Park Visitors Research Articles

Theme park visitors’ responses to monetary promotions: The moderating roles of promotion frequency and original price

Previous research has shed light on how monetary promotions affect visitors’ purchase intentions, leading many theme parks to adopt these strategies. Yet, with different promotion frequencies and original prices, the effectiveness of these promotions may diverge. Utilizing three experimental studies, this research demonstrates that perceived value fully mediates the significant impact of monetary promotions on purchase intentions. Original price moderates this effect, whereas the moderating role of promotion frequency was not significant. Specifically, for high-priced theme parks offering minimal discounts, “amount off” was preferred over “percentage off,” irrespective of promotion frequency. When original prices are low, the effectiveness of two promotional messages becomes indistinguishable. Both theoretical and managerial implications are further elaborated.

Pengaruh Kualitas Ruang Terbuka Hijau terhadap Respon Urban Stress Pengunjung Taman di Provinsi DKI Jakarta

Green open space is an important component in cities that can provide benefits in reducing the negative effects of urban stress. This is an important aspect for the City of Jakarta to reduce the effects of urban stress by improving the quality of green open spaces represented by satisfying parks. The objectives of this research are (1) Knowing the correlation relationship urban stressor to the response urban stress park visitors. (2) Knowing the influence of the quality of green open space on the response urban stress. (3) Determine priorities for developing green open spaces. This research method uses a quantitative approach by taking park samples using proportional sampling with a total sample of 22 parks and a sample of respondents using the linear time function method with a total of 330 park visitors. Data were collected using a questionnaire which was analyzed using the importance performance analysis method and multiple linear regression analysis which was processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25. To determine priorities for developing green open spaces using spatial analysis using vegetation density, comfort index, and population density which was done by overlapping scoring. (overlay) with ArcGIS 10.8 software. The results of this research found that there was a correlation between several urban stressor variables and the urban stress response variable with a significance value of <0.05 with the highest correlation in the sufficient category, which indicates that the higher the urban stressor, the emotional response and behavioral response will increase. This research shows that there is an influence between the park satisfaction variable on the urban stress response variable with the following regression equation: (1) Ycognitive = 7.462 + 0.044 X1(uses & Activities) + 0.042 X4(Sociability); (2) Yemotion = 13.558 + 0.053 X1(uses & Activities) + 0.040 X2(Access & Linkages) + 0.036 and (3) Ybehavior = 10.010 + 0.041 X4(Sociability) + 0.035 X1(uses & Activities) + 0.031 X3(comfort & image). From the results of the spatial analysis, the highest category area is 52,510.69 ha, which is the second priority for developing green open space.

Public perception and acceptance of coypu Myocastor coypus removal in urban areas: influences of age and education

Monitoring and management of alien coypu (Myocastor coypus) is a key issue in Europe since this species has been included in the EU Invasive Alien Species Regulation 1143/2014. Thus, controlling the population of this rodent is considered as imperative by wildlife managers. Coypu management in urban areas is crucial considering potential conflicts with human activities. The aim of this study is to investigate citizens’ knowledge, perceptions and opinions towards the presence and management of coypu in a case study in Central Italy (the Serravalle urban park, Tuscany). The survey was administered to a subset of municipal residents and garnered responses from 281 park visitors. The outcomes showed a high level of knowledge of respondents: 99.3% of total respondents had heard of coypu before this survey, and 93.9% were able to distinguish the coypu from the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber). Despite the importance of coypu control in invaded countries, our results highlight that most respondents are against the removal of coypu, with the exception of most young, highly-educated and upperclass men, but favouring sterilization over capture and population control. Findings of this study could assist managers in enhancing the efficacy of management efforts via an information initiative involving the general public. Achieving this goal may entail improved communication by wildlife managers, which is imperative for optimizing management strategies regarding alien species.

Who Benefits? A Mixed Methods Study Assessing Community Use of a Major Metropolitan Park During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

By providing spaces for recreation, physical activity, social gatherings, and time in nature, urban parks offer physical, mental, and social benefits to users. However, many urban residents face barriers to park use. The COVID-19 pandemic introduced new potential barriers to urban park access and use, including changes to daily life and employment, closure of park amenities and restrictions to public movement, and risk from the coronavirus itself. The mixed-methods PARCS study measured use and perceptions of a large urban park in St. Louis, Missouri before, during, and after local COVID-19 contingency measures and restrictions. We examine data from 1,157 direct observation assessments of park usership, an online survey of park users (n=561), interviews with key stakeholders (n=27), four focus groups (n=30), and a community-based participatory research sub-study (n=66) to comprehensively characterize the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on park use. Park users who felt unsafe from the coronavirus experienced 2.65 higher odds of reducing park use. However, estimated park visits during COVID-19 contingency measures (n=5,023,759) were twice as high as post-contingency (n=2,277,496). Participants reported using the park for physical activity, recreation, time in nature, and socializing during the contingency period. Black, Hispanic/Latino, and young people were less likely to visit the park than others, suggesting an additional, disproportionate impact of the pandemic on minoritized and socioeconomically disadvantaged communities. This study highlights the role of public spaces like parks as resources for health and sites where urban health inequities can be alleviated in times of public crisis.

The nexus between visitor satisfaction and expenditure behaviour in national parks: The case of Dragon Palace National Park, Guizhou, China

Several studies have explored the relationship between visitor expenditure, experience, satisfaction, intention to recommend, and revisit intention in national parks, but there is a gap in exploring the direct relationship between satisfaction and expenditure of national park visitors. This research identifies relationships between expenditure and behaviour patterns in Dragon Palace National Park, a 5A visitor attraction in Guizhou province, China. A structured survey questionnaire was utilised to collect 412 responses from national park visitors, employing convenience sampling techniques from August to December 2022. A partial least squares-structure equation model 4.0 was used to analyse the data. Findings support the positive relationship between experience, satisfaction, intention to recommend, and revisit intention in the national park. Also, results confirm that rational and emotional dimensions effectively measure the experience level. Further, this research confirms that experience is not a predictor of expenditure and that satisfaction has a negative relationship with expenditure by providing a measurement model to examine the experience in the national park. It frames a new theoretical lens on the relationship between expenditure and satisfaction and contributes significance to national park operations, providing a reference for future research. Management implicationsThe negative relationship between satisfaction and expenditure is interesting. The continuance of fostering national park visitor satisfaction for tourists cannot make sense to improve expenditure. The Dragon Palace National Park should pay more attention to overnight visitors' satisfaction and expenditure since they spend more but are less satisfied. It is vital to enhance the consuming willingness of visitors, improving the expenditure of satisfied visitors. Customising the experience, improving the cost performance of various goods and services, and enriching the experience content may work. The dimensions of the experience have been tested as effective, and the measurement model can be applied in other national parks.

“Unfenced” parks and residents’ visit patterns: A regression discontinuity design in Shanghai

Parks have evolved into essential urban sanctuaries, especially amid the COVID-19 pandemic. While previous studies have investigated the impact of lockdown measures on park visitation, limited attention has been given to the impacts of sudden easing of containment measures, especially the “unfencing” of parks in densely populated cities. Employing a regression discontinuity design (RDD), this study analyzes changes in park visitation behaviors among Shanghai residents (N=563) following the policy relaxation. We focus on three key aspects: visitation behavior, choice of park types, and activities undertaken within public parks compared to gated community greenspaces. The results reveal a short-term decrease in visits to nearby parks, reduced public transit use, and shorter travel times. This trend was accompanied by a reduction in visitation to various park types, especially larger ones, with waterfront greenspaces being an exception. However, visit frequency and duration remained unchanged. A significant decrease in exercise and enjoying weather was observed in both parks and community greenspaces. Additionally, there was a noticeable reduction in activities like playing with children, nature appreciation, specifically within community greenspaces. These findings extend our understanding of urban residents' engagement with greenspaces in a transitioning post-pandemic context, providing valuable insights in managing greenspaces during and after public health crises.

Closing nature connectedness to foster environmental culture: investigating urban residents’ utilization and contribution to parks in Vietnam

This study aims to investigate the potential for enhancing financial contributions to nature conservation and/or environment protection contributed by citizens and/or the private sector in Vietnam. Specifically, the study empirically examines the antecedents of the utilization patterns and financial contribution of city dwellers to public and national parks. We introduce and use a novel CBMM analytic method (Bayesian mindsponge mindspongeconomics combined with Culture Tower) to analyze the dataset of 535 Vietnamese urban residents surveyed in late 2020. Empirical results demonstrate that the more frequently individuals visit parks, the more likely they are to contribute financially to projects in parks as a whole. In addition, having trees in the house positively correlates with donations to national park conservation projects, while the intention to visit a national park in the next 12 months encourages urban residents to contribute to planting projects in public parks. These results suggest that improved environmental literacy and nature connectedness can help encourage citizens to act collectively to help alleviate the financial burden in dealing with environmental issues. We also found that the increased frequency of bushmeat consumption impedes people’s intention to support conservation projects, implying that the consumer culture of nature might be a hindrance in the efforts to engage the public. Based on the findings, this study offers not only the key solution to alleviate financial burdens for nature conservation but also paves the way to nurture and foster environmental culture associated with closer nature connectedness and improved consumption culture for a sustainable future in years to come.

The ratio of Obesity and Associated Factors amongRamna Park Visitors of Dhaka City

Background: Obesity has become one of the major problems of developing countries. Weight is now increasing during this life stage of transition at a higher rate. The purpose of the study was to know the ratio of obesity and associated factors among visitors of Ramna Park, Dhaka city. Methodology: This descriptive type of cross-sectional study was carried out from January 2022 to December 2022 for a period of 1 year in Ramna Park, Dhaka City among 260 visitors. Pretested semi-structured questionnaires were used and BMI measurements were calculated as data collection instruments. Results: Out of all respondents, most of the study population were in the age group of 20 to 40 years which was 197(75.8%) respondents. Regarding BMI majority of the respondents were obese which was 104(40.0%) respondents. Among 104 obese respondents, most of them had said that they had taken three times meals per day which was 52(50.0%) respondents. Statistically significant (P<0.05) association was found among dietary habits, physical inactivity, and obesity. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study revealed that obesity is increasing significantly, So, such a high prevalence of obesity is a health concern for Bangladeshi adults. Therefore, to address these diseases, appropriate health intervention measures and public awareness are required.

Development of Predictive Model for the Number of Public Park Visitors: A Case of Rawalpindi, Punjab Pakistan

Development of Predictive Model for the Number of Public Park Visitors: A Case of Rawalpindi, Punjab Pakistan

Why Do Park Visitors Engage With Social Media for Peer-to-Peer Information?

Park visitors are increasingly gravitating toward peer-to-peer sources of information on social media to prepare for their visit to nature parks. This has significant implications for park safety and management. The current study utilizes the Theory of Consumer Values and Crompton’s Push and Pull Theory as the theoretical lens. This research presents a thematic analysis of 19 interviews with participants who visited a nature park in Western Australia and engaged with social media communities to seek park-related information in the past 12 months. Six themes were identified related to the motivators and barriers for park visitors to seek park-related information from social media communities. They are: (1) destination planning and activities information; (2) access to real-time information; (3) source credibility; (4) social interactions and influences; (5) entertainment; (6) novelty. The findings provide significant managerial insights for park agencies and managers to optimize their social media communication of park-related information.

Multigenerational spaces: the usage and activities of different age groups within six community parks in Victoria, Australia.

This study investigated how different spaces within multigenerational local parks are being used by older people and other age groups. Observation of park visitors occurred in six Victorian parks one month after park refurbishment. Parks were classified into six spaces based on equipment/amenities and associated expected activity. Observations were summarized descriptively, and negative binomial regression models were used to examine the association between visitor counts and classified targeted areas. A total of 12501 people visited the parks with 4.1% older visitors. The number of older visitors in each park area was consistently less than other age groups, with counts of older visitors being 50% less in mixed spaces (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38, 0.65), 40% less in adult exercise equipment areas (95% CI 0.46, 0.77) and 59% less in walking paths (95% CI 0.31, 0.55). The number of older visitors engaging in physical activity were significantly greater in walking paths (incidence rate ratios 1.75; 95% CI 1.16, 2.64) compared with children's play spaces. The number of visitors across different age groups varied significantly between the park targeted areas. Most spaces were mainly used by the intended target age group/user, with no particular area used by all age groups in similar proportions.

Results from the ENJOY MAP for HEALTH: a quasi experiment evaluating the impact of age-friendly outdoor exercise equipment to increase older people’s park visitations and physical activity

BackgroundRecreational parks can play a significant role in older people’s health, with emerging evidence suggesting that changes in the physical environment, such as refurbishments of local parks, can increase park visitations and physical activity engagement. The ENJOY MAP for HEALTH aimed to evaluate the impact of Seniors Exercise Park installations and associated capacity building activities on older people’s park visitation, and park-based physical activity.MethodThe ENJOY MAP for HEALTH was a quasi-experiment study design that involved the installation of specialised Seniors Exercise Park equipment as part of park refurbishment, supported by promotion and community capacity building activities in six municipalities in Victoria, Australia. Direct observations of park users took place prior to park upgrades, one-month post upgrade and 12-months from baseline. The overall number and characteristics of park visitors, and the type and level of physical activity undertaken, were summarised descriptively. Generalised linear models were used to examine the impact of park refurbishment (equipment installation and site activation) on the total number of older people observed in the park, and their engagement in physical activity, accounting for site and seasonal effects.ResultsOverall number of visits increased following park upgrades, with the largest number of visitors observed one-month post upgrade (n = 12,501). The proportion of older people observed at the parks remained relatively low prior to and one-month post upgrade compared to other age groups. However, after adjusting for site and seasonal effects, the number of older people observed in the parks increased significantly post upgrade and site activation compared to prior to the refurbishment (incidence rate ratios (IRR) 3.55; 95% CI 2.68, 4.70). The number of older people observed to be exercising at the Seniors Exercise Park also increased by 100% at 12-months post-installation relative to one-month post upgrade (IRR 2.00; 95% CI 1.26, 3.17).ConclusionInstallation of the Seniors Exercise Parks and the supportive programs and activities following six park upgrades resulted in an increase in older people’s park visitation and engagement in physical activity. Community engagement and training of volunteers with the support of local governments are likely to contribute to the increased park usage by older people.Trial registrationThis trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry. Trial registration number ACTRN12621000965808. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=380745&isReview=true.

Survive, revive, and thrive: The impact of COVID-19 on global park visitation

The COVID-19 pandemic has had detrimental effects on both the physical and psychological well-being of individuals. Throughout the pandemic and in response to various policies, such as lockdowns, movement restrictions and social distancing measures, parks and greenspaces received renewed attention as people used them to help cope with the adverse effects of the pandemic. This study explored the factors influencing park and greenspace visitation at different stages of the pandemic in 2020, 2021, and 2022, from both global and regional perspectives. Data were collected primarily from Our World in Data, Google's Community Mobility Reports and the Oxford Coronavirus Government Response Tracker, and a total of 125,422 park visits were processed. Stay-at-home mandates, vaccination availability, and school closures were the most influential factors globally affecting park and greenspace visitation in 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively. Post-2021, vaccination-related policies began to play a significantly positive role in the increase in park and greenspace visits. Following a global analysis, countries were categorized into five clusters based on social, economic, and cultural indices. The analysis revealed varying patterns of factors influencing park visitation across these clusters. Notably, income support policies were positively correlated with higher park visitation, particularly in low-income countries. Recognizing the significance of parks and green spaces as essential green infrastructure, this study suggests how the use of parks might have better coped with the COVID-19 pandemic and how future health crises might be addressed. At the same time, it considers different social, economic, and cultural contexts. Additionally, this work provides insights and suggestions as to how parks and greenspaces might be used to reduce the social inequalities exacerbated during the pandemic, especially in low-income developing countries.

Pro-Environmental Behavior of Visitors to National Parks in India: Role of Recreation Involvement and Environmental Activism

This study investigates the impact of recreational involvement and environmental activism in forming pro-environmental behavior in tourists visiting national parks. The objective is to understand how tourists spend time with nature and their level of environmental contribution to their willingness to adopt pro-environmental behavior within the National Park. In addition, it aims to examine the mediating role of environmental satisfaction between tourists’ pro-environment behavior and their place attachment. Based on the theory of Place Attachment, which asserts that humans form feelings of association with specific locations, the authors intend to understand how tourist attachment to the national park affects their attitudes and actions related to the environment. Visiting a national park is a recreational involvement for tourists, allowing them to sense responsibility toward the environment. In addition, environmental activism is featured as an individual involvement to protect the environment. Three hundred and fourteen national park visitors in India participated in the current study. WarpPLS (7.0), a variance-based structural equation modeling (SEM), was used to test the research model. By revealing the factors impacting pro-environmental behavior in a national park in India, findings provide an understanding to the national parks authorities in designing interventions and education programs that promote recreation involvement and environmental activism to foster sustainable tourist behavior toward conservation and preservation of national parks in India.

Ticks and lyme disease in natural areas: A segmentation analysis of visitor perceptions of risk and preferred communication strategies

Reported Lyme disease cases have been rapidly increasing globally in recent years. Despite this, few studies have explored how the public perceives health risks associated with ticks and Lyme disease, especially within the context of visitor experiences in natural areas. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a survey of visitors to one of Ontario, Canada’s most visited provincial parks. Despite high perceptions of risk, few visitors feel sufficiently educated about ticks and Lyme disease. Further, only 51% of visitors would return to the park if future regional incidents of tick-borne illnesses increased by 10–30% (under climate change). Interestingly, no significant correlations were uncovered between home distance and tick-related risk perceptions or self-reported tick education levels. These results may be indicative of the normalization of tick-related risk throughout many of southern Ontario’s most populated regions. Finally, our results also revealed that there is no preferred “one-size-fits-all” risk communication strategy that can be used to support risk-reducing behaviour change in a natural areas context. We recommend a diversity of evidence-based, on-site, and off-site strategies, that can be considered by governing authorities not only in Canada but indeed globally to reduce tick-related health and safety risks and ultimately safeguard visitor experiences in natural areas subject to increasing tick prevalence. Management ImplicationsManagement Implications: The expanding range of ticks and increasing cases of Lyme disease are presenting significant risks to those who visit natural areas, requiring increasing management attention and action by governing authorities, including park managers and regional health units. Through a mixed-methods approach, we examined park visitor perceptions, behaviours, and preferred communication strategies regarding tick and Lyme disease risk. The results revealed a number of key findings, including:•While risk perceptions of tick bites are high, few visitors feel sufficiently educated about ticks and Lyme disease;•Only 51% of visitors would return to the park if future regional incidents of tick-borne illnesses increased by 10–30% (under climate change);•Visitors with further travel distances were significantly less likely to return to the park after experiencing an in-park tick bite; and,•There is no preferred “one-size-fits-all” risk communication strategy within a park visitor context.

Informing inclusive park planning: Neighborhood park visitation modeling based on smartphone big data in Austin, Texas

This research uses smartphone-based big data to explore how socioeconomic, built environment characteristics, and spatiotemporal factors influence neighborhood park use, with a specific focus on minority groups’ park visitation patterns. Panel data are collected through SafeGraph, and combined with GIS and American Community Survey data. We analyze 12,227 visitations from 1121 block groups to 30 neighborhood parks from September 2019 to August 2020 in Austin, Texas. Time-fixed-effect nested regression models are employed to control for unobserved time-related effects. Findings indicate a substantial increase in overall park use during the pandemic, with visiting frequencies up by 22 % and dwell time by 56 %. In contrast, minority groups, including seniors, children, blacks, unemployed, living alone, and recent movers, exhibited a decline in park visits. It also highlights visitors’ risk-averse behaviors during the pandemic, such as avoiding visiting parks during holiday weeks and avoiding using swimming pools. Before the pandemic, proximity held the utmost significance for park use; during the pandemic, park quality and facilities emerged as the primary factors influencing park utilization. This study suggests that park planning needs to improve neighborhood parks’ proximity, park facilities, and park safety to boost park use and foster inclusive park planning.

You are a hero! The influence of audience‐as‐hero narratives on policy support

AbstractEffective communication increases support for policy measures. This article argues that a narrative that portrays a policy's target group as a hero is most effective in generating support for the given policy. The research builds on the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) to test the influence of an audience‐as‐hero narrative on the opinion about a new campfire regulation among visitors to a national park in Russia. A survey experiment with 314 visitors to the national park compares the influence of a narrative portraying the regulation's target group as a hero (a park visitor) on policy opinion and a narrative portraying another hero (a firefighter). Results show that the audience‐as‐hero narrative has more influence on policy support than a nonnarrative message and also more than a narrative portraying another hero. This indicates that audience‐as‐hero narratives are particularly effective in generating support for policies.Related ArticlesCrow, Deserai A., Lydia A. Lawhon, John Berggren, Juhi Huda, Elizabeth Koebele, and Adrianne Kroepsch. 2017. “A Narrative Policy Framework Analysis of Wildfire Policy Discussions in Two Colorado Communities.” Politics & Policy 45(4): 626–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12207.Shanahan, Elizabeth A., Mark K. McBeth, and Paul L. Hathaway. 2011. “Narrative Policy Framework: The Influence of Media Policy Narrative on Public Opinion.” Politics & Policy 39(3): 373–400. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00295.x/abstract.Smith‐Walter, Aaron, Holly L. Peterson, Michael D. Jones, and Ashley Nicole Reynolds Marshall. 2016. “Gun Stories: How Evidence Shapes Firearm Policy in the United States.” Politics & Policy 44: 1053–88. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12187/full.

An observational assessment of winter human-nature interaction in urban parks

Interaction with urban nature provides many nature-derived benefits for people. However, human-nature interaction studies are conducted primarily during the vegetative season, but remain largely unexplored in winter. We therefore used non-participatory methods (i.e. systematically observing park users on-site) to characterize human-nature interactions in three urban parks in Stuttgart, Germany in the winter of 2020/2021 (N = 13,474 observations). Descriptive statistics were calculated and two multivariate logistic regression models built to serve as the basis for analyses. Results indicated that high-engagement human-nature interaction (i.e. nature photography, active observation, touching, or collecting natural elements) was generally low (2.4 % of observations) and that park visitors most frequently interacted with flora, then fauna, and finally abiotic natural elements. Certain visitation behaviors including technology use and visiting alone were associated with a lower odds of high-engagement nature interaction, whereas walking a dog was associated with a higher odds of high-engagement nature interaction. Additionally, odds of high-engagement nature interaction were higher at sites with a naturalized pond. While these findings are context-specific, they provide insight into the number of people that participate in high-engagement nature interaction, details into how they interact with urban nature in winter, and have potential implications for the design and management of urban greenspaces in future cities that best support both people and nature year round.

Relationships Between Theme Park Ride Experience and Loyalty: The Moderating Role of Past Experience

ABSTRACT Understanding the relationship between theme park ride experiences and visitor loyalty is crucial yet still not fully elucidated, particularly regarding differences between first-time and repeat visitors. Drawing upon the experience economy framework and the theory of experienced utility, this study explores how various aspects of theme park ride experience (education, aesthetics, entertainment, and escapism) influence visitor loyalty (revisit and recommendation intentions), considering the moderating effect of past experience. Structural equation modeling and invariance tests were conducted on data collected from 412 theme park visitors in China. Results indicate that the four dimensions of theme park ride experience have varying impacts on patrons’ revisit and recommendation intentions. Additionally, first-time visitors’ intentions are more influenced by active participation experiences compared to repeat visitors. This study advances the theoretical knowledge of theme park ride experience and offers practical implications for park management.

Impact of apparent temperatures on park visitation behavior: A comprehensive analysis using large-scale mobility data

As many regions continue to show record temperatures and high frequencies of extreme climate events, climate change is disrupting human health and prosperity. This study focuses on how temperature changes and extreme heat as key climate components can impact park visitations (key physical activities indicator). Using the large mobility dataset SafeGraph, this study introduced a causal machine learning approach to estimate marginal heterogenous treatment effects (HTE) of daily apparent temperatures for different park properties and activity types. Our results revealed the declining effects of park visitations as apparent temperature increases and the significant disturbances under extreme heat. Different temperature thresholds that may harm park visitations were identified. Nearby green and public spaces (e.g. neighborhood parks) are the most susceptible category to summer heat. Dog parks, Playgrounds and Ball Field/Sports were well used during the heat. Pool/Splash pad and Community center have shown capabilities of mitigating heat stress. Effectiveness of other park facilities, including Restroom/Drinking Fountain, Water Body, Shade Area Facility were also presented. This study estimates climate impact on park behaviors for multiple usage and environmental situations. Our findings may help future planners, policymakers, landscape architects and park managers better understand climate-related risks when making investment and development decisions.