Parking Policies Research Articles

Exploring carbon emission effects of national-level industrial park policies on cities in China

Serving as the backbone of economic development, industrial parks have strong implications for reducing carbon emissions in China under the “carbon peak and carbon neutrality” background. This study explores the carbon emission reduction effects of three different types of national-level industrial parks on prefectural-level cities in China, including economic and technological development zones (ETDZs), eco-industrial demonstration parks (EIDPs), and low-carbon industrial parks (LCIPs). Data on 204 prefectural-level cities over the period of 1999 to 2019 were examined by using the difference-in-differences method and the mediating effect model. The study revealed that (1) the three types of industrial parks significantly reduced the intensity of city carbon emissions by 1,155, 395, and 450 tons per million CNY, respectively; (2) There existed lag effects of 7 years for the ETDZ and 3 years for the EIDP; (3) Industrial structure exhibited significant mediating effects, with ETDZ and EIDP reducing city carbon emission intensity by 58 and 56 tons per million CNY, respectively; (4) Strong heterogeneity in the effects was found, arising from the differences in geographical location, resources endowment, and amount of industrial parks; and (5) ETDZ and EIDP reduced the carbon emission intensity of neighboring cities by 174 and 144 tons per million CNY, respectively, while LCIP increased that by 686 tons per million CNY. The major contribution of this study is analyzing the city-level impacts of ETDZ, EIDP, and LCIP, three different types of national industrial park policies with different implementation periods, regional distributions, and policy focuses. This not only fills a gap in the analyses of ETDZ and LCIP policies in this area of research, but also draws analogies and contrasts between the effects of the three different policies. This study suggests that the stability and long-term nature of industrial park policies be maintained and further transformation and upgrading of industrial structure be attained. Additionally, intercity coordination could be introduced or enhanced.

New ways of collecting urban freight traffic data and applications for urban freight policies and research

The current quality of data on urban logistics traffic patterns is poor. Data are scarce, heterogeneous, often old and expensive to collect. This research looks at new ways to collect urban freight data and make that data available to both policy-makers and academia. Three case studies are examined: Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Brussels, Belgium; and Barcelona, Spain. They help identify new sources of data from traffic and parking policies: automated number plate recognition cameras, an on-street delivery smartphone app, and a truck pricing scheme. Both the context in which new data sources of interest to urban logistics are produced, and the level of appropriation of these data by local stakeholders and the research community are examined. We then construct an analysis grid to evaluate the diversity of systems (technical and socio-technical) producing data relevant to urban logistics. This analysis framework can be used to facilitate comparisons between data sources and thus help future case studies. In the three cases, we found that local governments use the data more than researchers do. The issue of data dissemination raises questions about costs (who is to bear the cost of storing, maintaining and extracting data sets?) as well as regulatory questions. We conclude that local administrations should be encouraged to work towards harmonizing data collection methods and data sharing conditions in order to improve the quality and comparability of the data. Cities in countries with little access to new sources of data, such as France for regulatory reasons, should try to find ways to create data source opportunities. In all countries, urban freight research communities should be encouraged to use the now increasingly available data.

Risk-oriented source apportionment and implications for mitigation strategies of VOCs in industrial parks: Insights from odor pollution and health risks

A typical industrial park in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, which is 70 km from the Chongqing urban center, was used to investigate the occurrence and exposure of harmful volatile organic compounds (VOCs). An exposure risk method and a risk-oriented source apportionment approach were performed to assess the inhalation risks and apportion VOC sources, respectively. The quantitative relationships between risk factors and pollution sources were established, identifying key pathogenic and odorous VOCs. The quantitative emission reduction strategies were developed based on risk thresholds. Residents within the industrial parks face potential health risks due to pathogenic VOCs and nuisance odors, and workers in specific sectors experience two to six times higher risks than those in residential areas. Six risk sources were identified in the industrial park, ranked according to their contribution to VOC concentrations as follows: industrial sewage treatment (IST) (32.59 %), natural gas chemical industry (NGCI) (27.77 %), diesel vehicle exhaust (DVE) (12.04 %), pharmaceutical manufacturing industry (PMI) (11.14 %), chemical raw materials manufacturing (CRMM) (9.96 %), and iron and steel industry (ISI) (6.5 %). Among these, NGCI, IST, and CRMM were the top contributors to pathogenic risks, with contributions of 32.13 %, 29.71 %, and 21.71 % to non-carcinogenic risks, and 18.15 %, 19.87 %, and 27.99 % to carcinogenic risks, respectively. DVE produced significantly higher odor pollution compared to other sources, with intensities that were 3 to 10 times greater. The key pathogenic and odorous VOCs differ by source, resulting in varying control priorities for different VOC species. Reducing emissions from these six sources for 20 high-risk species (e.g., acrolein, 2-chlorotoluene, 1,2-dibromoethane, dichloromethane, and p-diethylbenzene) will simultaneously lower pathogenic and odor risks, with cumulative reduction rates ranging from 4.11 % to 93.75 %. This study provides quantitative control targets for VOCs from a health risk perspective, offering valuable guidance for developing risk management policies in industrial parks.

Interactive Effects of Built Environment and Parking Policy on Car Use: Examining Differences Between Work and Non-Work Trips

Considerable interest has been shown in decreasing car use through planning and policy-making efforts. However, little is known about the interactive effects of built environment (BE) and parking policy on car use, and it is unclear whether and how these effects differ across trip purposes. We conducted a web-based survey in Beijing and collected data from 1036 respondents, including 517 male and 519 female respondents. This study estimates the interactive effects of BE and parking policy on car use for home-based work and non-work trips by employing multilevel logit models. The results show that BE variables at trip origins and destinations are important for shaping car use for both home-based work and non-work trips. Specifically, land use mixture (Coeff. = −0.121), bus stop density (Coeff. = −0.006), and population density (Coeff. = −0.009) at residential locations are negative factors affecting car use for work trips, whereas distance to local center (Coeff. = 0.012) and distance to the city center (Coeff. = 0.019) at residential locations are positive factors. Land use mixture (Coeff. = −0.323), bus stop density (Coeff. = −0.008), road density (Coeff. = −0.002), and population density (Coeff. = −0.007) at residential locations are negative factors of car use for non-work trips. Among BE factors at destinations, land use mixture (Coeff. = −0.319), bus stop density (Coeff. = −0.015), road density (Coeff. = −0.008), distance to the local center (Coeff. = −0.018), and population density (Coeff. = −0.012) are negative factors for car use for work trips, whereas the negative factors for non-work trips are land use mix (Coeff. = −0. 218), bus stop density (Coeff. = −0.038), road density (Coeff. = −0.003), distance to the city center (Coeff. = −0.121), and population density (Coeff. = −0.009). The effects of BE variables can be strengthened or weakened by free parking and parking convenience. Moreover, the results identify significant differences in the effects between work and non-work trips. These findings inform planners and policymakers of how to coordinate the BE and parking policies to decrease car dependence.

Alih Fungsi Bahu Jalan sebagai Lahan Parkir di Kabupaten Lumajang

Indonesia, as the largest economy in Southeast Asia, has witnessed significant infrastructure development driven by government efforts to foster sustainable economic growth. This development, particularly in urban areas, has led to increased land demand and the repurposing of public spaces. Lumajang Regency in East Java Province, known for its tourism and mining potential, has experienced substantial population growth, with a 9.37% increase between 2018 and 2022, according to the Central Statistics Agency. This growth has heightened the need for adequate infrastructure, including parking facilities. This study investigates the local government's policy on the repurposing of road shoulders for parking in Lumajang Regency. Employing a normative legal research method, the study examines relevant laws and regulations, including primary legal materials such as the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Law No. 22 of 2009 on Road Traffic and Transportation, and specific local regulations in Lumajang Regency. The findings indicate that the unauthorized use of road shoulders as parking spaces, especially on Jalan Jend. S. Parman and Jalan Alun-Alun Utara, has caused significant inconvenience and traffic congestion. The study emphasizes the need for proper implementation of parking regulations, including the installation of appropriate signage and road markings, as required by law. The research concludes that the misuse of road shoulders for parking contravenes existing regulations, highlighting the urgent need for improved enforcement of parking policies in Lumajang Regency to manage traffic flow and public convenience effectively.

Historical boundary struggles in the construction of the non-human world: Nature conservation and tourism in Swedish national parks

Tourism and conservation policies in Sweden share a significant common history, involving constructions of the non-human world. In this paper, the development of this historical relationship is traced through national park policies and the Swedish Tourist Association's yearbooks, from the late nineteenth century onward. We explore this in theoretical terms of what Nancy Fraser has called ‘boundary struggles’: constantly mutating institutionalized divisions between capitalist production and nature, public governance, and social reproductive activities. Through our analysis, we identify five discursive formations — significant changes in the discursive constructions of the non-human world entailing reconfigurations of boundary struggles. Shifts between notions of sublime and wild nature external to capitalism, as stakes in welfare state accessibility debate, and as tools in the current moment of intensified commodification of the non-human world, confirm the persistence of boundary struggles in capitalist society.

Implementasi Kebijakan Parkir Berlangganan di Kabupaten Tuban

Policy is a government activity aimed at providing positive impacts for the wider community. The success of a policy is determined not only by its formulation process but also by its implementation.The implementation of the subscription parking policy in Tuban Regency has shown quite effective results with the involvement of various stakeholders working together with the Tuban Regency Environmental and Transportation Agency, leading to an increase in parking fee revenue. Therefore, this study aims to further examine the implementation of the subscription parking policy in Tuban Regency.The research method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method, analyzing based on Adam Smith's Implementation Model with several research focuses, including idealized policy, target groups, implementing organization, and environmental factors.The results of the study show that the focus on idealized policy has been effective, as evidenced by the interactions initiated by policy formulators such as the Environmental and Transportation Agency, the Regional Revenue Management Unit (UPT PPD), BPKPAD, the police, official parking attendants, and parking service users. The focus on target groups has been effectively achieved by raising public awareness and ensuring the safety and comfort of parking service users. However, the implementing organization was less effective due to insufficient attention to parking service users. The focus on environmental factors, influenced by cultural, social, economic, and political elements, supports the success of the subscription parking policy in Tuban Regency.

Tourism Park Policy Model in Reducing Emissions and Improving Public Health

Tourism Park Policy Model in Reducing Emissions and Improving Public Health

Paris's parking policy for healthier cities

Paris's parking policy for healthier cities

The implementation of parking policy in Cirebon City Kejaksan Square

Kejaksan Square has become a tourist attraction in Cirebon City since it was renovated in April 2021. However, the implementation of parking policies there still faces obstacles such as lack of public awareness, lack of commitment of officers in socializing parking rules, and lack of adequate parking infrastructure. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of parking implementation policies in the Cirebon City Kejaksan Square. Qualitative and descriptive research methods are used, by collecting data through observations, interviews, and documentation. Edwards III's theory of policy implementation is used as a theoretical framework. The results showed that communication, resources, disposition and bureaucratic structure affect the implementation of parking policies. Despite the obstacles, the active role of the Department of Transportation and the availability of adequate resources provided support for the success of the policy. The ultimate goal is to improve the quality of public facilities and infrastructure services that are environmentally friendly.

Research Paper on Smart Car Parking System

Ø With the ever-growing urbanization and the increasing number of vehicles on the road, efficient management of parking spaces has become a critical challenge in modern cities. In this project, we propose a smart car parking system based on Arduino micro controllers to address this issue. The system utilizes ultrasonic sensors to detect the presence of vehicles in parking spaces and employs RFID technology for vehicle identification. Ø The smart parking system offers several innovative features to enhance user experience and optimize parking space utilization. Users can conveniently locate available parking spaces through a mobile application or digital displays placed at strategic locations. The system also integrates with existing payment systems, allowing for seamless payment transactions and automated access control. Ø One of the key advantages of the proposed system is its scalability and flexibility. It can be easily deployed in various parking environments, including on-street parking, parking garages, and commercial parking lots. Furthermore, the use of open-source Arduino platforms ensures affordability and accessibility, making it suitable for implementation in both developed and developing regions. Ø In addition to improving parking efficiency and reducing traffic congestion, the smart parking system contributes to sustainability efforts by minimizing carbon emissions associated with vehicle circulation in search of parking spaces. It also provides valuable data insights for urban planners and policymakers to optimize parking policies and infrastructure planning. Ø Through this project, we demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of using Arduino-based technology to develop innovative solutions for urban parking management. The smart car parking system presented here serves as a practical demonstration of how IoT and embedded systems can contribute to creating smarter and more sustainable cities.

Urban traffic-parking system dynamics model with macroscopic properties: a comparative study between Shanghai and Zurich

Analyzing the dynamics of parking traffic can better represent the real dynamic states of road networks, thereby allowing for a deeper analysis of the parking system’s impact. This paper comparatively investigates the impact of parking policies on two traffic networks with different infrastructure, socio-economic, and policy characteristics. Parking space, average parking duration, and parking fee policies were analyzed as a function of cruising distances and cruising time with indirect effects on traffic emissions. Empirically, the system dynamics model application is tested and validated with the macroscopic data from two central business districts (CBDs) in Shanghai (Xujiahui area) and Zurich (Bahnhofstrasse area). Results showed Bahnhofstrasse CBD is more sensitive against the policy shifts with relatively higher elasticity and indicated greater responsiveness in aggregating traffic emissions when compared with Xujiahui CBD. The findings of this study may provide an overall framework to empirically assess the performance of different traffic conditions and strategies on urban parking systems.

Post-pandemic transit commute: Lessons from focus group discussions on the experience of essential workers during COVID-19

Public transit services, which provide a critical lifeline for many essential workers, were severely interrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic. As institutions gradually return to normal in-person operations, it is critical to understand how the pandemic affected essential workers' commute and what it will take to ensure the effective recovery of transit ridership and enhance the long-term resiliency and equity of public transportation systems for those who need it the most. This study used focus group discussions with essential workers who were pre-pandemic transit riders to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted their commute perceptions, experiences, motives, and challenges and explore the potential changes in their travel behavior post-pandemic. We used NVivo 12 Pro to conduct a thematic analysis of the transcripted discussion data and examined patterns of commute mode change with respect to participants' attributes, including job type, home location, and gender. The results show that public transit had multiple reliability and frequency challenges during the pandemic, which resulted in most participants switching away from public transportation. With the increased availability of hybrid remote work and pandemic-related parking policies, driving emerged as a safer and more affordable commute mode for many pre-pandemic transit riders, rendering transit services less efficient for those who continued to rely on it. Planning for post-COVID resilient and reliable mobility requires a major rethinking of providing an efficient and effective transport system and a more fundamental approach to long-term public transport policy. To recover transit ridership, transit agencies need to ensure transit service availability and provide reliable transit information through smartphone apps. Similarly, transit agencies need to coordinate with other employers to provide free or heavily subsidized transit passes, to facilitate the recovery of transit demand effectively.

Policy Implementation of Parking Implementation In Pekanbaru City, Riau Province

The aim of this research is to analyze the implementation of parking management policies in Pekanbaru City, the obstacles faced in implementing parking management policies in Pekanbaru City and the ideal and effective policy implementation model for parking management in Pekanbaru City. This research uses the policy implementation theory proposed by Smith which consists of idealized policy, target groups, implementing organization and environmental factors. The research method used is a qualitative approach with descriptive research type. The data analysis technique used is data reduction and drawing conclusions. The results of the research show that the implementation of local government policies in organizing parking in Pekanbaru City has gone well, this can be seen from: idealized policy, proper parking management in Pekanbaru City is able to support the existing transportation system, target groups, very closely related to taking decisions that involve many people, especially the community. implementing organizing, this difference in capacity and competency is one of the aspects that makes the implementation of this policy not optimal. Environmental factors, the obstacle for the Pekanbaru City Parking UPT is the lack of qualified human resources. Barriers to implementing parking policies in Pekanbaru City: commitment to service quality, quality of human resources for government officials and parking attendants, well-developed public communication.

Public policies in parks in Barranquilla for the generation of economic and social development.

Introducción: El desarrollo y el impacto social generado en los parques de la ciudad de Barranquilla ha despertado gran interés, pues ha sido un mecanismo para propiciar el desarrollo social y el cambio en la dinámica de la economía local. Por ende, Objetivos: analizar las políticas publicas aplicadas a los parques en la ciudad de Barranquilla que influyen en el desarrollo económico y social. Metodología: Para llevar a cabo este análisis, se empleo una metodología cuyo enfoque hipotético-deductivo de naturaleza transversal, bajo la técnica del análisis documental y la entrevista no estructurada, Resultados: se evidencio que las políticas actuales han permitido generar mas empleo y reducir la delincuencia en la ciudad, aspectos fundamentales para el progreso social. Conclusiones: la inversión continua en el desarrollo y mejora de los parques, representa un medio efectivo para fomentar el crecimiento sostenible y el progreso social en Barranquilla

Evaluating the mobility and environmental effects of light-rail transit developments using a multi-state supernetwork approach

Mass light-rail transit (LRT) has been promoted as an effective solution toward sustainable transportation in urban areas. This paper presents a micro-simulation framework combining the multi-state supernetwork (MSN) approach and a mobility-related emission module to evaluate the mobility and environmental effects of LRT developments. The evaluation framework considers individuals’ mode choice of LRT and particularly the trip chaining with their private vehicles to conduct daily activity programs. As complementary policies to LRT developments, parking pricing and park & ride (P + R) developments are also integrated. The output of daily travel patterns from the MSN approach can be used congruently to calculate the air pollutant emissions. The framework is applied to the extended Metropolitan area of Eindhoven (the Netherlands), where new LRT developments and additional parking policies are considered to improve accessibility and reduce environmental effects. The micro-simulation concerns a synthetic population of approximately 110,000 individuals and seven LRT scenarios. The simulation results show a decrease in overall vehicle kilometers traveled and travel time, an increase in public transport use, a decrease in total air pollutant emissions, and an increase in activities in areas around public transport stops and P + R locations. It appears that the inclusion of parking measures in the simulations strengthens the effects, confirming the effectiveness of policy combinations.

Does the national eco-industrial park policy promote the pollution alleviation? Evidence from China

ABSTRACT The Chinese government has selected pilot cities to implement the eco-industrial park (EIP) policy to promote green development since 2008. So far, there has been no systematic evidence on whether this policy can help reduce pollutant emissions. We exploit variations in the timing of this policy across cities and carry out a difference-in-differences (DID) approach to study the policy effect of the EIP construction on pollutant reduction. The Empirical results suggest a relative decline in wastewater and sulphur dioxide emissions in pilot cities after the EIP policy implementation. Besides, the observed effect is abundantly heterogeneous in geographic location and environmental attention. Our study provides empirical evidence for the effectiveness of the EIP policy on pollution alleviation, which is helpful for China to achieve green development.

Suggestions and Solutions for Enhancing Active Commuting to the University of Maribor and Advancing CO2 Emission Reduction

This study investigated commuting behavior at four technical faculties (BCTF) in Maribor. The main aim was to provide suggestions and solutions for challenges related to active commuting to the BCTF, while promoting advancements in CO2 emission reduction. The research methodology was based on analyses of a questionnaire survey and calculations of CO2 emissions. The results indicate that implementing measures to promote walking, bicycling and the use of city and regional public transport, in conjunction with supportive housing and parking policies, has the potential to eliminate car trips within 0–1 km of the BCTF and reduce car trips from other zones in favor of active commuting by 30% to 50%. These proposed transport scenarios could lead to an annual reduction in CO2 emissions ranging from 17% to 29%. The greatest potential for CO2 savings is observed within 0–5 km of the BCTF, where a shift to walking and bicycling could reduce emissions by up to 44%. The results also highlighted a notable disparity, indicating that students with term-time accommodations emitted 3.5 times and 4.1 times less annual CO2 within 0–5 km of the BCTF compared to students and staff commuting daily from their permanent residences in the city.

Institutional dynamics in inner city parking policy: a history of the Perth Parking Policy

ABSTRACT This paper presents a historical analysis of the Perth Parking Policy (PPP) and associated parking levy, exploring the institutional dynamics in inner-city car parking policy. The analysis draws on a range of archival material and interviews to identify four periods of the policy's history, each characterised by distinct dynamics in institutional logic and patterns of change. Since its introduction in 1999, the core institution of the PPP has endured, withstanding external threats such as COVID-19 and internal dynamics within the policy design. Proposed changes to the policy at the end of historical period investigated here point to the further influence of political dynamics in the PPPs future. The analysis reveals various institutional logics influencing the PPP’s history, highlighting the complex sets of relationships that shape parking policy in inner city areas.

Local Government’s Effort for the Conservation of Rara Lake, Karnali, Nepal

Rara, the largest Lake in Nepal, has enormous potential for the total development of the region. It is located in the Mugu district of Karnali region at an elevation of 2990 m. However, the federal and provincial governments’ current plans and strategies are ineffective in protecting and promoting the Lake from both present and future viewpoints. Participation theory was the most commonly used idea in this study. In order to provide baseline data for the formulation of efficient strategies and policies for the sustainable development of the Lake and its environs, this study intends to investigate the role of Rara Lake in the socioeconomic development of the Province. The study uses a questionnaire survey with a variety of stakeholders, including local people, business owners, and members of local political parties. The outcome shows that, in the current situation, the Lake’s promotion and conservation are solely dependent upon national park policies, as neither the provincial nor municipal governments have taken any direct action to further these goals. The results show that for the long-term conservation and promotion of the Lake, local inhabitants, and local government must adopt an integrated approach. The Lake would have a significant impact on the Province’s and the nation’s overall development if this strategy had been successfully applied.