Park Hill Research Articles

Fine-Tuning the Intensity of Modifications to Revitalize Brutalist Mass Housing: Learning from Park Hill and Bijlmermeer

Fine-Tuning the Intensity of Modifications to Revitalize Brutalist Mass Housing: Learning from Park Hill and Bijlmermeer

Demythologising Park Hill, Sheffield: The Hawksmoor Prize Essay 2022

ABSTRACTThe Park Hill estate in Sheffield was one of the most monumental and experimental projects in twentieth-century British housing. Designed by two young architects, Jack Lynn and Ivor Smith, it was constructed between 1957 and 1961 under the city’s Labour-led council, one of the country’s most visionary post-war local authorities. The estate has been celebrated for its ’streets in the sky’ design, an architectural approach associated with Alison and Peter Smithson which sought to salvage and recreate patterns of working-class community and social life from the slums that were razed during the rebuilding of Britain’s cities. This article deconstructs mythologies that have come to dominate narratives about Park Hill and its approach to community. It shows that the design of the estate did not recreate the pattern of nineteenth-century housing which formerly stood on the site, nor was it conceived to recreate the working-class community which had existed there. In doing so, this article reassesses the supposed political radicalism of the British welfare state in the early post-war period. While Park Hill has been acclaimed as architecturally innovative, its politics were not straightforwardly progressive. Like much post-war reconstruction, it sprang from a dialogue with older liberal frameworks of welfare delivery.

Analisis Prioritas Pengembangan Kawasan Objek Wisata Alam di Desa Tiwingan Lama

This study aims to (1) find out how the contribution of each criterion to the development of natural tourism objects in Tiwingan Lama Village, Aranio District, Banjar Regency, and (2) find out what alternative options are priority to be developed in Tiwingan Lama Village, Aranio District, Banjar Regency.Respondents in this study were 7 respondents who were considered experts and influenced the determination of the development of the tourism village area in Tiwingan Lama Village, which were used in data processing using the AHP (methodAnalytical Hierarchy Process).The results of this study indicate that the criteria for regional policies, regional potential, number of visitors, and community income influence the prioritization of the development of tourism village areas in the order of 27.7% regional policy preference values, 46.6% regional potential, 16.1% number of visitors, and 9.6% of people's income. Based on the three alternatives of priority selection for the development of the tourist village area, the alternative or potential for the Matang Kaladan hill has the highest preference value of 59.6%, Alimpung Park hill 23.8%, and Atawang hill 16.6%. With the most dominant conclusion is the Matang Kaladan hill (59.6%).

Digital Heritage and Public Engagement: reflections on the challenges of co-production

In recent years, UK Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and funding bodies have been increasingly championing the merits of co-production between academic researchers and non-HEIs, including community groups. However, these undertakings are often more complex than we are led to believe and the issues encountered are frequently downplayed in published outputs. In this article we review a selection of recent projects in which digital technologies have been used in heritage-led public engagement, including two of our own related projects at Park Hill flats in Sheffield. Digital technologies are the latest means by which HEIs are seeking to engage with the public, but it is becoming clear that there are significant impediments to undertaking this successfully. These include the short-term nature of the funding, the difficulties of maintaining digital outputs over time, and managing community expectation of what can be achieved in the time, and with the funding, available, alongside variable levels of familiarity with, and interest in, digital platforms by the public. Funding schemes often prioritise new consultation activities, and co-production with communities, over making use of archival community engagement materials. We suggest that academic engagement with the public needs to be sensitive to these issues, and to recognise that valuable digital heritage projects can emerge from diverse approaches to co-production.

A Study of Sustainable Social Housing Community Design in Britain and China

BritainandChinahaveexperiencedperiodsofrapidpopulationgrowthandinadequate housing construction. Social housing is a form of housing tenure easing the housing pressure. It solves residential demands of different living patterns in middle to low-income groups. The sustainable strategy lies in three aspects:1. Making the utmost use of the local natural environment;2. Providing reasonable public spaceandsuitabletraffic to revitalize community awareness; and 3. The holistic design of multiple dwelling units for different people and long-term needs. This paper shows two projects – Park Hill in Sheffield, UK and Longnan Garden in Shanghai – as precedents of how to design social housing with sustainable approaches by following the local natural characteristics,by respecting traditions and the different demands of residents and the long-term housing usage. UP TO HERE Compared with China’s 20-year social housing development, that in Britain has a long history and presents complicated multiplicities, could provide significant references. This paper shows that such communities could be design in steps: using the organic gallery apartment building layout, the special corridor system connecting the public function to neighborhoods, SI House theories optimizing the hostile design of dwelling units and components. During the design, the local nature and tradition should be respected. Specifically, the Park Hill is built up along the sloping field, four types of apartment units are based on the traditional terraced house, designed holistically for different families; the deck, which is called “street in the sky”, is not only the traffic but also the active place promoting public and neighborhoods relationships; the renovation design retains the former structure and makesthemaximizationofindoorflexibility.LongnanGardenissurroundedbyexisting resident districts; the organic planning based on the traditional courtyards ensures the enough sunlight and river views in the community; the community environment is improved by the courtyards,which include the ground are and roof gardens;elevated corridors run through courtyards connecting common rooms on the second floor; the 7.6-meter-heightskeletonisinnovatedfromSIhousingandtheexperienceofEuropean social housing. The paper summarizes the development tendency of social housing and provides reference for future.

Walking on streets-in-the-sky: structures for democratic cities

ABSTRACTStreets-in-the-sky were conceptualized by architects Alison and Peter Smithson as collective space, an articulation between individual and civitas. This essay argues that streets-in-the-sky are a particularly democratic type of urban element, which also has many positive sustainability potentials. The first use of this concept was in the Smithson’s unbuilt Golden Lane estate (1952), which became a hallmark in post-WW2 debates over urban structure, domesticity, and social housing. Park Hill, the first streets-in-the-sky estate by Jack Lynn and Ivor Smith, was a success in the 1960s. The Smithsons continued to explore the idea in several urban projects, only to put it to built form in Robin Hood Gardens (1968–1972). These estates have adapted streets-in-the-sky and afterward evolved to very different states of maturity. While Park Hill is a refurbished Grade II listed building, Robin Hood Gardens is awaiting full demolition. Streets-in-the-sky were generally abandoned in more recent housing schemes, but the situation of these estates suggests that no consensus exists as to their urban value. Here, we analyze streets-in-the-sky at the time of their emergence as a concept. To assess their cultural, morphological, social, and political implications, we explore their development in built and unbuilt housing schemes, using the abovementioned case-studies to point out how streets-in-the-sky evolved, including their possible role in important urban debates of the present. Since many social housing estates employing streets-in-the-sky have been and continue to be demolished in redevelopment projects, we aim to understand what losses—aesthetic, functional, and environmental—may be implied in the decimation of this element of urban form.

Santa María Micaela y Park Hill: Éticas y estéticas paralelas

Santa Maria Micaela (Valencia, 1958-61), the work of the architect Santiago Artal, is a singular fact within the Spanish architecture panorama of the fifties, since it is one of the first examples of the incorporation of modernity approaches in the architecture of collective housing and, at the same time, participates in some of the revisionist proposals carried out by the young architects who are beginning to be critical of the Athens Charter. In those moments, Spain is living a situation of isolation from the European reality, where the most outstanding works of residential architecture are being carried out in Great Britain, associated, in part, with the construction of new cities to decongest London. Within a humanist environment, architects try to find models closer to local cultures, giving primacy to circulations and spaces of coexistence. In particular, it is especially interesting, for its confrontation with Santa Maria Micaela, the concrete case of Park Hill (Sheffield, 1953-60), by the architects Jack Lynn and Ivor Smith. Our objective will be to carry out a comparative analysis of these two works, with the purpose of locating the Artal dwellings within the european cultural and architectural context of those years.

Strategi Promosi Penyelenggaraan Wisata Outbound Dalam Meningkatkan Kunjungan di Taman Agro Wisata Bukit Naang Kabupaten Kampar

Abstract: In promoting the attraction Agro Tourism Park Hill Naang as outbound tourism in Kampar, the strategy undertaken by the manager of Agro Wisata Taman Bukit Naang among others: Hold exhibitions and distribute brochures to visitors; By using print, electronic, social media and blogs; Information from mouth to mouth. There are some things that become obstacles for management Taman Bukit Naang Agro Tourism Kampar district in conducting kepromosiannya, namely: Lack of funds for promotion; The time is not right to conduct a campaign; The absence of public transport that passes through the causeway to the vehicle in Taman Bukit Naang Agro Tourism; Less passage of the campaign carried out; Not its precise target promotion undertaken. The work done by the manager of Agro Tourism Park Hill Naang in Kampar regency in mengetasi problems were found in outbound tourism in an effort to promote it, namely: Improving the service that is provided by the board and employees in Taman Bukit Naang Agro Tourism; Hold a public transport that will pass between the causeway to enter the vehicle Taman Bukit Naang Agro Tourism.
 
 Keywords: Promotion Strategy, Outbound Tourism, Agro Tourism Park Hill Naang

The Direction for a Sustainable Residential Environment Plan based on Resident Testimonies about the Use of the 'Streets in the Sky' of the Park Hill Flats in the United Kingdom

This study aims at proposing a sound and sustainable development direction of an residential environment by analyzing testimonies of residents who lived in Park Hill flats or their surround at Sheffield City in the United Kingdom. The results are obtained through the analysis on a residential environment of Park Hill flats, opinions of the residents on its refurbishment, and effects of the building on the residential environment. The block of Park Hill flats was a community with a strong unity and solidarity, but that became increasingly a slum by the decline of the physical and social environment since the 1980s. In particular, it was identified that the deterioration of the social environment than that of the physical environment was a major cause of the decline. Nevertheless, it was found that "streets in the sky", the concept applied in Park Hill, played a key role in activating the community in the apartment complex. However, that street system in the complex has caused noise, poor security, and invasion of privacy. If such problems are solved, the streets in the sky will be a meaningful alternative for community activation and then ensuring sustainability in Korean residential environments that lost the function of the community.

“Where the Mask Ends and the Face Begins Is Not Certain”: Mediating Ethnicity and Cheating Geography in Jonny Steinberg's Little Liberia

Summary Mixing historical commentary, reportage, biography and personal stories, South African writer Jonny Steinberg takes up the tale of a fractured African nation and its diaspora in Little Liberia: An African Odyssey in New York City (2011). The “little Liberia” founded in New York's urban jungle may have represented, for many of its inhabitants, a way to “cheat geography” by recreating a home away from home, but Little Liberia shows the reader it has not allowed them to cheat history. The book deals with the lives of two inhabitants of Park Hill Avenue on Staten Island, where nearly everyone is Liberian. Their conflict threatens to implode the community, igniting suspicions and accusations that had been bottled up since their exile. The article focuses on the interface of mediated ethnicity and citizenship related to the struggle for power in the diasporic Liberian community on Staten Island. Attention is also paid to feelings of identity of Little Liberia's author.

ZONEAMENTO AMBIENTAL E DIRETRIZES PARA O PLANO DE MANEJO DO PARQUE DO MORRO EM SANTA MARIA/RS

The municipal executive of Santa Maria/RS has a proposal to establish a Conservation Unit (CU) Full Protection, in the category of Park, in an area of 156 hectares located in the Morro do Carmo, called Park Hill. Among the reasons for instituting this are the fact CU Santa Maria is located on the edge of the plateau and also have areas defined by UNESCO as a Biosphere Reserve with significant remnants of the Atlantic Forest. From this perspective, the article aims to present the characterization of the study area, its mapping, environmental zoning proposal and guidelines to support future discussions of the management plan. The methodological procedures consisted of readings on the subject of the research work, field work, meetings with the Working Group Municipal Parks and elaboration of thematic maps of the area on the Free Software SPRING 4.3.3. These maps can serve as an argument for the preservation of this space, as they indicate, for example, its altitude, slope, land cover and environmental zoning, as well as its location. Thus, these results provide the creation of this CU, as well as the proposed expansion of this area, seeking thereby effecting the conservation of biodiversity present.

Review: Brutalism: Post-war British Architecture by Alexander Clement; Neo-avant-garde and Postmodern: Postwar Architecture in Britain and Beyond by Mark Crinson and Claire Zimmerman, editors; A Guide to the New Ruins of Great Britain by Owen Hatherley

Alexander Clement. Brutalism: Post-war British Architecture . Wiltshire, England: The Crowood Press, 2011, 160 pp., 150 color illus. £19.95 (cloth), ISBN 9781847972309 Mark Crinson and Claire Zimmerman, editors. Neo-avant-garde and Postmodern: Postwar Architecture in Britain and Beyond . New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010, 420 pp., 103 illus. incl. 76 in color. $65 (cloth), ISBN 9780300166187 Owen Hatherley. A Guide to the New Ruins of Great Britain . London and New York: Verso Books, 2010, 369 pp., $29.95 (cloth), ISBN 9781844676514 “For many years since the war we have continued in our habit of debasing the coinage of M. le Corbusier and have created a style—‘Contemporary’—easily recognizable by its misuse of traditional materials and its veneer of ‘modern’ details, frames, recessed plinths, decorative piloti,” Theo Crosby wrote in a 1955 editorial on the New Brutalism.1 For Crosby, “contemporary” functioned as shorthand for a bastardized version of modernism—a modernism that had already been liquidated of its ideals and reduced to nothing more than a style for up-to-date living. As an antidote to such degradation, Crosby positioned New Brutalism as an archaeology of the modern movement that would include a rigorous reevaluation of its key architects—Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe in particular—as well as a thorough reexamination of its programs and intents. New Brutalism, for example, would push modernism’s truth-to-materials rhetoric to its limit with its interest in the “as found” just as it would reaffirm the earlier movement’s commitment to housing and the social. Though Alison and Peter Smithson, the figureheads of New Brutalism along with the critic-historian Reyner Banham, first used the phrase in conjunction with their design for a single-family warehouse-like house for Soho, in the following years the term became most closely identified with institutional building, giving rise to schools, council flats, and city halls frequently cast of rough concrete. In an age of postwar reconstruction, Brutalism positioned itself as a new kind of civic language—more vernacular slang than received pronunciation—and in time more and more architects came to speak its language. As the word spread, however, the critical contours of Brutalism often lost their shape, and the term quickly transformed into yet another style. Indeed, Brutalism is often employed today as nothing more than a vague epithet lobbed at vast expanses of postwar institutional building—a …

Governmentality on the Park Hill estate: the rationality of public housing

ABSTRACT:This article evaluates the inherent ambiguity of the landmark Park Hill housing estate in Sheffield, England. Incorporating Foucault's theories on governmentality and biopolitics, this article explores how techniques of power and control radically affected the way this building was both used and viewed. It shows how conflicting discourses about human needs and desires influenced the way that subjects were housed, managed and regulated in Sheffield during the supposedly homogeneous welfare-state years.

Intensity of Anthracnose on Three Wintercreeper Euonymus Cultivars as Influenced by Fungicide Program

Abstract Plants of three cultivars of wintercreeper euonymus (Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. ‘Emerald Gaiety’, ‘Emerald ‘n Gold’ and ‘Canadale Gold’) in containers were sprayed at 7-or 14-day intervals depending on label directions with mancozeb, propiconazole, or thiophanate methyl alone or in tank mixes of two fungicides to determine efficacy in controlling anthracnose symptoms caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. Each fungicide was applied at the maximum label rate and half the maximum label rate when applied alone or at the maximum label rate when applied in combination. Plants were rated for disease symptoms monthly at two sites in 2002 and at one site in 2006. At Stillwater, disease ratings were typically lowest on ‘Emerald Gaiety’ and highest on ‘Emerald ‘n Gold’ on all rating dates in both years. Plants of all three cultivars and in all fungicide treatments at Stillwater had sufficient disease symptoms in July, August and September of both years to be considered nonsalable. When applied alone, mancozeb typically provided better anthracnose control than propiconazole or thiophanate methyl. Disease ratings from plants receiving any fungicide mixture were generally similar to those of plants receiving mancozeb alone. At Park Hill, disease ratings differed among cultivars only in August and September, and ratings did not differ among fungicide treatments on any rating date. Disease severity was substantially less at Park Hill than Stillwater in 2002, presumably the result of greater shade intensity and lower temperatures.

A Stochastic Estimate of Ground Motion at Oceano, California, for the M 6.5 22 December 2003 San Simeon Earthquake, Derived from Aftershock Recordings

The U.S. Geological Survey deployed a digital seismic station in Oceano, California, in February 2004, to investigate the cause of damage and liquefaction from the 22 December 2003 M 6.5 San Simeon earthquake. This station recorded 11 M > 2.8 aftershocks in almost 8 weeks. We analyze these recordings, together with recordings of the mainshock and the same aftershocks obtained from nearby stations in Park Hill and San Luis Obispo, to estimate the mainshock ground motion in Oceano. We estimate the Fourier amplitude spectrum using generalized spectral ratio analysis. We test a set of aftershocks as Green’s functions by comparing simulated and recorded acceleration amplitude spectra for the mainshock at San Luis Obispo and Park Hill. We convolve the aftershock accelerograms with a stochastic operator to simulate the duration and phase of the mainshock accelerograms. This approximation allows us to extend the range of aftershocks that can be used as Green’s functions to events nearly three magnitude units smaller than the mainshock. Our realizations for the mainshock accelerogram at Oceano yield peak ground accelerations distributed as 28% ± 4% g . We interpret these realizations as upper bounds for the actual ground motion, because our analysis assumes a linear response, whereas the presence of liquefaction indicates that the ground behaved nonlinearly in Oceano.

Chlorothalonil, Trifloxystrobin, and Mancozeb Decrease Anthracnose Symptoms on Three Cultivars of Wintercreeper Euonymus

The effectiveness of chlorothalonil, mancozeb, and trifloxystrobin applied alone or in rotations of two or three fungicides to control anthracnose symptoms caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was evaluated on three cultivars of field- and container-grown wintercreeper euonymus (Euonymus fortunei) during the 2001 growing season. Studies were conducted at Stillwater, Okla.; Fayetteville, Ark.; and Park Hill, Okla. Rooted cuttings of wintercreeper euonymus `Emerald Gaiety', `Emerald 'n Gold', and `Emerald Surprise' were transplanted from 1-gal plastic containers into field soil at the Oklahoma State University Nursery Research Station and at the University of Arkansas Horticulture Farm on 10 May 2001. In a parallel study, recently transplanted rooted cuttings of the same cultivars in 1-gal pots containing substrate consisting of pine bark and sand were placed in a shadehouse under 30% shade at Stillwater and Fayetteville and 73% shade at Park Hill on 11 May 2001. `Emerald Gaiety' had fewer disease symptoms than `Emerald 'n Gold' or `Emerald Surprise' in the field and in containers at Stillwater and Fayetteville. At Fayetteville, mancozeb applied alone or in rotation with chlorothalonil or trifloxystrobin provided better anthracnose control than treatments without mancozeb, but no fungicide eliminated anthracnose symptoms. Application of fungicides in rotations that include mancozeb and use of resistant cultivars can help decrease anthracnose symptoms.

Increased Shade Intensity and Afternoon Irrigation Decrease Anthracnose Severity on Three Euonymus fortunei Cultivars

The effectiveness of shade intensity and time of day in which irrigation was applied were tested for control of anthracnose symptoms caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. on container-grown Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. `Canadale Gold', `Emerald 'n Gold', and `Emerald Gaiety' during the 2002 and 2003 growing seasons. Rooted cuttings in 3.8 L containers were placed in 0% (full sun), 63%, 73%, or 80% shade at Park Hill, Okla., in 2002 and 2003 and at Stillwater, Okla., in 2002. Overhead irrigation was used to irrigate one-half of the plants in each cultivar and shade treatment in the morning and the other one-half during the afternoon. At both sites, disease damage ratings were inversely related to shade intensity throughout each growing season. Disease incidence was usually lower on afternoon irrigated plants than on morning irrigated plants. `Canadale Gold' typically had the most anthracnose symptoms followed by `Emerald 'n Gold'. `Emerald Gaiety' had the least symptoms regardless of shade intensity or irrigation time.

Treatment at Random: The Ultimate Science or the Betrayal of Hippocrates?

Medicine’s principle contract with the patient has for centuries rested on traditional values espoused by the society and the physician: the restoration of health and dignity of the individual through compassionate care. The patient’s benefit has been the primary objective of medical intervention. This goal, unambiguously stated in the works of ancient Greek physicians, is explicitly declared in a code of medical practice that over the centuries has come down to us as the Hippocratic Oath. This simple principle of a beneficent medicine has secured the patient’s trust of the physician and has formulated a doctorpatient relationship with which individuals and society at large have been comfortable since antiquity. In return, society compliments the physician with high esteem. In Homer’s world of heroic deeds, “the physician is of the worth of many other men.” This relationship has been workable while the principal responsibility of care rests with the physician in a one-to-one exclusive affiliation with the patient. Corporate health care delivery, as it has evolved in the last century, whether provided by the state or the insurance company, is now challenging this unique relationship and is introducing new concepts of responsibility for the physician that are threatening to undermine medicine’s traditional character of beneficence. In the process of treating individuals, physicians are now required to consider the welfare of the state, of the society, or of the institution in which they practice. They are now asked to consider the value of life, the cost of life, and the worth of extended life! But how can the restoration of an individual’s health leave the society poorer? Why is it now necessary for the physician to declare a commitment to the interests of the society as well as to the individual patient? A practice that has emerged during the second half of the 20th century and continues unabated at the dawn of the 21st century is that of treatment allocated at random. This novel approach, often confused with therapy in the minds of physicians and unsuspecting patients, is in essence a research instrument in the service—many believe— of medical progress. Randomization involves a process by which the treatment to be allocated to an individual is not decided by the physician in charge, but by someone or something else (these days probably by a computer in a remote office that is not necessarily programmed to the individual patient’s welfare). This practice has been elevated to the “gold standard” of clinical science. This gold standard, the randomized trial, is a method of evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a novel treatment or diagnostic procedure in a group of individuals, half of whom will be subjected to the new procedure. The other half may receive a standard or established treatment, no treatment, or a dummy treatment known as a placebo. Who receives what, is a matter of chance. Why is randomization necessary? Because—it is argued—in this manner, bias in selecting patients with favorable prognostic factors for the treatment under investigation From the Parnassus, Park Hill, Loughton, Essex, United Kingdom.

The Function of Corporate Identity in Organizational Culture

The Organizational Culture model, derived from the Socio-technical systems model, is a tetrahedron of socialization (human factors), organization, technology and identity, existing in a sphere that represents the external environment. While the facets of organization, technology and human factors have been explored in depth; there has been little focus on the importance of corporate cultural identity (where corporate means organizationally pervasive) in establishing cultural functionality. The original Park Hill data was reanalyzed to test if there is any significant, quantifiable association between cultural identity and organizational functionality. Determination of such an association would provide a foundation for new methods of both organizational and community assessment and change management.

Park Hill, Denver

Greater Park Hill is a uniquely integrated neighborhood in Denver, Colorado. Although the proportion of White residents in the city declined from 66.7 percent to 61.4 percent between 1980 and 1990, Park Hill's White population remained stable at about 36 percent. By 1980, under the assumption that Park Hill had already passed a racial tipping point, many urban researchers predicted imminent resegregation. This has not occurred. In fact, one developing trend finds more White Anglos and White Hispanics moving into predominantly African-American neighborhoods.