Parking Regulations Research Articles

A city so cold: parking on the streets of public–private predation

Four out of every five vehicles towed in Chicago for snow-related parking violations were seized on days without accumulation of snow. Either unwilling or unable to satisfy the debts required to recover their cars, hundreds were never recovered. Synthesising multiple sources of public data over a five-year span (2013–2017), the authors show how these towing practices disparately devastate segregated communities of colour through impositions of debt and dispossession. Who profits from these impositions? The same politically connected company that represents one of Chicago’s first attempts at privatisation. United Road Towing landed the exclusive city contract in 1989, only nine days after the company’s creation, and its ascendance to Chicago’s political scene stood upon a white racial imaginary that linked parking violations to threats of urban decay. Through a euphemistically named public–private partnership, United Road Towing has since become one of the largest towing companies in the world. This article is an inquiry that parses out a concept the authors label as ‘public–private predation’ by historicising Chicago’s commodification of the streetscape, theorising how racialised hardship results from the draining of neighbourhood resources and quantifying which segregated communities are subject to these new sites of extraction – all within a world of winter parking regulations.

Alih Fungsi Bahu Jalan sebagai Lahan Parkir di Kabupaten Lumajang

Indonesia, as the largest economy in Southeast Asia, has witnessed significant infrastructure development driven by government efforts to foster sustainable economic growth. This development, particularly in urban areas, has led to increased land demand and the repurposing of public spaces. Lumajang Regency in East Java Province, known for its tourism and mining potential, has experienced substantial population growth, with a 9.37% increase between 2018 and 2022, according to the Central Statistics Agency. This growth has heightened the need for adequate infrastructure, including parking facilities. This study investigates the local government's policy on the repurposing of road shoulders for parking in Lumajang Regency. Employing a normative legal research method, the study examines relevant laws and regulations, including primary legal materials such as the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Law No. 22 of 2009 on Road Traffic and Transportation, and specific local regulations in Lumajang Regency. The findings indicate that the unauthorized use of road shoulders as parking spaces, especially on Jalan Jend. S. Parman and Jalan Alun-Alun Utara, has caused significant inconvenience and traffic congestion. The study emphasizes the need for proper implementation of parking regulations, including the installation of appropriate signage and road markings, as required by law. The research concludes that the misuse of road shoulders for parking contravenes existing regulations, highlighting the urgent need for improved enforcement of parking policies in Lumajang Regency to manage traffic flow and public convenience effectively.

Advanced optimization-based weighted features for ensemble deep learning smart occupancy detection network for road traffic parking

In day-to-day activities, the advanced technology like Internet of Things (IoT) emerges to improve the lifestyle of people. In metropolitan cities, real-time parking is the long-lasting problem that we face in our daily life activities. Urban parking regulation gained more attention because of its capability to diminish energy consumption, congested traffic, and manifestation. The parking space detection for vehicles in real-time is a crucial role for on-street parking control models where the data is delivered to the drivers through internet with the help of Global Positioning System (GPS). Hence, the network congestion gets increased, where the existing model does not performed well in the parking space effectively. This research paper recommends a novel strategy for detecting occupancy in road traffic parking by IoT and deep networks to overcome these difficulties. At first, the required information is gathered from the standard datasets as CNRPark + EXT for further processing. After the data collection process, the preprocessing phase is executed, where the data cleaning and data transformation approaches are done with a multi-scale retinex network. The pre-processing technique is effectively performed to reduce background noise. Further, the feature extraction is progressed through the Residual Attention Network, where the relevant features are extracted from the pre-processed data. Subsequently, the optimal features and weights are selected by the novel Advanced Pelican Optimization Algorithm (APOA) to get the optimal weighted feature selection. This optimal weighted feature is further given to the Ensemble Deep Networks (EDN) by integrating the Deep Conditional Random Field (DCRF), and Extreme Deep Learning (EDL) model. In final process, the detection of occupancy in road traffic parking is determined by averaging both classifiers outcomes. Finally, the results are compared with numerous optimization algorithms and classifiers to ensure the developed system's efficacy. Throughout the validation, the developed model outperforms with an accuracy as 96.6, precision as 92.9 and Mathew's Correlation Coefficient (MCC) as 92.3. Thus, the developed model shows better performance than the existing traditional approaches.

Correction: How can on-street parking regulations affect traffic, safety, and the environment in a cooperative, connected, and automated era?

Correction: How can on-street parking regulations affect traffic, safety, and the environment in a cooperative, connected, and automated era?

How can on-street parking regulations affect traffic, safety, and the environment in a cooperative, connected, and automated era?

On-street parking is a commonly used form of parking facility as part of transportation infrastructure. However, the emergence of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) is expected to significantly impact parking in the future. This study aims to investigate the impacts of on-street parking regulations for CAVs on the environment, safety and mobility in mixed traffic fleets. To achieve this goal, a calibrated and validated network model of the city of Leicester, UK, was selected to test the implementation of CAVs under various deployment scenarios. The results revealed that replacing on-street parking with driving lanes, cycle lanes, and public spaces can lead to better traffic performance. Specifically, there could be a 27–30% reduction in travel time, a 43–47% reduction in delays, more than 90% in emission reduction, and a 94% reduction in traffic crashes compared to the other tested measures. Conversely, replacing on-street parking with pick-up/drop-off stations may have a less significant impact due to increased stop-and-go events when vehicles pick-up and drop-off passengers, resulting in more interruptions in the flow and increased delays. The paper provides examples of interventions that can be implemented for on-street parking during a CCAM era, along with their expected impacts in order for regional decision-makers and local authorities to draw relative policies. By replacing on-street parking with more efficient traffic measures, cities can significantly improve mobility, reduce emissions, and enhance safety.

Policy implications of shared e-scooter parking regulation: an agent-based approach

This work addresses the challenges of implementing shared e-scooter services (SSS) in urban areas. Despite their potential for sustainable mobility, issues like road safety and street cluttering persist. Policy regulation is crucial, and recent efforts have focused on free-floating e-scooter parking legislation. To assist decision-making, this paper proposes an agent-based framework to design SSS parking supply and evaluate its impact. The methodology is applied in Lyon, France, where the SSS is gaining more and more territory. The main outcomes show parking regulation can introduce conflicting objectives, with a reduction of SSS use due to an increase in the access and egress walking distance.

Driving Revenues: How Makassar Raya Parking Sets Its Financial Targets

This study focuses on the financial management of parking revenues in Makassar City, particularly as it pertains to the standards set by Raya Regional Parking Company, City of Makassar. The aim is to scrutinize the established revenue targets and the actual implementation of parking tariffs, considering the Local Regulation No. 17 of 2006 and the financial relationship between central and regional governments as stipulated by Indonesian Law No. 1 of 2022. The research employs a qualitative methodology to delve into the intricacies of revenue management, compliance with parking locations, and the setting of parking tariffs. Primary and secondary data sources, including interviews with officials from Makassar Raya Regional Parking Company, City of Makassar, and other stakeholders, provide a foundation for the study. The interactive and ongoing analysis model facilitates the data reduction, presentation, and conclusion processes. Findings indicate that there is a discrepancy between the set revenue targets and actual realizations, with parking tariff enforcement demonstrating weaknesses, especially with unofficial parking attendants charging inconsistent fees. The study reveals that while annual targets are based on detailed revenue potential evaluations, quarterly reviews highlight shortcomings in achieving these goals. The study suggests the need for stricter enforcement and monitoring of parking management to meet revenue and dividend targets. Implementing an electronic parking system and incentivizing attendants to meet or exceed targets may enhance performance and revenue management. The collaboration with city government can align parking regulations with strategic revenue management goals while serving public interests.

DAMPAK PARKIR LIAR DI PERUMAHAN TERHADAP MASYARAKAT SETEMPAT GARDEN CITY RESIDENCE

Currently, illegal parking for housing is increasingly seen in residential areas which affected various aspects of life.. At present, the legal basis for illegal parking in residential areas is getting tighterHowever, there are still many people who are unaware about housing parking regulations. Therefore, the public's perception of illegal parking in housing still should be studied further. The aim of this study is to determine the public perception perception of the impact of illegal parking in housing on the local community. The method used was an online survey of 150 respondents who were residents of one of the settlements where the research was conducted.

The impact of on-street and off-street parking regulations on parking type choice

ABSTRACT In practice, parking regimes for different parking types (on-street, off-street and garage) are introduced independently, leading frequently to inefficient utilization. The aim of the paper is to show that in areas with different public parking types, integrated parking management is needed so as to utilize available capacities evenly. To demonstrate this, we determined the factors impacting parking type choice, and then the importance and intensity of parking measures thereon. Empirical data collected by interviewing on-street and off-street parking users were used to develop a binary logit model showing the most important parking type choice parameters: on-street time limitation, and on-street and off-street parking prices. Reduced time limitation was found to decrease on-street parking probability while increasing off-street parking probability. Also, price increase for one parking type reduced the probability of choosing that particular type and increased opting for alternative type. Moreover, a synergy effect of integrated parking management was demonstrated.

Assessment of Safety Practices Among Commercial Long Distance Bus Drivers in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

Introduction: Safety practices by road users are important for road safety. The actions or inactions of drivers can result in Road Traffic crashes6.To assess safety practices and related factors among commercial long distance bus drivers in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study design was used, and data was collected from 315 commercial long distance bus drivers and their vehicles from January to October, 2015 using a structured interviewer administered questionnaires and focus group discussion guide. Respondents were recruited using systematic random sampling technique. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20. Results: Data showed that 114 (36.2%) were within the age group of 31-40 years. Most of the respondents 272 (86.3%) were married, almost all the respondents 311 (98.7%) were males, while, 4 (1.3%) were females. More than half of the respondents 172 (54.6%) had a secondary level of education, 112 (35.6%) had a primary level of education while 12 (3.8%) had no formal education. About a quarter 83 (26.3%) drive at a safe speed of 80-100 km/hour as approved by the Nigerian high way code. More than two thirds of the respondents 216 (68.6%) drive at a speed between >100-120 km/hour, while 12 (3.8%) drive above 120 km/hour. Majority of the respondents 235 (74.6%) were observed using seat belt as a safety practice while 80 (25.4%) were not using their seat belt. There was a statistically significant association between the respondents’ level of education and their use of seat belts (p = 0.002). Other safety practices done by respondents were daily vehicle checks 272 (86.3%), obeying traffic rules 284 (90.2%), Unsafe practices done by drivers include violation of road traffic signs (48.4%), violation of parking regulations (45.2%) , Use of mobile phones (48.9%), having a soft drink while driving (23.5%), putting a child on the front seat while driving (3.5%), drinking alcohol while driving (2.5%), smoking while driving (1.6%), reading newspapers while driving (0.6%). Conclusion: The common safety practice seen in commercial drivers included, use of seat belt, driving within speed limits, daily vehicle checks, obeying traffic rules, avoidance of substance use and avoidance of use of mobile phones while driving. Recommendations include encouraging drivers organizing quarterly meetings, workshops and seminars for commercial long distance drivers on safety practices during driving, prevention and control of road traffic accidents and promoting and ensuring drivers’ compliance with traffic rules.

Government Policy in Illegal Parking Charges at Public Spaces

The growth of motorized vehicle ownership has outpaced the limited availability of public land and parking spaces. Illegal parking lots and attendants in Yogyakarta worsen this problem. As an illegal parking area, illegal parking attendants do not have the legality to collect fees from the community, so collecting money from parking users is an act of illegal levies. As a result, the rights of parking users as consumers tend to be neglected without any protection from authorized institutions or officials. This phenomenon is increasingly widespread and has been going on for quite a long time, so the impression appears there is an element of omission by state officials. The research method utilized was a qualitative descriptive, interactive approach that involved collecting data through observation, documentation, and interview. The primary data were recruited through an interview, and some informants were determined with the purposive technique, which was informants or source determination based on a certain consideration. Based on the results, parking management has been managed in such a way on Regional Regulation of Yogyakarta Number 2 of 2019. Regarding parking, the Regional Regulation (Perda) is followed up with the Mayor’s Regulation of Yogyakarta number 2 of 2019. The objectives of the parking regulations are to embody safe and orderly parking service, implement law protection and certainty, and ensure transparency of Locally-Generated Revenue Receipt in the parking area.

Nudging people to pay their parking fines on time. Evidence from a cluster-randomized field experiment

The timely payment of municipal parking fines signifies people's acceptance of parking regulations, reduces administrative enforcement costs, and prevents additional late-payment fees for individuals. However, public administrations face challenges in enforcing the timely payment of parking fines. A large group of people fail to pay their fines on time, which requires additional enforcement actions that can result in extra late-payment costs and payment-related stress. In this study we collaborate with the Belgian city of Mechelen and the Behavioral Insights Team of the Flemish regional government to test the compounded effects of three communicative nudges. i.e., simplification, explicit penalty, and social norm, on the timely payment of parking fines. In a cluster-randomized field experiment, parking offenders received either the original notification letter, a simplified notification letter, a simplified notification letter accompanied by an explicit reference to the potential penalties, or a simplified notification letter accompanied by an explicit penalty and a social norm message. The results indicate that people can be nudged to pay their fines on time, but only when multiple nudges are combined and used simultaneously.

Collaborative Parking Management in Constanta: The Role of Public Policies and Citizen Participation

This research focuses on Collaborative Parking Management in Constanta, Romania, examining the role of public policies and citizen participation in improving the availability and quality of parking spaces. The study's general objective is to evaluate citizens' perceptions of parking spaces in Constanta and identify potential solutions to improve the current situation. To achieve this, the study outlines six specific objectives, including analyzing parking space availability, evaluating the quality of parking infrastructure, examining opinions on parking regulation and costs, investigating the impact on the environment, assessing the influence on vehicle and pedestrian safety, and identifying solutions for parking management improvement. The research tool utilized for this study was an online questionnaire, which included six dimensions related to parking space availability and quality, regulation and costs, impact on the environment, and safety, as well as a section for participants to make recommendations. This study aims to provide insight into the current state of parking in Constanta and offer practical solutions for improving the parking situation through collaboration between citizens and policymakers.

Parking enforcement - support for parking management

Parking management is used to balance the supply and demand for parking. Furthermore, it is used to limit the traffic demand and enable the efficient functioning of the traffic network. However, street parking regulations are uneasy to enforce. In almost all cities in Serbia, parking on the street does not work in the desired way. Many drivers park on prohibited places. Those who park on regular places where one of the restrictive regimes applies, often do so without paying and/or exceeding the prescribed time limit. Poor functioning of the enforcement system was recognized as one of the main causes for the poor parking condition. Parking enforcement represents a reaction to non-compliance with the prescribed parking regimes. For adequate reaction, it is necessary to understand the causes and patterns of such drivers behavior. Therefore, we need to investigate the connection between non-compliance with the parking regime and the control and sanctioning of violations. The analysis of the parking situation in three cities in Serbia assessed the extent and consequences of non-compliance with the parking regime on street parking places. In addition, it determined the causes of insufficient efficiency of the system for controlling and sanctioning parking violations. We proposed possible directions and measures for mitigating these problems. As argument, we pointed out positive experiences and effects from cities in Europe and the world that implemented those measures.

Clutter and Compliance: Scooter Parking Interventions and Perceptions

Shared e-scooter programs often generate complaints about improper parking because it create unappealing clutter and can make it difficult for pedestrians to use the sidewalk. We examine how cities can address noncompliant scooter parking and explore public perceptions of this problem with two related studies. First, we conducted field experiments in Washington, DC (hereafter "DC"), and Auckland, New Zealand. We observed scooter parking and then evaluated the efficacy of three interventions to mitigate noncompliant parking. We find low rate of noncompliance, but the precise rate is highly dependent on how we define noncompliance. We also find that in-app message reminders and sidewalk decals marginally lowered rates of noncompliant parking, but the largest improvement in compliance occurred after DC implemented a requirement that scooters be physically locked to bike racks. Second, we examined public perceptions of improper parking by asking people how much noncompliant parking they think occurs and what practices they think constitute noncompliant parking. We find that the public overestimates improper parking of scooters and underestimates improper parking of bicycles and cars. Given their unfamiliarity with scooter parking regulations, respondents use pedestrian accessibility and tidiness as heuristics to determine what counts as proper scooter parking.Our results suggest that intuitive parking solutions that align with perceptions of orderly parking, such as bike racks or on-street parking corrals, can improve rider compliance and may reduce public dissatisfaction with shared scooter parking.

Impacts of on-street parking regulations on cooperative, connected, and automated mobility - a traffic microsimulation study

This study aims to investigate the mobility impacts of on-street parking regulations for Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) under mixed traffic fleets. A calibrated and validated network model of the city of Leicester in the UK was selected to test the implementation under various deployment scenarios. The modelling results indicated that replacing on-street parking with driving lanes, cycle lanes and public spaces can potentially lead to better traffic performance (27% to 30% reduction in travel time, 43% to 47% reduction in delays) compared to the other tested measures. The less significant impact of replacement with pick-up/drop-off points is due to increased stop-and-go events while vehicles pick-up and drop-off passengers, consequently leading to more interruptions in the flow and increased delays. The paper provides examples of interventions that can be implemented for on-street parking during the implementation of CAVs for regional decision-makers and local authorities.

Participatory Principles in Forming the Regional Parking Regulations in Makassar City

Considering the importance of community participation in the process of forming local regulations, which are sometimes overlooked by the local government and the Regional House of Representatives, this study was conducted to analyze the forms and implications of community participation in forming the regional parking regulations in Makassar City using an empirical research type. The approaches in this study were the statutory approach, the stratification approach, and the sociological approach. The data analysis used a qualitative method in the form of descriptive analysis. The results of the study showed: 1) the forms of community participation in forming the regional regulations in Makassar City could be divided into three stages. First, community participation in the ante-legislative stage included 1) Research; 2) Discussions, Workshops, and Seminars; 3) Initiative proposals; and 4) Draft Bill. Second, public participation in the legislative stage included 1) Audience; 2) Alternative Draft Bills; 3) input through print media; 4) input via electronic media; 5) demonstrations; and 6) discussions, workshops, and seminars. Third, people's participation in the post-legislative stage included 1) demonstrations, 2) law review, and 3) socialization of the law. The implications for forming regional regulations that do not use participatory principles can be seen from two sides, namely public legal awareness and community legal compliance. The community and parking attendants are aware but disobedient due to several factors, namely accessibility, legal knowledge, understanding of the law, patterns of legal behavior, and factors of the long-standing legal culture of the community. As a result, the effectiveness of forming regional regulations has not been effective because they still need to fulfill the principles of forming laws, namely the principles of efficiency and effectiveness, as well as the principle of openness.

The illegal parking score – Understanding and predicting the risk of parking illegalities in Lisbon based on spatiotemporal features

Illegal parking represents a costly problem for most cities as it leads to an increase in traffic congestion and emission of air pollutants, and decreases pedestrian, biking, and driving safety, making cities less clean, secure, and attractive to citizens and tourists. Most decision-support systems employed to deal with parking illegalities rely on cameras and video-processing algorithms to capture infractions in real-time. Despite being effective, their implementation is costly and challenging due to road environment conditions. On the other hand, studies that relay on spatiotemporal features to predict infractions can present a more efficient alternative, one that is less costly to implement and free of environment and spatial conditioning. In this work, we propose the Illegal Parking Score (IPS), a score of the conditional probability of illegal parking occurring in a road segment, based on spatiotemporal conditions, and able to distinguish between illegality types. The IPS is calculated for the Lisbon Municipality, in Portugal, and it is supported by a Light Gradient Boosting Machine model that allows for IPS prediction for unseen conditions. Likewise, we propose the IPS Simulator, a simulation tool that allows for users to infer the IPS by defining spatiotemporal conditions. This system will be deployed in the Lisbon City Council and provides responsible authorities with a tool to support their daily operations and promote sustainable transport and demand planning, by identifying and monitoring critical zones and by aiding in the design and gauge of parking regulation.

Automated code compliance check of residential buildings for parking regulation in Turkey

Compliance inspection of a building, which involves following legislated rules during the design phase of a project, is a manual, time-consuming, error-prone and labour-intensive process that primarily relies on two-dimensional drawings. Innovations brought about by building-information-modelling (BIM) lead up to the automatic compliance inspection of buildings with the relevant regulation. The BIM model of a building, contained within the industry-foundation-classes (IFC) data file, includes all pertinent geometric and semantic three-dimensional data of that building. Using these IFC files, a program, intended for use in municipalities in Turkey but applicable elsewhere, has been developed that automatically inspects the compliance of the building with area parking regulations. This study presents the program's development as well as test results in its use. The program successfully simplifies the compliance inspection process by determining the size of the required parking area, as well as the number of spaces to be available, according to Turkish parking lot regulations for residential buildings, and setting controls accordingly. The program is yet to be implemented commercially, however, the program can be a tool that provides convenience and speed to stakeholders, including architects and engineers, during both the design and control stages while also minimising the error rate.

Impact of COVID-19 on Urban Mobility and Parking Demand Distribution: A Global Review with Case Study in Melbourne, Australia.

The tremendous impact of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) on societal, political, and economic rhythms has given rise to a significant overall shift from pre- to post-pandemic policies. Restrictions, stay-at-home regulations, and lockdowns have directly influenced day-to-day urban transportation flow. The rise of door-to-door services and the demand for visiting medical facilities, grocery stores, and restaurants has had a significant impact on urban transportation modal demand, further impacting zonal parking demand distribution. This study reviews the overall impacts of the pandemic on urban transportation with respect to a variety of policy changes in different cities. The parking demand shift was investigated by exploring the during- and post-COVID-19 parking policies of distinct metropolises. The detailed data related to Melbourne city parking, generated by the Internet of things (IoT), such as sensors and devices, are examined. Empirical data from 2019 (16 March to 26 May) and 2020 (16 March to 26 May) are explored in-depth using explanatory data analysis to demonstrate the demand and average parking duration shifts from district to district. The results show that the experimental zones of Docklands, Queensbery, Southbanks, Titles, and Princess Theatre areas have experienced a decrease in percentage change of vehicle presence of 29.2%, 36.3%, 37.7%, 23.7% and 40.9%, respectively. Furthermore, on-street level analysis of Princess Theatre zone, Lonsdale Street, Exhibition Street, Spring Street, and Little Bourke Street parking bays indicated a decrease in percentage change of vehicle presence of 38.7%, 56.4%, 12.6%, and 35.1%, respectively. In conclusion, future potential policymaking frameworks are discussed that could provide further guidance in stipulating epidemic prevention and control policies, particularly in relation to parking regulations during the pandemic.