Parking Availability Research Articles

Assessment of Spatial Equity of Public Urban Parks Distribution in Peshawar, Pakistan

To flourish, cities must have enough open green space and parks. Public urban parks distribution, their size, accessibility and equity are the key elements in fostering the city sustainability. Peshawar a provincial capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province is one of the rapidly expanding urban centers of Pakistan. To cater the needs of growing population large numbers of residential colonies are emerging on the cost of open spaces and green patches. This study is aimed to analyze the distribution and spatial equity of existing parks of Peshawar using field surveys, visual observations, mapping and buffering satellite imageries through computer added design methods. The results revealed that presently 209.89 ha land is covered by parks which is only 1.89% of the total urban area. The study also explored the inequitable distribution of parks in city and emphasizing the development of new accessible parks on equity basis especially in the deprived areas.

Use and non-use of parks are dictated by nature orientation, perceived accessibility and social norm which manifest in a continuum

Given the importance of urban parks for the well-being of urban dwellers, coupled with inequitable access to parks that seems widely reported in many cities, understanding the underlying factors that determine use and non-use of parks is a necessary step towards encouraging greater park usage. Past studies have highlighted the role of several influential factors, but rarely were these examined comprehensively in a single study to understand their relative importance. There is also a paucity of studies focusing on non-users. We report on a study using the Theory of Planned Behavior to understand the extent of influence that accessibility, nature orientation, social norm, and availability of time has on the use and non-use of parks. Data was collected through a randomized household survey representative of the national population (n = 1,500). Survey respondents were further grouped into frequent, infrequent, and non-park users. Park accessibility was quantified using spatial analysis of park distribution. Perceived accessibility, social norm, nature orientation and availability of time were measured through rating questions in a household survey. Our results showed that nature orientation, perceived accessibility and social norm were common factors affecting park use behaviour, but manifest to different extent among the three groups. In other words, whether a person is a frequent, infrequent, or non-park user depends on the relative levels of the three factors. Nature orientation was the most significant factor affecting park use demand for all three respondent groups, followed by perceived accessibility. Social norm was found to be an important factor in dictating whether a respondent was an infrequent or non-user of parks. In addition, nature orientation and park use time were found to be significantly correlated with self-reported well-being. We discussed the importance of our findings for understanding park use and park management.

A Method to Determine an Equity Score for Transportation Systems in the Cities

Transportation equity is vital for the fulfillment of citizens’ activities. To make better decisions for transportation planning, it is appropriate to have a method to evaluate each mode and assign an equity score to it. This paper aims to propose a method to assess the level of equity using different transportation modes in each zone of a city. Here, the equity level takes into account on one side the proportion between the frequency of long and short-distance trips, the volume-to-capacity ratio of streets, the air quality, and the parking availability. On the other side, the ratio of costs associated with using passenger cars, the average income of the residents, and transit and cycling infrastructure quality is used in a zone of a city. In this regard, at first, indicators are considered to assess the condition of buses, cycling, and passenger cars. Then, the Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) is used to determine the level of equity for each mode. The method has been applied to regular buses, cycling, and passenger cars in Kerman, Iran, as a case study. The results indicate a significant difference between the equity levels perceived by citizens and the performed calculations. The citizens’ perceptions about the equity of regular buses and cycling seem to be more pessimistic than what the FIS model shows. Based on the model outputs, more restrictions must be established about using passenger cars in most of the zones. Nevertheless, in this regard, citizens have stated that the current situation is fair. We believe this method can be a helpful way to quantitatively assess the equity level of transportation systems in each zone.

The importance of contingently public goods

The importance of contingently public goods

Life Expectancy and Built Environments in the U.S.: A Multilevel Analysis

The purpose of this study is to examine the associations between built environments and life expectancy across a gradient of urbanicity in the U.S. Census tract‒level estimates of life expectancy between 2010 and 2015, except for Maine and Wisconsin, from the U.S. Small-Area Life Expectancy Estimates Project were analyzed in 2022. Tract-level measures of the built environment included: food, alcohol, and tobacco outlets; walkability; park and green space; housing characteristics; and air pollution. Multilevel linear models for each of the 4 urbanicity types were fitted to evaluate the associations, adjusting for population and social characteristics. Old housing (built before 1979) and air pollution were important built environment predictors of life expectancy disparities across all gradients of urbanicity. Convenience stores were negatively associated with life expectancy in all urbanicity types. Healthy food options were a positive predictor of life expectancy only in high-density urban areas. Park accessibility was associated with increased life expectancy in all areas, except rural areas. Green space in neighborhoods was positively associated with life expectancy in urban areas but showed an opposite association in rural areas. After adjusting for key social characteristics, several built environment characteristics were salient risk factors for decreased life expectancy in the U.S., with some measures showing differential effects by urbanicity. Planning and policy efforts should be tailored to local contexts.

Cooling effect and cooling accessibility of urban parks during hot summers in China's largest sustainability experiment

The rapid urbanization process has given rise to urban heating problem and social stratification, prompting calls to evaluate and improve the quality and equity of parks’ cooling service. Our study quantified cooling effect of 1,337 parks from both maximum and accumulation perspectives and investigated cooling accessibility through network analysis in 26 cities of Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB), China's largest sustainability experiment. 1,189 (88.93%) parks showed significant cooling effect. On average, per park cooled down 2.34 ± 0.07 °C and 40.34 ± 1.17 ha, which was more than four times park area. The accumulative cooling intensity and gradient averaged at 108.55 ± 3.15 °C • m and 0.64 ± 0.02 °C, respectively. Our study also uncovered inequity in cooling accessibility in hot summers, as about 40.3% residents could not access to parks’ cooling service within 30-min walk. Suburban residents had more difficulty accessing to parks’ cooling services. This study can guide greater planning and design of parks to move toward a more equitable and livable direction across different urbanization hierarchy cities.

The fate of urban green spaces: Assessment of the ownership, availability and conditions of parks in Accra, Ghana

Globally, the loss of green spaces threatens the sustainability of many cities. Among other factors, complex land ownership and management regime reportedly disrupt land administration and development; but with inconclusive empirical evidence on how this influences the conditions, availability and development of parks. This study, using Accra, thus employs document analysis, 16 key informant interviews and observation of majaor parks to: (i) explore the spatial location of parks and the relationship between their ownership and conditions, (ii) examine the factors which have influenced the decline in park size and conditions, and (iii) examine the institutional response to improving upon park planning, availability and conditions. The findings show distributive injustice of parks as most of them are located in high- and middle-income neighborhoods. There is also evidence of decreasing available park land per 1000 population between 1991 and 2022. Parks managed by private institutions were found to be in very good state compared to those managed by state institutions. The existing dualistic and complex land tenure regime have largely led to the decline in park availability and conditions. Other reported factors were rapid urbanization, land litigation, low priority to park development and planning, laxity in the enforcement of regulations, and political interference. The study makes recommendations to improve upon existing practices and generally enhance park creation, availability and conditions.

Delivering an inclusive built environment for physically disabled people in public universities (Jordan as a case study)

Purpose This study aims to determine the design factors that may affect the design of disabled students. Additionally, this study assesses and compares the reality between the public Jordanian universities’ built environment and international universities based on the Americans with Disabilities Act checklist – version 2.1 – to provide an accessible built environment for physically disabled people. Furthermore, this study examines the satisfaction degree of physically disabled people with the built environment in selected universities. Besides, this study examines the relationships/interrelationships between the students’ demographic factors, design factors and the degree of the disabled students’ satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach This research used different data collection methods to answer the research questions: literature review, observation and questionnaire. Additionally, this study used different analytical and statistical methods, such as comparative analysis between the local cases and the selected international case study based on the Americans with Disabilities Act checklist, version 2.1, descriptive analysis and Pearson r correlational statistics. Findings This research found that the Jordanian public universities did not apply all required design factors to achieve a high degree of the built environment of accessibility and provide all the requirements and needs of physically disabled students like international universities. Additionally, half of the physically disabled students respondents were satisfied with the availability and quality of pathways, ramps, doors and corridors, non-slippery materials, elevators, accessible entrances, entrances doors, methods of openings, adequate spaces for wheelchair students at the configuration of the entrance and the availability of railing. In contrast, they were unsatisfied with the availability of parking and bathrooms for each gender and signage systems. Moreover, this research found no significant differences between gender and educational level and all factors that may impact the students’ satisfaction with campus environmental design. Furthermore, this research found that there was a strong to very strong positive linear association and a significant correlation/intercorrelation between the availability and the design quality of parking, entrances, doors, lobbies and corridors, bathrooms, signage systems and information, ramps, elevators and stairs and the disabled students’ satisfaction degree. Practical implications This research tends to help disabled students participate entirely and independently in the built environment and all aspects of society, involve them within the community and facilitate their access to universities’ urban space. This research considers guidelines and checklists for architects and policymakers to apply through all design and retrofitting processes to meet disabled students’ requirements. This research provides a vital understanding of the needs of disabled students in educational spaces to create a barrier-free campus environment. Originality/value Inclusive design is a relatively new architectural concept. It provides means to ensure access and equal participation in the built environment, offers the opportunity to improve and design new equivalent solutions in architecture simultaneously and covers the way for a broad clarification of equality. Applying the concepts of inclusive design is a step toward eliminating the barriers imposed on the built environment in public universities and creating an accessible built environment. In addition, this research can guide future research in other institutions.

Accessibility to urban parks: Comparing GIS based measures in the city of Padova (Italy)

Accessibility to urban green spaces is essential for urban dwellers’ health and well-being. For planning purposes different accessibility measures and indicators have been used. Some are only based on availability, others consider distance from residences, yet others rely on gravity-based methods that consider both supply and demand. Different indicators often provide diverse and sometimes contradictory results and many issues remain in developing a comprehensive measure of accessibility, and representativity problems remain in matching indices with reality. In this study different accessibility measures have been developed and applied to the urban parks of the city of Padova, in northeastern Italy. Effectiveness and reliability of ten indicators derived from these measures, in identifying needs, inadequacies and disparities in park access have been tested at the urban unit scale. The study confirmed that multiple indicators need to be used to provide a useful planning tool for the provision of adequate and equal opportunities for open space access to the citizens. The study has also shown which indicators can be replaced by each other without losing important information.

Abstract P232: Associations Between Park Acreage and Physical Activity Among Adolescents Living in Urban Green Cities: Exploring the Concept of a Park Oasis

Introduction: Regular participation in physical activity (PA) improves cardiovascular health outcomes across the lifespan. Previous research has established a relationship between park access (i.e., distance to parks) and youth PA; however, no studies have examined the associations between park acreage and PA among youth living in “green” cities (i.e., residents can access parks via a 10-minute walk). Purpose: The present study examined how park acreage is related to PA among adolescents living in two urban green cities: Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN. Further, a “park oasis” was conceptualized. Methods: Data were drawn from a large, population-based cohort study (Project EAT 2010; Eating and Activity in Teens). Geospatial analyses determined park access and acreage variables associated with respondents’ home addresses. Study analyses were cross-sectional, and restricted to those with adequate park access, as indicated by living within 800-meters of a park (n=2,271; mean age=14.5±1.9 years; 52.9% female; 82.8% Black, Indigenous, Person of Color). Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine the associations between park acreage and PA, adjusted by individual (e.g., race/ethnicity) and structural (e.g., neighborhood poverty) variables. Park acreage was examined as a continuous (% land-use within a 3000-meter network buffer of home address) and a categorical variable based on park land-use % cut-points (Groups 1-4). Results: In unadjusted models, continuous park acreage was positively associated with both total PA (p=.020) and moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA; p=.007). Also in unadjusted models, categorical park acreage was significantly, positively associated with PA outcomes, with Group 1: Park Oasis appearing optimal. All adjusted models were non-significant. Conclusions: Findings indicate that park acreage may be an important PA facilitator among adolescents. Future work should explore how individual and structural factors relate to PA outcomes and inequitable allocation of parkland.

Neighborhood characteristics encouraging micromobility: An observational study for tourists and local users

This paper provides insight on the factors associated with shared micromobility usage in urban areas exploring the influence of socio-demographic factors and elements of the built environment at a fine level of analysis using spatial regression techniques. In this context, this study aims to extend existing knowledge on the subject differentiating from existing literature in three aspects: 1) conducting an analysis in a European city, and particularly a city in France, which has been a pioneer in the use of micromobility services; 2) Exploring differences between trips made by locals and trips made by foreign tourists revealing variations in usage patterns; 3) Introducing new variables associated with urban density and parking availability, as well as aesthetic attractiveness and touristic attractions. Results show that areas with increased percentage of young population present higher e-scooter trip density. Average income also has a positive effect, and this effect is higher in parts of the city where low incomes are observed. The presence of public transport stations, as well as shops and restaurants, increase e-scooter rides in an area. Local roads and cycling infrastructure encourage e-scooter usage, with this effect being stronger for areas in proximity to some major road segment. Finally, high density areas and areas where finding parking is difficult and costly, are also associated with higher e-scooter use. Results can help urban planners in local policy implementation, and shared mobility operators in vehicle redistribution strategy and fleet sizing.

Regional allocation of EV chargers’ grid load

ABSTRACT This study develops a multiscale model for allocation of EV infrastructure to accommodate residents’ demand during nights and that of residents and visitors during days under two scenarios: maximum 40% or 80% increase in load on the electricity grid. Developing a mixed-integer linear optimization model including regional traffic flow, local electricity demand and parking availability in Amsterdam Metropolitan Area (AMA), the scenarios’ optimal solutions offer different spatial strategies. This study shows that multiscale allocation of EV chargers substantially improves the efficiency of use: in both scenarios, more than 53% of EVs can charge at their daily destination. However, in the 40% scenario, the extra electricity load is homogeneously allocated across the towns and villages around the AMA centre. In an 80% scenario, in contrast, the load is concentrated in a few areas (1) accessible for substantial numbers of EVs at the regional scale, (2) with relatively low annual consumption, (3) reasonably high number of registered EVs to use chargers in the nights. The manuscript ends with a discussion of the results and their policy implications and offers further studies.

Parks, People, and Pollution: A Relational Study of Socioenvironmental Succession

The urban environmental inequality literature holds that marginalized communities are generally concentrated in neighborhoods with greater levels of industrial pollution and lesser access to parks and playfields. Yet, “green” and “brown” land uses are also linked historically and through contemporary practices of green redevelopment. This article thus begins from the understanding that it is important to analyze both forms of urban land use at once, to avoid mistaking one historical process for another. Focusing on Providence, Rhode Island (1970–2010), we leverage original historical data on the location and operating years of public parks alongside comprehensive industrial site data to analyze the joint transformation of residential populations, parks, and industry over time. We find that park access generally increases for Latinx residents; however, after accounting for increases in park access associated with past industrial land use, we find that census tracts with growing proportions of African American residents are associated with relatively less access to parks than other census tracts. Results reveal additional dimensions to the role of industrial history in shaping the socioenvironmental trajectory of local neighborhoods and additionally emphasize the importance of a historical and relational view of urban land use in urban environmental research.

The association of green space, tree canopy and parks with life expectancy in neighborhoods of Los Angeles

Substantial evidence suggests that access to urban green spaces and parks is associated with positive health outcomes, including decreased mortality. Few existing studies have investigated the association between green spaces and life expectancy (LE), and none have used small-area data in the U.S. Here we used the recently released U.S. Small-Area Life Expectancy Estimates Project data to quantify the relationship between LE and green space in Los Angeles County, a large diverse region with inequities in park access. We developed a model to quantify the association between green space and LE at the census tract level. We evaluated three green space metrics: normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI, 0.6-meter scale), percent tree canopy cover, and accessible park acres. We statistically adjusted for 15 other determinants of LE. We also developed conditional autoregressive models to account for spatial dependence. Tree canopy and NDVI were both significantly associated with higher LE. For an interquartile range (IQR) increase in each metric respectively, the spatial models demonstrated a 0.24 to 0.33-year increase in LE. Tree canopy and NDVI also modified the effect of park acreage on LE. ln areas with tree canopy levels below the county median, an IQR increase in park acreage was associated with an increase of 0.12 years. Although on an individual level these effects were modest, we predicted 155,300 years of LE gains across the population in LA County if all areas below median tree canopy were brought to the county median of park acres. If tree canopy or NDVI were brought to median levels, between 570,300 and 908,800 years of LE could be gained. The majority of potential gains are in areas with predominantly Hispanic/Latinx and Black populations. These findings suggest that equitable access to green spaces could result in substantial population health benefits.

Associations of home and neighborhood environments with children’s physical activity in the U.S.-based Neighborhood Impact on Kids (NIK) longitudinal cohort study

IntroductionPhysical activity is important for children’s health and well-being. Supportiveness for physical activity of home and neighborhood environments may affect children’s PA, but most studies are cross-sectional. We examined environmental predictors of change in children’s physical activity over two years.MethodsData were from the longitudinal, observational cohort study, ‘Neighborhood Impact on Kids’. Participants were children (initially aged 6–12 years) and their parent/caregiver (n = 727 dyads) living in neighborhoods throughout San Diego County, California and King County (Seattle area), Washington, USA. Children’s moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was measured using accelerometers at T1 (Time 1 or baseline, 2007–2009) and T2, the two-year follow-up. At T1, parents survey-reported on physical activity (PA) equipment at home and demographics. Neighborhood environment was measured using spatial data in Geographic Information Systems (intersection density; park availability) and in-person audits (informal play space near home; park-based PA facilities; land use; support for walking/cycling). Generalized additive mixed models estimated total effects, then direct effects, of environmental attributes on MVPA at T1. Two-way moderating effects of child’s sex and age were examined at T1. To examine associations of environmental exposures with changes in MVPA, we estimated interaction effects of environmental attributes on the association between time and MVPA.ResultsOn average, children accumulated 146 min/day (standard deviation or SD = 53) of MVPA at T1, and 113 (SD = 58) min/day at T2. There were no significant total or direct effects of environmental attributes on MVPA at T1, and no significant two-way interaction effects of child’s age and sex for T1 MVPA. Having informal play spaces proximal to home with more amenities was associated with less MVPA decline from T1 to T2. Higher residential density, higher land use mix, and higher number of PA facilities in nearby parks were unexpectedly associated with greater MVPA decline.ConclusionHigher quality informal play spaces close to home may help offset declines in MVPA during middle childhood, as they may promote unstructured active play with opportunities for parental or neighbor surveillance. Unexpectedly, environmental factors consistent with higher walkability were associated with greater declines in children’s MVPA. As physical activity differs across the lifespan, so may environmental factors that facilitate it.

Green space justice amid COVID-19: Unequal access to public green space across American neighborhoods.

Countries around the world have resorted to issuing stay-at-home orders to slow viral transmission since the COVID-19 pandemic. During the lockdown, access to public park plays a central role in the public health of surrounding communities. However, we know little about how such an unprecedented policy may exacerbate the preexisting unequal access to green space (i.e., green space justice). To address this research void, we used difference-in-difference models to examine socioeconomic disparities, urban-rural disparities, and mobility disparities in terms of public park access in the United States. Our national analysis using the weekly mobile phone movement data robustly suggests the following three key findings during COVID-19: (1) The elderly, non-college-educated people, poor people, and blacks are less likely to visit public parks frequently, while unemployed people appear to be the opposite. (2) Compared to rural areas, populations in urban neighborhoods appear to visit public parks more frequently and they generally go to larger parks to minimize the risk of infection. (3) Populations in neighborhoods with higher private vehicle ownership or those with a higher density of transit stops would more frequently visit and travel a longer distance to public parks during the stay-at-home order. Our results imply that conventional inequality in green space access may still exist and even become worse during COVID-19, which could negatively impact people's health during isolation. We suggest that special attention should be paid to park-poor neighborhoods during the pandemic and in the post-pandemic recovery phase.

Do objective and subjective traffic-related pollution, physical activity and nature exposure affect mental wellbeing? Evidence from Shenzhen, China

Urban environment (e.g. greenspaces, air pollution and traffic noise) and individuals' behaviours (e.g. physical activity) have all been associated with mental wellbeing. The large majority of studies on the influence of nature exposure on mental wellbeing assumed that multiple pathways act independently, ignoring the interactions among potential correlated pathways that engage simultaneously. The parallel mediation approach fails to explore the complex associations of combined exposure to air pollution, traffic noise and nature exposure with physical activity, which in turn affect mental wellbeing. Hence, the interest of understanding the sophisticated interactions among different pathways is warranted. We utilized structural equation modelling to simultaneously evaluate whether actual and perceived traffic-related pollution and physical activity mediate the associations between mental wellbeing and nature exposure, which was assessed by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), green view index (GVI), green space density and park accessibility. In summer 2022, we conducted questionnaires from 1772 adults residing in 117 neighbourhoods in Shenzhen, China. Nature exposure was positively and directly associated with mental wellbeing in the single mediator model that considered physical activity only. The indirect effects of nature exposure on mental wellbeing were observed through all pathways in all models, except through the perceived acoustic quality pathway in the serial mediation model. In addition, the percentage mediated by perceived air quality was higher than that of perceived acoustic quality. The influence of nature exposure on mental wellbeing was only for a small proportion mediated by the physical activity pathway. The associations between nature exposure and mental wellbeing were modified by individual characteristics, such as gender, age, income level and alcohol usage, but not employment status and smoking behaviour. These findings point out the importance of both objective and subjective environmental features and human behaviours on mental wellbeing, as well as the necessity of considering multiple pathways simultaneously.

Accessibility in a multiple transport mode urban park based on the “D-D” model: A case study in Park City, Chengdu

Park City is a new concept for sustainable urban development. Urban Parks are the core of Park City, where park accessibility is the central index of park services. Previous studies have been conducted primarily from residents' perspective, based on the “O-D” (origin to destination) model to access the park accessibility. However, urban parks should be considered a place supporting the coexistence of tourists and residents. Moreover, tourists' movement patterns differ from those of residents, which are expressed as “no turning back” and traverse circular or nodal routes. Consequently, this paper proposes that the traditional “O-D” model be expanded to be consistent with the movement patterns of tourists.This paper employs Park City Chengdu as an exemplar and proposes a “D-D” (destination to destination) model to facilitate further park accessibility. The calculation process was based on a multiple transportation mode measure with multiple time thresholds, entrances, and exits, supported by Web API. The results reveal the key time nodes and park accessibility rankings for four transportation modes. In particular, the park accessibility presents a “dual-core, several sub-centers and cluster-types” circle structure. Furthermore, the park accessibility in Chengdu was generally balanced, except within 25 min, as well as walking and public transport. This paper provides new hypothetical perspectives and practical experiences for studying urban park accessibility, and novel ideas for parks' sites and distribution while serving as a model for cities worldwide for sustainable urban development.

Influential Factors of Household Car and Vehicle Ownership in Urban Areas of Turkey

Car and vehicle ownership levels in developing countries are gradually increasing, leading to traffic congestion, energy consumption, and air pollution. As a developing country, Turkey encounters many of the issues caused by this rapid increase in car ownership. This paper aims to examine potential determinants of household car and vehicle ownership behavior in urban areas of Turkey by concentrating on three cities (Ankara, Erzurum, and Bayburt) that are distinct in population, geographical region, and public transit services. For this purpose, a written survey was administered to 1389 households living in these cities. The data is analyzed using alternative ordered response models—the generalized ordered logit, partial proportional odds (PPO), and heteroskedastic ordered logit models. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to compare alternative ordered response models to determine car and vehicle ownership behavior in Turkey. Consequently, the PPO model was found to be the most parsimonious model among the others. The results demonstrated that household car and vehicle ownership behavior in Turkey differs significantly with urban area size. The estimation results also revealed that several key drivers, including type of dwelling, parking availability, household monthly income, and public transit use, significantly influence Turkish households’ car and vehicle ownership levels. This study’s empirical findings may provide insight to policymakers and stakeholders for future transportation strategies and policies.

Narrating Ancient Roman Heritage through Drawings and Digital Architectural Representation: From Historical Archives, UAV and LIDAR to Virtual-Visual Storytelling and HBIM Projects

One of the main objectives of today’s archaeological sites and museums is the development of research, understood as the interpretation and contextualisation of tangible and intangible cultural heritage to broaden the knowledge and accessibility of archaeological parks often unknown to visitors and the public on a large scale. In this perspective, the Appia Antica Archaeological Park aims to support research in digitising infrastructures and archaeological contexts of high historical and cultural value to plan short- and medium-term preservation and maintenance projects. In this context, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are tools with enormous potential in survey, inspection and digitisation, providing the basis for the subsequent phases of data interpretation, representation and material analysis. Thanks to the photorealistic reconstruction of dense structure from motion (DSfM) in the application of structural inspections, today it is possible to intercept the geometry and material conditions of small, medium and large structures, reducing the costs of inspections, limiting the interruption of the public and providing professionals and visitors with a better volumetric understanding of the system. However, inserting information that gradually accumulates throughout the process requires advanced 3D digital representation techniques, such as HBIM (historic building information modelling), scan-to-BIM approach and interactive forms, such as virtual and augmented reality (VR-AR). For these reasons, this study summarises the experience and lessons learned from the UAV inspection of three research case studies at archaeological, architectural, and infrastructure scales to increase awareness of the Roman-built heritage.