Parking Building Research Articles

Research on the Constructed-Wetland/Regulation-Tank System at Pontificia Universidad Javeriana's Bogotá Campus

The stormwater harvesting (SWH) project at Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (Bogotá) began in 2007, initiated by the Water and Environmental Engineering research group (Ciencia e Ingeniería del Agua y el Ambiente), as part of PUJB's Environmental Management Plan and in collaboration with the University's Office of Physical Resources. This process included assessments of water supply and demand, rainwater quality, and financial and construction considerations. The system—a constructed wetland/regulation tank (CWRT)—collects rainwater runoff from the university's parking building (3,776 m²), the soccer field, and surrounding areas (14,816 m²). Beyond its hydrological performance, especially during periods of water scarcity, the system also functions as a full-scale laboratory to study biodiversity and ecological impacts in hydrological and hydraulic processes. The monitoring program, focused on changes in rainwater quantity and quality, has inspired several master's and doctoral research projects. These studies explore critical topics in urban hydrology, including stormwater harvesting, urban sediment management, real-time decision-making systems, and environmental and human health. This paper outlines the development of the stormwater harvesting system, shares the main findings from research projects, and discusses ongoing projects.

Experimental Infrastructure Design for Energy-Independent Car Park Building Based on Parametric Photovoltaic Facade System

The purpose of this study is to develop a new architectural model that responds to environmental pollution. The subject of this study is infrastructure buildings related to automobiles, which cause environmental pollution. Parking facilities accommodate several vehicles, necessitating the design of large-scale parking infrastructure. In this study, the parametric design of an energy-independent building was developed targeting the facade of a large-scale parking facility. As basic research for the development of the parametric design, a parking building was planned toward the optimization of parking space. Based on this basic research, a kinetic photovoltaic facade was developed to achieve optimal renewable energy generation from the perspective of eco-friendly architectural design. Energy simulation using building information modeling (BIM) on the kinetic photovoltaic system developed in this study over a period of one year resulted in the generation of a total of 692,386 kWh·year−1. The novelty of this study is the development of a kinetic photovoltaic facade that is oriented according to the optimal tilt angle every month, focusing on the infrastructure. The significance of the kinetic photovoltaic system lies in the fact that it not only maximizes the efficiency of renewable energy generation but also presents a new architectural design model.

COST ANALYSIS WITH CRASH PROGRAM OF KEROBOKAN PARKING LOT BUILDING BALI

Kerobokan Bali Parking Building is one of the buildings that uses steel material as the main structure. The building which has a height of 13.97 meters, a width of 32.8 meters, and a length of 16.18 meters has a construction plan duration of 248 calendar days starting from July 2023. Known critical trajectory activities will be carried out a crashing program analysis with the aim of accelerating time by using one method, namely overtime work with a duration of 4 hours. Based on the analysis that has been carried out with the help of the Microsoft Project 2019 application, there are 16 lists of activities included in the critical trajectory. In writing this thesis, it will be mentioned in the form of a line code in Microsoft Project 2019, namely 569-573-579-580-581-606-585-586-590-591-595-596-600-601-602-612. In addition to knowing the list of critical path activities, this thesis also accelerates the duration with an additional 4 hours of overtime and calculates the total cost of the acceleration. After acceleration, it is known that the duration decrease is 61 days with a normal duration of 248 days to 187 days and shows a time efficiency of 0.245%. The total initial cost with normal duration is Rp 8,822,280,000.00 while if the project is accelerated, the project cost becomes Rp 8,901,216,104.5 by showing an additional cost of Rp 78,936,104.47.

Analisis Kebutuhan Ruang Parkir Berdasarkan Lama Parkir Akibat Perluasan Bandara Internasional Sultan Hasanuddin

Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport experienced an average growth in passengers and aircraft movements for the 2014-2018 period, respectively 11.35% and 9.29% per year. Therefore, in order to improve service, airport development is being carried out referring to the Sultan Hasanuddin Airport Master Plan, including a parking building for 4-wheelers with a capacity of 624 SRP, while the existing 4-wheeled parking capacity is 1,072 SRP. So that data was collected on the number of passengers during peak hours, data on the number of vehicles and data on the duration of each vehicle's parking in 2018 before the airport development was carried out. From these data, a calculation of the need for parking space is carried out during peak hours as well as a calculation of the availability and need for parking space based on the length of time each vehicle is parked. So that the need for parking space during peak hours is 1,183 SRP, and the required capacity based on the characteristics of the length of time each vehicle is parked is 989 SRP/hour. While currently being developed is 624 SRP with a capacity based on the long parking characteristics of each vehicle is 522 SRP./hour. From the results of these calculations it can be concluded that the development of stage 1 is not able to serve parking needs during peak hours, so that additional parking space capacity is needed.

Project Spotlight: Florida’s native plants inspire park buildings

The Winter Park Library and Events Center in Winter Park, Fla., is part of a campus that serves as a civic and cultural hub. The three precast concrete structures provided by Gate Precast in Kissimmee, Fla., are a two-story library, an events center with a rooftop terrace, and a portico that ushers visitors from the street and welcomes them into the campus.

Дослідження методик розрахунку прогресуючого обвалення

Modeling of the progressive collapse of buildings under fire conditions was carried out using the LIRA-CAD software environment in order to increase the level of fire safety. Scientific works and standardization of requirements for the progressive collapse of buildings in fire conditions are analyzed, the causes of progressive collapse in fire conditions, modern methods and approaches to calculating progressive collapse in fire conditions in the USA and Ukraine are considered. It has been established that currently there is no single methodology for calculating "progressive collapse". Ensuring (development of calculation methodology) the necessary resistance of objects to progressive collapse under various combined special effects of fire and explosion is an urgent scientific and practical task. A numerical model of the progressive collapse of the building under fire conditions, which can lead to the progressive collapse of the building, has been developed. For this, the LIRA-SAPR software complex was used. A finite-element model of a three-story parking lot was created. The applied differential equation of thermal conductivity takes into account radiation-convective heat transfer from the gas medium to the heating surfaces of the column, heat transfer by thermal conductivity in the column. Stiffness types and corresponding characteristics were determined for the model. As a result of the numerical modeling, the place of the fire was established, the consequences of which will lead to the loss of the load-bearing capacity of the structures, and, as a result, to the loss of the overall stability of the parking building. It has been established that approaches to increase the area of reinforcement take place in the design of buildings and structures, but are generally not acceptable in the operation of already constructed buildings and in the case of the need to increase the fire resistance limits of reinforced concrete structures to standardized values.

Cost Benefit Analysis of Village Fund Management for Improving Education in Sukomulyo Village, Jombang Regency

This research aims to analyze the use of village funds to improve children's education and reading parks in Sukomulyo Village, Jombang Regency. The collection technique involves collecting existing documents in the village and interviews. After the data is collected, interactive analysis is carried out to test the validity of the data and discuss the data with the theory used. The research results show that the village fund program in Sukomulyo Village has been used to build facilities and infrastructure for Early Childhood Education, Kindergarten, and Reading Park buildings. Second, developing children's education facilities and infrastructure has involved all village officials, the community, religious leaders, and other stakeholders from planning to accountability. Third, the cost and benefit analysis results show that all stakeholders agree that the benefits of the children's education development program are higher than the losses. The implication is that the Sukomulyo village government is obliged to prioritize education programs funded by village funds every year so that children's education interests become a priority program.

Strategies for integral rehabilitation and improvement of the energy efficiency of Lagos Park building in Madrid

As a primary goal, Inadequate energy consumption and outdated construction systems are causing financial losses for homeowners. Spain’s failure to meet European guidelines on CO2 emissions highlights the urgent need to address the energy inefficiency of buildings, responsible for 40% of such emissions. This article presents a comprehensive refurbishment project undertaken in the Lagos Park residential building in Madrid. The paper offers a detailed analysis of common building issues related to excessive humidity in the surrounding areas and deficiencies in the energy performance of the building envelope, including facades and roofs. Precise measures for achieving compliance with the Spanish Technical Building Code (CTE), as well as enhancing energy efficiency and functionality, are explained through the renovation of the building envelopes. The study also encompasses improvements made to the domestic hot water supply systems and the air-conditioning system, which contribute to the building’s attainment of an optimal energy rating (energy Class A). The extensive renovation undertaken in the complex has transformed Lagos Park homes into “zero energy consumption” residences. The strategies employed, ranging from electrical appliances to the house’s structural design, are all geared towards maximizing energy usage efficiency, resulting in significantly reduced monthly electricity bills by 65%–75%.

Effective seismic retrofitting concept for existing car park buildings in moderate seismic regions

AbstractCarparks are highly systematic and standardized building typologies. As enduser requirements are almost the same throughout Europe, carpark buildings can be easily categorized according to their geometry and structural system. Split‐level carparks are common practise, especially for city‐centre areas. However, their assembly includes some inherent disadvantages regarding the seismic performance. In the light of the new National Annex in Germany (DIN‐EN‐1998‐1/NA) the seismic performance assessment of existing buildings gains increasing importance in areas of low‐to‐moderate seismicity as well. This paper describes the assessment of the seismic performance of an existing multistorey carpark, built in Aachen (Germany) in the 1980s and proposes an efficient, low‐cost pre‐earthquake strengthening strategy. The investigated structure consists of steel‐concrete‐composite floors and concentrically‐braced frames (CBFs) in both longitudinal and transverse direction. Brace‐to‐beam/column connections represent the weak point of the structure, as their capacity is lower than the tensile/compressive resistance of the braces. An unconventional low‐cost retrofitting strategy by means of “weakening” the existing hollow‐section‐braces is investigated and discussed in this contribution.

Contemporary Design of Cultural Park in Binjai City

A cultural park is a location with both closed and open spaces where locals and visitors may create and plan events related to art and culture. Cultural parks should have the capacity to reflect local culture and promote the growth of the arts and culture in a community. However, because these activities are not seen as important, Binjai City lacks a unique location to host cultural events. One of the issues with the absence of public opinion and interest in culture and art in the City of Binjai is the lack of engaging educational and recreational cultural tourism. Because of this, the Binjai City administration needs to create a space where young people may be encouraged to develop their artistic and cultural interests and expand the city's tourism amenities. It is hoped that the cultural park building's indoor and outdoor spaces will play a significant role as a public facility based on social values in local artistic and cultural activities, become a leisurely tourist destination, and provide social education-based public services in maintaining culture in the City of Binjai. As a result, the building has a modern and current local cultural character thanks to the contemporary architectural style employed in developing this cultural park. This does not preclude the possibility of becoming one of the factors that promote the Binjai metropolis's manifestation as a vibrant metropolis for both young and old generations.

Design Modification of Klandasan Parking Building Using Flat Slab with Drop Panel And Shear Wall Method

The Klandasan Parking Building (GPK) is an 8-story parking built in Balikpapan that serves as vehicle parking and uses a conventional structure system (columns, beams, plates) where the highest beam is about 800 mm. To maximize the clearance of each story, an alternative structure system is planned by removing beams called flat slabs. The new plan is conducted by modifying the structure into a dual system which consists of an Intermediate Moment Resisting Frame, a flat plate with drop panels used to withstand gravitational loads on buildings and a Structural Wall System (SWS) installed to resist lateral loads such as earthquake and wind. Structure’s plan refers to SNI 03-2847-2013 and SNI 03-1726-2012 which are Indonesia’s concrete and earthquake codes respectively. In addition, PPURG 1987 is also used to determine loads for the building. The analysis result shows that the building could be changed from 8 to 9 stories using the same total height of 8 stories. The depth of plates and drop panels which are supported by interior and exterior columns are 250 mm and 100 mm respectively. Turning to the shear wall, a thickness of 350 mm can be used to resist lateral loads.

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS FROM FIREPROOF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING STRUCTURES

The paper developed a computer model of the thermal and stress-strain state of a three-story car parking building, which consists of fire-resistant structures, taking into account: thermophysical characteristics of fire-resistant coatings, thermophysical and mechanical properties of the materials that make up the structure, nonlinear laws of deformation of the model materials, mechanical properties of materials at high temperature and force. Modeling of non-stationary heating of a reinforced concrete parking column with a square cross-section, dimensions 0.5×0.5×3 m under the conditions of exposure to a standard fire for 150 minutes was carried out. At the same time, it was found that the temperature on the reinforcing rods reaches 853 °C, which is sufficient to ensure the fire resistance of R150 at the given calculated forces in the column, and the mosaic of movements along the Z axis was not significant and amounted to 1.1 mm. The maximum reinforcement area was 5.55 cm2. When ensuring R180 fire resistance at the given calculated forces in the column, the temperature at the corner reinforcing bars reached 914 °С and the program calculated additional reinforcement. This indicates that the existing reinforcement is not enough to ensure the fire resistance of R180 at the given design forces in the column, so the maximum area of the reinforcement as a result of the calculation by the program increased to 58.7 cm2 (10 times more than the initial one). Measures to increase the fire resistance limits of structures, consisting in the use of fire-resistant coatings with scientifically based parameters, are proposed. The thickness of the passive fire-resistant coating, the coefficient of thermal conductivity, the specific heat capacity, which must be ensured when evaluating the fire resistance of a fire-resistant reinforced concrete column and increasing the limits of fire resistance to 180 minutes, are substantiated. Numerical calculations of non-stationary heating of a fire-protected reinforced concrete column of a parking lot (coating thickness 11 mm) under the conditions of exposure to a standard fire for 180 minutes revealed that the temperature on the reinforcing rods reached 213 °C, which is 4 times less than the heating of an unprotected column. Keywords: fire resistance, fire-resistant reinforced concrete structures, fire-resistant coating, thermophysical characteristics.

Numerical validation of structural fire design for steel framed car park buildings

The installed automatic sprinkler systems in car park buildings can control the fire spread between vehicles, leading to unique localized vehicle fire scenarios. An advanced structural fire design methodology specific to steel-framed car park buildings was proposed by Linus Lim [11] based on the overall performance of structures under localized fire. This paper aims to assess the accuracy and reliability of this design methodology through numerical modelling using ABAQUS. The validated approach of establishing finite element models for steel-framed structures is adopted to simulate an eight-bay car park frame under two different fire scenarios following the design procedure. The overall structural fire performance of simulated structures indicates that even though the structural beams generated plastic deformation in two fire scenarios, none reached failure in the simulation. The comparison of load between simulation and design shows that the structural fire design methodology overestimated the load on the structural components inducing a conservative design result, which can be used for the car park building structural fire design. It should be pointed out that the neighbouring beams at a lower temperature could sustain the additional load from the continuous bending beam right above the fire, resulting in better overall performance of steel beams in localized fire. The assumption of load redistribution between different beams was validated in simulation.

Effect of loss of bond on flat-slab building collapses

Between 1997 and 2010, there was a small, yet unexpected, number of flat-slab car park buildings that collapsed under service loading. In all the cases, the collapse was preceded by loss of bond (LoB) between the concrete and flexural reinforcement. All investigations of the causes of these collapses have since been inconclusive, particularly as regards the effect of LoB. Yet, LoB due to yielding of the flexural reinforcement in tension had already been proposed as the main cause of punching, and failure criteria derived on the basis of this proposal were found to produce predictions that correlated closely with experimentally established values of the punching failure load. The aim of the present work was to extend the range of application of these criteria to the case of LoB due to steel corrosion and test their validity against the available information on the car park building collapses.

Zero Investment Development Planning Motorcycle Parking Building Gramedia Pandanaran Semarang

Zero Investment Development Planning Motorcycle Parking Building Gramedia Pandanaran Semarang

ANALISIS STRUKTUR KOLOM PADA GEDUNG PARKIR RUMAH SAKIT DI SEMARANG

The parking building of Hospital Semarang is a space frame system that is assumed to be on soft soil (SE) and analyzed based on the Special Moment Reinforced Concrete Frame System (SRPMK). With quality concrete, fy=25 MPa, reinforcing steel quality, fy=420 MPa, and reinforcing steel quality, fy=280 MPa. Load analysis refers to SNI 1726 – 2019, and concrete regulations refer to SNI 2847 – 2019. Based on the results of the dynamic response analysis obtained from the program ETABS v19.1.0 follows the requirements of the variety of motion, with mode 1 showing the direction of translational motion X direction, which is 49,9%, mode 2 shows the translational movement in the Y direction which is 71.24%. Mode 3 shows the movement of the structure in the rotation, which is 57.72%. Dynamic base shear, 2393,984 kN, and 2743 4332 kN have met the requirements, reaching 100%. The earthquake direction applied was in the orthogonal direction with a redundancy factor value (ρ) of 1.3. There is no deviation between levels that exceed the allowable limit. P-Delta checking of the structure concluded that the structure remains stable. The results of the analysis of the cross-sectional capacity of the column obtained from the spColumn v6.00 program can be concluded that for a column with dimensions of 600x800, it is not strong enough to withstand the working load, because the minimum load is within the design strength of the interaction diagram. The maximum load is outside the strength of the interaction diagram plan. While the column with dimensions of 600x600 is still vital to withstand the working load because the minimum and maximum loads are in the strong interaction diagram plan.

COST AND TIME PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS ON CONTROLLING CONTRUCTION PROJECTS WITH “PERT” METHOD

In the matter of parking lot problems, there are many ways to solve the problems that always arise from the parking lot with more and more and require a very large land with adequate capacity, therefore one of them is by making a multi-storey parking building. The more development of construction work, the more problems that arise during construction, one of which is project management problems which before the implementation or implementation of development are always planned to determine the schedule, time, and cost needed. In the construction of the Airlangga University multi-storey parking building project, controlling the schedule of the plan should have been carried out in 300 days. With the CPM and PERT methods used, the calculation duration is 340 days with a probability of 99.85% to speed up work and delays. Acceleration is carried out by adding workers so that it will affect costs, so after adding workers with normal costs of Rp. 49.139.000.850,26. and after the addition of manpower to speed up the implementation time with a total cost of Rp 49,227,563,678.83. after accelerating.

RFID MATERIAL Based Electric Vehicle Charging Station

The variety of EVs on the road aspect is increased; hence the charging stations in necessary in every entire parking buildings and individual provider branch will turn out to be additional dominant. These stations can is accountable for assembly the necessities of the supply grid, EV proprietors, and parking building operators. With an elevated numbs of electrical automobiles (EVs) on the streets, charging communications is gaining an entire extra crucial role in the entire together gathering the desires of the nearby supply grid and of EV users. The emission of the damaging CO2 inside the surroundings from the conventional gas-based vehicles is one of the essential elements for the upward push and fame of electric cars (EVs) within the fresh elegant towns within the current years. In this context, EVs offer better surroundings within the contemporary elegant city. But there exist many demanding situations inclusive of elegant charging, path scheduling, information dissemination etc., for the usage of EVs inside the fresh-day elegant metropolis. So, there's a need for the new strategies and solutions to improve the performance of the existing charging machine of the EVs. Maintaining awareness on these points, this task proposes a new approach for the electrical automobile wireless charging the use of RFID MATERIAL tags together with an optimized path making plans to have a foremost charging value. This proposed gadget RFID MATERIAL system for person identification and charging authorization as part of a elegant charging infrastructure offering rate tracking and manage. The RFID MATERIAL presents a cost-efficient method to perceive and consent to motors for charging and would permit EV charging to is carried out successfully while gazing grid constraints and meeting the needs of EV drivers. After RFID MATERIAL reader initialization, RFID MATERIAL tag study via RFID MATERIAL reader with help of percent microcontroller and RFID MATERIAL tag information are displayed within the liquid crystal display. The automobile charging is based to the entire y on amount/money and robotic the entire y debited from account with assist of RFID MATERIAL and keypad. On this gadget we can monitor our charging degree the usage of IOT module.

The Analysis of the Evolution of Parking Garage Façade as a Communicative Interface

Compared to the technological innovation and morphological evolution of cars, parking buildings have become a symbol of the desolation of modern cities and an object hindering the aesthetics of the city. The façade of the parking building has few restrictions depending on the composition of the internal space and is a simple skin facing the road or street and is an object of free expression. This paper aims to interpret the façade of a parking building as an interface that is formed directly or indirectly with the surrounding environment and users and to provide essential data for parking space design by understanding the design expression characteristics. As a methodology, a literature review was done to define the interface concept in architectural space. The change of the times of the parking building façade design was investigated. From the perspective of the interface, cases of parking buildings were selected and analyzed. The result showed that the parking building could be a landmark at the entrance to the city and the façade design has an essential meaning in the urban landscape. For architects, designers, and artists, the façade of the parking building can become an interface for free expression and creativity. It was proven that the characteristics of design expression were considered by matching the concepts of interface, communication, and interaction to the idea of the screen, communication, and mobile on the façade of the parking building. This study will serve as primary data to improve the environment of the parking space as a public space and the design quality of the parking building.

АНТИЧНІ ОБРАЗИ І ФОРМИ В АРХІТЕКТУРІ ПАЛАЦІВ КІН. XVIII – ПОЧ. XIX СТ.

The article defines antique images and forms in the architecture of palaces of the late 18th and early 19th century It was determined that the architectural and artistic system of classicism, preserving and repeating stable antique images and forms, was established in the compositional solutions of palace buildings on the territory of Ukraine, which for a long period of time preceded, coexisting in parallel with other stylistic currents. The development of the stylistic tendencies of classicism in palace architecture developed in the context of the pan-European architectural school and reflected its ideological and artistic diversity. The architecture of classicist palaces and palace complexes had the imprint of “antiquity” and the influence of the Palladian school, characterized by such typical elements as: water systems – a mandatory element of the palace-park complex; each palace-park complex included not only a well-planned park (garden), but also numerous promenades and a hunting park (forest). The general composition of recreation consisted of the following structural elements: a park (garden) for walks, a menagerie, an orchard, “garden in ants” (an interesting method of growing heat-loving plants in the village of Samchyki, Khmelnytskyi region). Each complex was multifunctional, consisting of such types of buildings as: palace, household, service and cult buildings, a complex of entrance gate and fence buildings, park buildings. The palace was always located on an elevated area with a beautiful view. The architecture of the buildings of the palace and park complexes is characterized by strictness and perfection of style. The facades of the palaces had a clear symmetrical composition, which was decorated with massive porticoes with a colonnade. The main constructive scheme of the palaces was a two-tract scheme (enfilade-type rooms were located along the park and main facades). Rectangular in plan palaces, were supplemented with protruding risalites. The rear facades, like the main ones, were decorated with a portico with a colonnade. The four-pitched roof was decorated with a massive chimney (blocked chimney groupe). Window and door openings are rectangular, discreetly decorated. The tympanums of the pediments are filled with sculptures with cartouches and military elements. Architectural elements used classicist order elements, complemented by sculptures, bas-reliefs and military emblems. The palaces were modestly decorated on the outside and luxuriously decorated on the inside with stucco and distinguished by color. The main decoration of the palace was the living room (mostly with a domed vault, which is decorated with stucco)