Parking Mode Research Articles

Analysis of Shared Parking Game Model under Dynamic Parking Pricing

In recent years, the problem of "parking difficulty" has led to a large number of illegal parking incidents. The shared parking mode has been considered as an effective way to alleviate the conflict between parking supply and demand and urban traffic pressure. To address the issue of illegal parking and promote the development of shared parking, this paper constructs an evolutionary game model with shared platforms and motor vehicle drivers as the main entities. The study investigates the evolutionary stability strategy of the model, conducts sensitivity analysis on model parameters, and further analyzes the impact of highly sensitive parameters on the evolutionary paths of both players in the game. Finally, numerical simulations are performed on dynamic parking pricing standard. The research findings demonstrate that the sensitivity of discounts received by drivers from shared platforms and the additional revenue gained by the shared platform is higher than that of other parameters. Moderately increasing the penalty for illegal parking and the additional revenue of the shared platform can encourage drivers to choose legal parking and promote the development of shared parking. Under given parameterized and periodic parking pricing standard, finally, according to the particle swarm optimization algorithm, a set of relatively optimal parameter values is derived to enable the model to evolve rapidly into a stable state where drivers choose to park legally and the shared platform selects surrounding parking lots. It can effectively reduce the frequency of illegal parking.

Use of Structural Equation Modelling and Neural Network to Analyse Shared Parking Choice Behaviour

The shared parking mode represents a feasible solution to the persistent problem of parking scarcity in urban areas. This paper aims to examine the shared parking choice behaviours using a combination of structural equation modelling (SEM) and neural network, taking into account both the parking location characteristics and the travellers’ characteristics. Data were collected from a commercial district in Nanjing, China, through an online questionnaire survey covering 11 factors affecting shared parking choice. The method involved two steps: firstly, SEM was applied to examine the influence of these factors on shared parking choice. Following this, the seven factors with the strongest correlation to shared parking choice were used to train a neural network model for shared parking prediction. This SEM-informed model was found to outperform a neural network model trained on all eleven factors across precision, recall, accuracy, F1 and AUC metrics. The research concluded that the selected factors significantly influence shared parking choice, reinforcing the hypothesis regarding the importance of parking location and traveller characteristics. These findings provide valuable insights to support the effective implementation and promotion of shared parking.

Design and Simulation of a Novel 16T SRAM Cell for Low Power Memory Architecture

Static random access memory (SRAM) is a sort of RAM where information is not permanently stored and does not require routine updating. To reduce leakage power without sacrificing performance, a variety of approaches have been applied to SRAM cells. In this study, we suggest a new 16T SRAM design that can function in active, park, standby, or hold modes. A fully static mode of operation for SRAM is made possible by the 16T SRAM structure, which also enhances write margin (WM) and removes charging conflict between devices during read and write operations. The key objectives of the suggested architecture are to retain logic state in park mode while maintaining stability and reducing standby time in active mode, as well as to reduce leakage current in standby mode. This is done by removing feedback from the back-to-back inverters during write operations via the data-dependent supply block. This makes it possible for the suggested bitcell to considerably increase the WM. A novel SRAM cell with 16 transistors is created with subthreshold operation and enhanced data stability. By using an equalized bit line technique to avoid leakage due to enhanced data pattern and RBL detection, the suggested single-ended SRAM cell with dynamic feedback control lowers the static noise margin for ultra-low power transfer. A sleep transistor is incorporated into the architecture to save power consumption when the system is in standby mode due to inefficient voltage transmission. Tanner EDA tool V.14.1 on 45-nm CMOS was used for design and simulation. The outcomes demonstrate a considerable decrease in no-load current and power loss.

Research on intelligent transportation and shared parking spaces inurban areas based on multi-source data integration

Shared parking is a new way to effectively mitigate the difficulty in urban parking and traffic congestion. With the development and application of modern information technologies, intelligent optimization is adopted to make shared urban parking becomes possible. An intelligent idea of integrating multi-source data is proposed to implement shared parking. An intelligent-sharing urban parking framework is built, and intelligent-optimization matching solution method for urban shared parking demand is proposed. In order to better systematically optimize the allocation efficiency of urban shared parking resources, a dynamic and intelligent-optimized adjustment strategy is proposed for the sharing periods, shared pricing and penalties for prolonged parking in buildings with various properties based on the utilisation rate of parking slots in shared areas and the occurrence rate of prolonged parking and emergencies. Finally, to implement the novel intelligent-optimized and shared parking mode integrating multi-source data in urban areas, advice and directions are given for constructing a better management and security system.

For the Better Protection of Wetland Resources: Net Value of Ecosystem Services after Protective Development of Xixi Wetland in Hangzhou, China

Wetlands are valuable urban resources and can provide various ecosystem services for cities. In order to face the continuous urbanization and market economy environment, relevant government-related management, decision-makers, and stakeholders can make objective and comprehensive value judgments and decide the fate of urban wetland resources. Our quantitative approach to the ecosystem services value provided by wetlands produced clear, direct, and persuasive monetization data. The assessment of the net value of ecosystem services (NES) provides one such method. Considering the transition of the Xixi Wetland into the Xixi National Wetland Park in Hangzhou as an example, we first determined the calculation model of its NES. Second, we utilized the equivalent factor, contingent valuation, travel cost, and benefit transfer methods to calculate its value of ecosystem services (VES), service cost, and NES. The results are shown below. In 2016, the VES of Xixi Wetland park was RMB 16.973 billion, NES was RMB 16.938 billion, and service cost was RMB 34.8158 million. The value of cultural services was the main contributor to NES, which accounted for 99.27% of the total. Real estate appreciation, cultural heritage, and recreational value were the main contributors to its cultural service value. Third, through the scenario comparison, we concluded that the NES of the protective development model (the wetland park mode) adopted by Xixi Wetland was RMB 3.186 billion more than that of the protection model. In other words, the protective development model is more practical and sustainable for protecting the Xixi Wetland. Finally, the limitations and shortcomings of the study are summarized.

Research on the Traffic Organization of Heavy-haul Trains Based on Automatic Parking Technology

In recent years, the transportation capacity of Shuohuang Railway, an important coal transportation corridor in China, has become saturated. To exploit potentialities and raise efficiency, transportation organization optimization is the key way in the short term. Based on elaborating the present situation of traffic volume on the Shuozhou-Huanghua railway, the traffic volume of 2030 is predicted by the time series method, which is found that under the condition of existing equipment and transportation organization, the railroad capacity is not able to meet the transportation demand. This paper analyzes the technical conditions under the traffic volume target of 450 million tons and proposes the phased optimization steps of transportation organization on the Shuozhou-Huanghua railway from two aspects of station operation efficiency and train transportation organization based on a new type of automatic parking device. A series of optimization measures for capacity expansion and efficiency improvement are raised, such as dwell time compression of cargo at the station, skylight influence area compression and interval parking mode on skylight day. It is found that when the proportion of 20,000 tons of trains reaches more than 60%, the Shuozhou-Huanghua railway can achieve the volume target of 450 million tons. The compression of the skylight influence area could add 197 additional trains of 20,000 tons every year. And the interval parking mode could increase the annual capacity by about 690,000 tons.

Optimization model of parking space allocation based on genetic algorithm in reservation system mode

The issue of parking space allocation is an important part of the research of intelligent transportation. In recent years, with the surge in the number of car users and the popularity of new energy vehicles, parking space resources have become tighter. At the same time, due to the wide application of the reservation system, how to choose the optimal allocation model has become a problem for scholars to discuss. In order to make full use of the ordinary parking spaces and charging parking spaces in the parking lot, this paper constructs a parking lot parking space allocation model under the reservation-based mode. On this basis, the total revenue of the operator is aimed at maximizing, and the demand and parking spaces are corresponding to each other one-to-one, and the order time window is the constraint. Through the genetic algorithm, the two-dimensional coding of the order number and the parking number is established, and the chromosome update strategy is designed and solved according to the order time window conflict matrix. Simulation experiments are carried out through MATLAB software to verify the scientific and effectiveness of models and algorithms. The results show that when the number of parking spaces is limited, the reservation system mode can effectively improve the utilization rate and total profit of parking spaces compared with the first-come, first-served parking mode, with an average improvement rate of 30% and 17% respectively.

Research on parking choice behavior of shared autonomous vehicle services by measuring users’ intention of usage

Shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) are one of the important development directions of smart and green transportation. However, relevant researches are not sufficient at present. The factors influencing the intention to use SAVs and their parking choice behaviors need to be further analyzed. First, in order to better explain, predict, and improve travelers’ intention to use SAVs, the conceptual framework based on technology acceptance model was developed to establish the relationships between the travelers’ intention to use SAVs, social influence of SAVs, attitude toward behavior of SAVs, perceived risk of SAVs, perceived usefulness of SAVs and perceived ease of these use. Then structural equation model (SEM) was established to analyze the relationship between various variables. The results show that the perceived usefulness, behavior attitude, social influence, perceived ease of use, and perceived risk are the main factors that determine the intention to use SAVs. Through the test of direct effect, indirect effect, and total effect in the model, it is found that perceived usefulness has the largest total impact on intention to use SAVs, with a standardized coefficient of 0.765, followed by behavior attitude (0.732), social influence (0.597), perceived ease of use (0.462) and perceived risk of SAVs (−0.452). In addition, through the study of observed indicator variables ATB2 and BI3, it is found that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, social influence, perceived risk, attitude toward behavior, and behavior intention all have an impact on parking behavior. In order to study the specific influencing factors of parking choice behavior, a multinomial logit (MNL) model was established to analyze the relationships between travelers’ parking choice behaviors and the influential factors, which include travelers’ individual characteristics, travel attributes, and parking modes’ attributes by extracting from a questionnaire. The results show that the travel time, travel fees, parking charge, cruising fees, parking time and traffic emission are the main factors that determine travelers’ choices of parking. This paper provides advice for operators of SAVs.

Smart Vehicle Monitoring and Accident Prevention System using Arm

Abstract: After drunken driving, mobile phone usage is the leading cause of accidents around the world. Also, at sudden stoppages on cross roads or due to sudden obstructions on road, natural or otherwise the driver cannot anticipate back bumper and side collision. Also, low height railing or pavements in blind spots while parking may damage the vehicle. Costly mobile phone jammers while effective render emergency communication impossible. As alcohol detection and vehicle tracking system are successfully implemented we are proposing an essential vehicle safety kit which is absent in majority of the vehicles on Indian roads. Furthermore, this can be an addition to the developing cognitive driver assistance system. The proposed system provides vehicle with safety features like SMS alert facility, blind spot detection and tail gating detector. The vehicle is equipped with angle sensors and a GSM modem interfaced with NXP ARM 2148 processor. The driver has access to a user interface consisting of LCD and switching ports. The driver may aware two modes of angle sensing with sensors located on centre of the Vehicle. A braking system can be actuated in the parking mode if the distance measured from the sensors crosses the defined threshold. In case of an emergency the driver can send a text or call from the stored numbers in the memory using the keypad. To save time and to maintain the driver’s focus on the road a default text can be sent to a default number by a single key pad entry. Call service from the system eliminates the need of using the phone and prevents driver’s loss of focus. Further the freedom to choose the number and the corresponding message to be sent is available when the vehicle is at rest. The system thus prevents accidental damage to the vehicle and its driver while eliminating the use of phone by the driver. Keywords: PIC Microcontroller, LPC2148, LCD 16*2, GSM Module, ADXL335, GPS Module

Review on Smart Vehicle Monitoring and Accident Prevention System Using Arm

Abstract: After drunken driving, mobile phone usage is the leading cause of accidents around the world. Also, at sudden stoppages on cross roads or due to sudden obstructions on road, natural or otherwise the driver cannot anticipate back bumper and side collision. Also, low height railing or pavements in blind spots while parking may damage the vehicle. Costly mobile phone jammers while effective render emergency communication impossible. As alcohol detection and vehicle tracking system are successfully implemented we are proposing an essential vehicle safety kit which is absent in majority of the vehicles on Indian roads. Furthermore, this can be an addition to the developing cognitive driver assistance system. The proposed system provides vehicle with safety features like SMS alert facility, blind spot detection and tail gating detector. The vehicle is equipped with angle sensors and a GSM modem interfaced with NXP ARM 2148 processor. The driver has access to a user interface consisting of LCD and switching ports. The driver may aware two modes of angle sensing with sensors located on centre of the Vehicle. A braking system can be actuated in the parking mode if the distance measured from the sensors crosses the defined threshold. In case of an emergency the driver can send a text or call from the stored numbers in the memory using the keypad. To save time and to maintain the driver’s focus on the road a default text can be sent to a default number by a single key pad entry. Call service from the system eliminates the need of using the phone and prevents driver’s loss of focus. Further the freedom to choose the number and the corresponding message to be sent is available when the vehicle is at rest. The system thus prevents accidental damage to the vehicle and its driver while eliminating the use of phone by the driver. Keywords: PIC Microcontroller, LPC2148, LCD 16*2, GSM Module, ADXL335, GPS Module

A Real Time Algorithm for Versatile Mode Parking System and Its Implementation on FPGA Board

This paper presents the design and development of a technique for an Autonomous and Versatile mode Parking System (AVPS) that combines a various number of parking modes. The proposed approach is different from that of many developed parking systems. Previous research has focused on choosing only a parking lot starting from two parking modes (which are parallel and perpendicular). This research aims at developing a parking system that automatically chooses a parking lot starting from four parking modes. The automatic AVPS was proposed for the car-parking control problem, and could be potentially exploited for future vehicle generation. A specific mode can be easily computed using the proposed strategy. A variety of candidate modes could be generated using one developed real time VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) algorithm providing optimal solutions with performance measures. Based on simulation and experimental results, the AVPS is able to find and recognize in advance which parking mode to select. This combination describes full implementation on a mobile robot, such as a car, based on a specific FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) card. To prove the effectiveness of the proposed innovation, an evaluation process comparing the proposed technique with existing techniques was conducted and outlined.

Determinants to parking mode alternatives: A model integrating technology acceptance model and satisfaction–loyalty model

As an emerging technology that does not rely on the construction of several parking facilities and effectively relieves the pressure of urban parking, shared parking is widely promoted. However, users may turn to conventional parking mode because of concerns about the performance of shared parking modes. Therefore, to determine why users change parking mode and to improve the behavior patronage rate of shared parking mode, studying the factors influencing users’ behavior intentions is very important. Technology acceptance model and satisfaction–loyalty model are combined to construct a comprehensive framework for analyzing the key factors that affect the behavioral intentions of shared parking mode and to describe the multidimensional characteristics of the behavioral intentions. The hypotheses were tested and analyzed on the basis of the empirical data of Harbin and the structural equation model (SEM). Eventually, a multigroup SEM analysis, which takes gender as a moderating variable, is used. Results show that the re-patronage of shared parking is significantly affected by its technology acceptance and that the perceived risk is the key variable leading to change parking mode. In addition, the factor invariance of the identified model framework is examined against gender, and few significant differences are found. The framework is expected to contribute to operators in increasing their market share of shared parking services and to governments in promoting new transportation technologies in cities.

ANTI-THEFT ALERT SYSTEM FOR SMART VEHICLES USING MOBILE APP

Theft security of vehicle in common parking places has become a matter to concern. To overcome this problem, we have an idea. There is a system that doesn’t allow tampering with ignition systems of vehicles, it captures the picture of a thief and also shares the location. The system will warn the mobile-phone about the tampering of the vehicles ignition key knob etc. when the parking mode is ON in our app. There is mobile application for warning the owner/mobile-phone. If the vehicle is lifted during parking mode, the app will alert the owner/mobile-phone through the app and also track the vehicle. In 2nd part of system, there is a Feature when an Unknown person allows to tamper with the Vehicle then Pi camera takes a picture and sending to registered application Gmail. There are the functions like this Tampering detection, tampering of ignition wire, attempt to lift, thief attempt to start vehicle without key, App/mobile warning, GPS tracking of vehicle, capturing picture of thief, and extra function apart from mobile application is Image processing system

Research on parking app choice behavior based on MNL

As a kind of intelligent parking mode, shared parking mode has been widely promoted, and parking app, as a product of the development of sharing economy in the field of transportation, is also being vigorously advocated. However, there are not many people who use parking app to find and reserve parking space in practice, which is largely caused by insufficient information provided by the parking apps. In order to better explain, predict and improve drivers’ choice of parking apps, a multinomial logit model was established to analyze the relationship between drivers’ parking app choice behavior and the influential factors. The influential factors include drivers’ individual characteristics and parking app’s attributes, which were extracted from a questionnaire and typical parking apps currently in operation. The results show that the reservation and shared parking spaces, available parking spaces, parking charges and distance to the destination are the main factors that determine the drivers’ choice of parking app. This paper provides a reference for the development of Ningbo parking apps.

Investigating the survey instrument for the underground pipeline with inertial sensor and dead reckoning method

To survey deep-buried and non-metallic pipelines without excavation, a pipeline survey instrument composed of a data collection and data processing part is developed. The data collection part is composed of a walking machine, a nine-axis micro-electro-mechanical system inertial measurement unit (MEMS-IMU) installed on the walking machine, odometers based on Hall magnetic switches, and a control/data storage circuit, while data processing is executed on the personal computer, where the attitude and trajectory are acquired with the complementary filter and dead reckoning on the collected data. Key technologies include the following: (1) the gyro-bias is estimated with the parking mode when there is no angular motion excitation; (2) a magnetometer is introduced to assist MEMS-IMU tracking azimuth changes; (3) calibration based on ellipsoid fitting is designed for magnetometers and accelerometers without any references; (4) stretching and rotation on calculated trajectory are executed with position information of both pipeline ends. Test results on a pipeline of 104m constructed on the ground show that the maximum error on the lateral direction is 0.13m and the height is 0.06m, while the mean errors are -0.04m and -0.001m, respectively.

Exploration of Railway Heritage Renewal Method under the High Line Park Mode——Taking the High Line Park in New York as an example

As an extremely successful case in the renewal of railway heritage, New York High Line Park has aroused the research of many scholars at home and abroad. This paper analyzes and compares a large number of existing cases to classify the existing railway heritage renewal models, and summarize the internal application characteristics and external manifestations of various models. Through the analysis of the common points in the design methods of the New York High Line Park, a representative case of railway heritage transformation, the three functional characteristics of the high line park renewal model are refined, and the combination mode of materials in the actual project and its use are discussed. Functional evaluation summarizes the modular methods of project transformation with the same internal factors, and proposes feasible transformation models. It is of reference significance for future Chinese railway heritage reconstruction projects.

Analysis of shared parking demander’ choice behavior based on elaboration likelihood model

The shared parking mode is an effective measure to solve the problem of urban parking difficulties. However, due to insufficient research on the parking choice behavior and its influence factors, the shared parking mode has not been effectively promoted and applied. In order to study the parking choice behavior of the demander in the shared parking mode, this paper establishes a choice intention model of shared parking demander based on Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), and divides effect route in the process of promoting shared parking mode into central route and peripheral route. Firstly, we study the external influence factors that correspond to central route and peripheral route. And then we establish the connection between external influence factors and attribute factors of the demander by assuming 20 correlations. Finally the hypotheses in the model are verified by questionnaire investigation and statistical test. The research results indicate that the walking distance and parking time are significantly correlated with the travel purpose of the demander; the parking fee is significantly correlated with the income of the demander; the security risk factor is significantly correlated with the age of the demander. The research results of this paper have certain significance and reference value for platform operators and government departments to issue relevant incentive policies to promote the shared parking mode.

Equilibrium analysis of parking for integrated daily commuting

We analyze the commuting patterns and parking modes for integrated daily commuting under different regimes. Based on a bi-direction bottleneck network with a spatial pattern of parking, the daily commuting patterns with parking location choices are analyzed. Without road toll and parking fee, there exist two equilibrium flow patterns and one parking mode. Increasing the parking density would postpone the earliest departure time and shorten the length of departure time period. A linear location-dependent parking fee regime without road toll is then proposed. We find that three parking modes occur across the parking fee rate and the morning efficiency loss always exists no matter how the fee rate is changed. Furthermore, a combined regime of linear location-dependent parking fee and time-varying road toll is developed to minimize the total daily social cost (TDSC). Two parking modes occur as the parking fee rate increases and there exist four equilibrium flow patterns. We show that the linear location-dependent parking fees could either advance or postpone the earliest morning departure time. An inappropriate parking fee rate may increase both individual and social costs. The best system performance can be achieved with joint consideration of both the TDSC and parking supply cost.

Optimal allocation of shared parking slots considering parking unpunctuality under a platform-based management approach

An effective way to solve the parking difficulty is to utilize idle private parking slots as temporary parking supplies under the shared parking mode. A platform-based management approach can make reasonable use of parking slots by gathering the parking time windows of owners and consumers in advance. However, the actual parking time is difficult to be consistent with that registered on the platform. Owners and consumers may be unpunctual when arriving and departing. The parking unpunctuality is a stochastic factor and affects the allocation of parking slots. This paper focuses on how to model and optimize the parking unpunctuality in the shared parking slot allocation problem. We formulate the parking probability function of consumers and owners in different time slots and transform the stochastic programming model into an expectation model. It is found that in a certain time slot, the optimal number of idle parking slot reserved is related to the probability of unpunctuality, as well as the number of cars registered to arrive and depart in the neighboring time slots. The numerical experiments indicate that when considering the parking unpunctuality, the allocation is less compact; the satisfaction of consumers is decreased, especially when the supply is limited or the consumer demands are excessive. In the middle and later periods throughout the daytime, parking slots are more likely to be overloaded.

Effects of Topside Structures and Wind Profile on Wind Tunnel Testing of FPSO Vessel Models

This study examined the effects of wind loads on a floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel, focusing in particular on the impact of the turbulent wind profiles, the level of details of the topside structures, and the operation modes of the gantry cranes. A series of wind tunnel tests were performed on the FPSO vessel model, developed with a scale of 1:200. It was observed that the wind loads measured using a low-detail model were often greater than those measured using a high-detail model. The measured wind loads corresponding to the Norwegian Maritime Directorate (NMD) profile with an exponent of 0.14, were approximately 19% greater than those corresponding to the Frøya profile in the entire range of wind directions, because of the slightly higher mean wind speeds of the NMD profile. The wind forces increased by up to 8.6% when the cranes were at operating mode compared to when they were at parking mode. In view of the observations made regarding the detail level of the tested models, a medium-level detail FPSO model can be considered adequate for the wind tunnel testing if a high-detail model is not available.