parameter modelling. A joint model of car ownership and off-street car parking supply was also developed to account for potential endogeneity between these two variables. The results highlight the significant association between car ownership and off-street car parking supply, alongside a range of socio-demographics, attitudes, perceptions, built environment and transport characteristics. An additional off-street car parking space, on average, was found to increase the odds of having 2+ cars, compared with zero cars, by around 10 times. The findings imply that reducing off-street residential car parking requirements can play a significant role in supporting lower car ownership levels among apartment households.

Integrating YOLOv8 with Fuzzy Logic System: A Novel Hybrid Approach for Efficient Parking Slot Availability Management

In urban areas, the challenge of finding parking spaces has become a significant concern, leading to congestion, wasted time, and increased pollution. Traditional parking management systems often lack the efficiency needed to address this issue adequately. In this paper, a novel approach was proposed to smart parking management that integrates the YOLOv8 model and fuzzy logic system. YOLOv8, a state-of-the-art object detection algorithm, enables real-time detection and tracking of vehicles within parking lots. By utilizing YOLOv8, the system can accurately identify vacant parking spaces in a timely manner. Furthermore, fuzzy logic was employed to enhance decision-making in selecting the optimal parking slot for users. Fuzzy logic enables the system to consider various factors such as proximity to the destination, parking space size, and distance from the entrance. By incorporating fuzzy logic into the decision-making process, the system can provide personalized recommendations tailored to individual user preferences and parking requirements. Based on the fuzzy inputs namely distance from entrance, proximity to exit and space, the system analyzes the best parking slot and assigns “rank” which is also fuzzy output. The decision can be made based on the rank provided to every slot of the parking lot. Slots with the highest rank should be preferred for parking because they are more suitable as they provide ease to parking the cars and can be suitable to customized needs of the users. The model can be deployed with LCD screens at various parking lots in order to save fuel and time of the commuters.

Tikus Island's Edu Maritime Tourism (Marine Edu Park) Infrastructure Development Strategy

This Study aims to analyse developing a strategy for developing the tourist infrastructure on Tikus Island. Information accessibility was determined to be the priority strategy that was urgently required based on the findings of the analysis performed using AHP. This strategy aims to enhance travellers' overall travel experiences by encouraging them to make educated decisions. Information on marine tourism is essential, especially on a small island like Tikus Island. Second, the accessibility and condition of public restrooms for tourists. Third, the significance of having appropriate transit vessels to accommodate maritime visitors. Fourth, the strategy concentrates on offering suitable lodging choices and amenities for maritime tourists Fifth, it stresses the accessibility of dining establishments geared toward marine tourists. Sixth, it focuses on giving visitors access to sufficient parking. It seeks to address guests' parking requirements when they arrive in private vehicles by providing easy-to-access parking places close to popular tourist attractions. Seventh, highlights the value of having efficient management processes to deal with potential risks and emergencies. Supporting variables were found to have a tourism infrastructure development strategy on Tikus Island. This research explains a lot about the new types of infrastructure that can be applied in the region. The recommendations given have long-term development goals and strategic innovations. The results of this study are beneficial as a reference for sustainable regional development that focuses on increasing the income of coastal communities. Utilization of Tikus Island natural resources with good facilities.

After the Minimum Parking Requirement

Problem, research strategy, and findings Minimum parking requirements (MPRs) have been criticized for creating excess parking, degrading urban form, reducing housing affordability, and encouraging automobile dependency. As a result, many American cities have begun to reduce or remove parking minimums in some or all areas. However, existing research on the effects of these policy changes has focused only on the analysis of parking supply. We investigated the broader results of parking reform at a small university city in the Midwest that removed MPRs for downtown and university districts. Our quasi-experimental research found that onsite parking construction in the deregulated zones decreased dramatically, from 108% of the earlier requirement to only 46%, clearly indicating that MPRs had enforced oversupply of parking. Of the 43 new major developments built in the 7 years following the parking reform, 84% provided less parking than previous requirements, including eight developments with zero parking. The reduction in onsite parking led to more efficient use of existing parking stock, both public and private. Furthermore, the removal of MPRs, combined with other policies, helped improve urban form by increasing housing density, promoting active building frontages, and guiding a growing share of new developments to transit-rich and walkable districts. Takeaway for practice American cities stand to benefit greatly by relaxing or repealing parking requirements. Cities that expect resistance to parking reforms can take a targeted and incremental approach, first removing MPRs in denser areas such as downtowns, transit corridors, and other prime districts where an oversupply of parking is typically being reinforced by uniform MPRs. The case of Champaign (IL) demonstrates that a targeted district-scale reform is likely to encounter minimal opposition.

PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION AND PLACEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL VEHICLES ON THE TERRITORY OF RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT

The analysis of approaches to the problem of permanent and temporary storage of personal transport in resi-dential buildings is given. The main reasons for the congestion of house territories with cars are shown. Using the example of the development of the city of Kursk, the actual number of parking spaces is investigated, which is com-pared with the calculated indicators made on the basis of regional regulatory documents. Examples of car storage in the existing buildings of two types are considered: the average number of storeys in the middle of the XX century and multi-storey buildings of the beginning of the XXI century. The results of the analysis are presented in the form of dia-grams illustrating the shortage of parking spaces in the territories of residential groups. The sequence of actions to ensure a sufficient number of parking spaces and reduce the load on the city's road network is given and justified: the construction of a minimum number of storage places for vehicles, taking into account its features, a ban on the com-missioning of residential and public buildings of any class without underground parking, subsidies for the purchase or rental of parking spaces for the population, the creation of a developed alternative to personal transport and com-pliance with parking requirements in designated areas. The use of architectural and planning solutions of parking lots for the existing urban development is justified. Using examples of the typical residential environment of Kursk makes it possible to apply the proposed methods for other cities.

Developer Response to the Removal of Minimum Parking Requirements in Buffalo

The widespread adoption of minimum parking requirements in American zoning codes has resulted in off-street parking provision as a compulsory part of the land development process. A robust academic literature on the effects of minimum parking requirements has identified that parking prioritization induces more driving and results in harmful consequences such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and sprawl. On the adoption of its 2017 Unified Development Ordinance (Green Code), Buffalo (NY) became the first major city in the United States to implement the complete removal of minimum parking requirements. The new zoning code sans parking minimums offers real estate developers greater flexibility on new real estate development projects because off-street parking lots can be reduced in size or removed altogether from developments, and land previously reserved for required off-street parking can now be used in other ways on development sites. To better understand the development responses to parking deregulation in Buffalo, we conducted a series of in-depth interviews with 10 real estate development and lending professionals that have been involved in new development projects since 2017. Three takeaway messages emerged. First, when minimum parking requirements are removed, parcels amid high-walkability and multimodal travel opportunities are more desirable for development. Second, lower parking ratios are useful for infill development projects and contribute to filling existing gaps in the urban fabric. Third, the removal of parking requirements enables developers to benefit from increased feasibility on projects, both in relation to financial viability and the ability to configure developments on smaller urban parcels.

On the management of residential on-street parking: Policies and repercussions

Cities usually handle residential parking through on-street parking management and off-street parking requirements. The two can impact each other but are frequently strategized independently. This paper focuses on residential on-street parking management, which is often dealt with through residential parking permit programs. A survey shows that there are two main types of programs: one that gives precedence to residents and another that restricts residential parking, with mainly the latter being politically explosive. Nevertheless, there is scant literature on the policies implemented in different cities internationally. More research efforts could lead to the formulation of sustainable policies and make the procedures more politically acceptable, in particular given new technologies that help eliminate the high installation and maintenance costs of meters and enforcement. The qualitative and quantitative evidence is analyzed to distill practical real-life solutions.

Minimum parking requirements and car ownership: An analysis of Swedish municipalities

Transportation is a major contributor to anthropogenic climate change driven primarily by private automobility and for nearly a century, cities have used a suite of policies and regulations that reinforce high rates of car ownership. One such regulation is minimum parking requirements, enacted to ensure that private properties can accommodate the storage of private vehicles. In recent years, cities have begun to reevaluate these parking requirements, with some municipalities reducing them, others providing opportunities for flexible parking, and some even removing parking requirements in part or all of the city. This article explores the relationship between parking requirements and car ownership by analyzing a survey of 56 municipalities across Sweden. In this paper, we develop two methods for comparing different parking metrics that municipalities use (parking spaces per apartment and parking spaces per building area). Our analysis examines variation between different sizes and classifications of municipalities. We find that across all municipalities, there is a positive relationship between minimum parking requirements and car ownership, meaning that higher minimum parking requirements are associated with higher rates of car ownership. City size is an important factor in rates of car ownership, but our analysis shows that even among similarly sized municipalities, minimum parking requirements tend to be associated with higher rates of car ownership. These findings show that reducing parking minimums can be an effective policy to reduce car ownership, but it is important to consider that these changes only impact new development and repurposing parking areas in existing housing areas may be an equally effective policy to curb car ownership.

Do apartment residents have enough car parking? An empirical assessment of car parking adequacy in Australian cities

In planning new apartment developments, off-street car parking provision is frequently raised as a key concern. However, there is little understanding of the adequacy of off-street car parking for individual apartment households. Drawing on a survey of apartment residents in Perth, Melbourne, and Sydney (n = 1316), this research assesses the adequacy of off-street car parking provision for apartment households and provides an understanding of factors associated with an undersupply and oversupply of off-street car parking. Results show that around two-thirds (65.9%) of apartment households have a ‘balanced’ amount of off-street car parking, where the number of cars owned is equal to the number of allocated off-street car parking spaces. The remaining households either have an oversupply of off-street car parking (20.2%) or an undersupply (14.0%), almost always involving one parking space too many or one too few. Factors associated with an under/oversupply of off-street car parking are found to be largely related to household characteristics and residents' perceptions of parking issues. The findings highlight the potential for ‘unbundling’ off-street car parking from the purchase price or rental cost of apartment housing, while developing more tailored residential parking requirements that seek to prevent an under/oversupply of parking.

Aenos International Dark-Sky Park: The first officially designated area protected from light pollution in Greece

The scope of this work is to analyse the methodology used for the official designation of the first International Dark-Sky Park in Greece which was Aenos National Park, designated in May 2023. The methodology was based on the official International Dark-Sky Park requirements of the International Dark-Sky Association with many differentiations due to specific technical challenges and administrative circumstances in Greece. The process included both technical works, light measurements, lighting retrofit as well as administrative, social and publicity activities. From beginning to completion, the designation process lasted more than three years and required hundreds of manhours to be completed. The official designation of Aenos International Dark-Sky Park provides an important opportunity for the protection of the skies of Greece from light pollution both as a case study and inspiration as well as a solid example used to push for the dark sky protection agenda which is part of a sustainable

ANALISIS KEBUTUHAN PARKIR UNTUK INDUSTRI PAKAIAN JADI PT. MOD INDO - PRINGAPUS

PT. MOD Indo Pringapus is one of the garment industry players located in Pringapus District, their business activity is the manufacture of apparel with a market share of 100% exports to America. PT. MOD Indo is located on Jalan Raya Pringapus Candirejo in the Bumi Wahyu Warehousing Complex, Kali Kuning neighborhood, Pringapus Village, Pringapus District, Semarang Regency. PT. MOD Indo has an area of 21,117 m2, a total building area of 15,296 m2, and a total area of 5,821, m2 of open land. With number of employees reaching 1250 employees, the need for parking spaces for employees, raw material vehicles, and production transportation vehicles needs to be provided with a suitable place & adequate. The current condition based on the author's observations, there are still many parking arrangements that are not in place due to the very limited condition of the land and parking buildings. Seeing these conditions, it is necessary to plan for the provision of parking facilities. From the results of the survey on the availability of parking at the location, the parking capacity that is owned can accommodate 25 car parking lots and 800 motorbike parking lots. The parking area used is approximately 1500 m2. The parking requirements that need to be provided are 50 SRP for Cars, 192 SRP for Motorcycles and 10 SRP for Trucks, while the required land area includes circulation of 1,674.4 m2. Based on the results of the analysis above and the description of the next few years where the rate of vehicle development is estimated at around 10% per year, the authors can conclude that the performance of parking spaces for current conditions does not meet the needs of existing users so that there needs to be improvements in parking space arrangements including the addition of new parking spaces.

Transit Stations and Commercial Property Values: A Case Study with Policy and Land-Use Implications

There is little research about the association between rail transit station proximity and commercial property values. There is even less research on the role of public policy in influencing commercial property markets near transit stations without resorting to supply-side constraints. The research reported in this article helps close these gaps in research.This article develops a theory on commercial property value with respect to both transit station proximity and the role of policies that encourage commercial development around transit stations without discouraging commercial development elsewhere. The theory is applied to the universe of commercial property sales in the area of Atlanta known as “Midtown, “ which is located about 1 kilometer north of the downtown edge. Midtown is served by three heavy rail transit stations operated by the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA). To encourage development around MARTA stations, Atlanta waives parking and floor area ratio requirements in Special Public Interest Districts (SPIDs) located around rail stations. Research shows that commercial property values are influenced positively by both access to rail stations and policies that encourage more intensive development around those stations. This article explores both theoretical and policy implications.

Reading between the Regulations: Parking Requirements, Planners’ Perspectives, and Transit

This article reports on local planers’ perspectives on metropolitan parking requirements. Workplace parking requirements, which are often in excess of demand, influence parking pricing and urban form. In turn, these affect transit demand and transit service potentials. These connections have led researchers and policy-makers to call for changes, but the perspectives of planners who create the parking requirements are not well understood. Using southern California cities as a study area, a telephone survey revealed that most parking requirements are driven by concerns about traffic mitigation, spillover parking, and risk avoidance. These factors push parking requirements in the direction of oversupply. The article proposes methods to reduce the risk of changing parking requirements and develops a typology of approaches for change. Transit agencies will benefit if they play a role in reforming local parking requirements.

Are Suburban TODs Over-Parked?

A survey of 31 multi-family housing complexes near rail stations in the San Francisco Bay Area and Portland, Oregon, show peak parking demand is 25-30 percent below supplies and, for most projects, falls below national standards. Peak parking demand is generally less for less expansive projects with short walking distances to rail stations that enjoy frequent peak-period services. Case study experiences suggest that well-designed, short and direct walking paths to rail stops lessen peak parking. A national survey of 80 U.S. cities with rail stations revealed that 75 percent have minimum TOD parking requirements that mandate more parking than suburban design standards and 39 percent grant variances for housing projects near rail stops.