Parity Violation Research Articles

Circular polarization of gravitational waves from early-Universe helical turbulence

We perform direct numerical simulations to compute the net circular polarization of gravitational waves from helical (chiral) turbulent sources in the early Universe for a variety of initial conditions, including driven (stationary) and decaying turbulence. We investigate the resulting gravitational wave signal assuming different turbulent geneses such as magnetically or kinetically driven cases. Under realistic physical conditions in the early Universe we compute numerically the wave number-dependent polarization degree of the gravitational waves. We find that the spectral polarization degree strongly depends on the initial conditions. The peak of the spectral polarization degree occurs at twice the typical wavenumber of the source, as expected, and for fully helical decaying turbulence, it reaches its maximum of nearly 100\% {\it only} at the peak. We determine the temporal evolution of the turbulent sources as well as the resulting gravitational waves, showing that the dominant contribution to their spectral energy density happens shortly after the activation of the source. Only through an artificially prolonged decay of the turbulence can further increase of the gravitational wave amplitude be achieved. We estimate the detection prospects for the net polarization, arguing that its detection contains {\it clean} information (including the generation mechanisms, time, and strength) about the sources of possible parity violations in the early Universe.

U boson interpolating between a generalized dark photon or dark Z , an axial boson, and an axionlike particle

A light boson $U$ from an extra $U(1)$ interpolates between a generalized dark photon coupled to $Q,\ B$ and $L_i$ (or $B-L$), plus possibly dark matter, a dark $Z$ coupled to the $Z$ current, and one axially coupled to quarks and leptons. We identify the corresponding $U(1)_F$ symmetries, with $F= \gamma_Y Y+\gamma_B B+\gamma_{L_i}L_i+\gamma_A F_A+\gamma_{F'}F'\!+\gamma_d F_d$, $F_d$ acting in a dark sector and $F'$ on possible semi-inert BEH doublets uncoupled to quarks and leptons. The $U$ current is obtained from the $U(1)_F $ and $Z$ currents, with a mixing determined by the spin-0 BEH fields. The charge $Q_U$ of chiral quarks and leptons is a combination of $Q,\ B,\ L_i$ and $T_{3L}$ with the axial $F_A$. It involves in general isovector and isoscalar axial terms, in the presence of two BEH doublets. A longitudinal $U$ with axial couplings has enhanced interactions, and behaves much as an axionlike particle. Its axial couplings $g_A$, usually restricted to $< 2\times 10^{-7} m_U$(MeV), lead to effective pseudoscalar ones $g_P= g_A\times 2m_{q,l}\,/m_U=2^{1/4}\, G_F^{1/2}\, m_{q,l} \ A_\pm $. $\,A_\pm$ is proportional to an invisibility parameter $r=\cos\theta_A$ induced by a singlet v.e.v., possibly large and allowing the $U$ to be very weakly interacting. This allows for a very small gauge coupling, expressed with two doublets and a singlet as $g"\!/4\simeq 2\times 10^{-6} m_U$(MeV) $ r/\sin 2\beta$. We discuss phenomenological implications for meson decays, neutrino interactions, atomic-physics parity violation, naturally suppressed $\pi^0\to\gamma U$ decays, etc.. The $U$ boson fits within the grand-unification framework, in symbiosis with a $SU(4)_{\rm es }$ electrostrong symmetry broken at the GUT scale, with $Q_U$ depending on $Q,\ B-L,\ F_A$ and $T_{3A}$ through three parameters $\gamma_Y,\ \gamma_A$ and $\eta$.

Cosmic Background

A possibility is that in cosmic background, primordial photon lattice where emerges a way to mass conservation, a photon was disturbed to create a spin then lead to its neighbors consecutively avalanching -- CMB -- into this a small ripple, which inverse spin directions pointing to a world was made of matter or antimatter whichever is parity violation; now cosmos was like an expanding hole -- an isotropic gravity field -- in photon lattice that influenced on everything, so inertia will be partly clarified.

Molecular Structure and Its Inverse: The Mystery of Their Origins, the Enigma of Their Detection

The origins of the molecular-chiral homogeneity that is the very basis of life remain a tantalizing mystery. Molecular chirality itself is manifest in its interaction with radiation, particularly as optical activity, although an intriguing alternative technique based in X-ray crystallography is being increasingly employed. Thus, X-ray diffraction with anomalous dispersion is currently believed to lead to the absolute configuration of a stereogenic center, the ultimate goal of structural chemistry. However, despite its apparently unerring consistency, the fundamental basis of the anomalous dispersion technique is itself enigmatic. This is because it is unclear how the technique not only distinguishes two enantiomeric lattices but also assigns the absolute configuration: all, apparently, in the absence of an external chiral influence! Indeed, as argued previously, it is highly likely that the technique succeeds because the X-rays employed are circularly polarized, itself a possible consequence of parity violation. All the same, the question of how the absolute configuration is assigned remains, as the chiral sense of the putative circular polarization of the X-rays is unknown. It is argued herein that the anomalous dispersion method is essentially based in the chirality of X-rays that must have entered–although unbeknownst as such–into the calculations leading to the absolute configuration. In fact, the enigma surrounding the anomalous dispersion method derives from uncertainties concerning the theory of X-ray diffraction itself, thus leading to the apparently inescapable conclusion that both methods are essentially empirical — but without detracting from the brilliance of the scientific achievements that led to these methods.

Handed Mirror Symmetry Breaking at the Photo-Excited State of π-Conjugated Rotamers in Solutions

The quest to decode the evolution of homochirality of life on earth has stimulated research at the molecular level. In this study, handed mirror symmetry breaking, and molecular parity violation hypotheses of systematically designed π-conjugated rotamers possessing anthracene and bianthracene core were evinced via circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) and circular dichroism (CD). The CPL signals were found to exhibit a (−)-sign, and a handed dissymmetry ratio, which increased with viscosity of achiral solvents depending on the rotation barrier of rotamers. The time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy and quantum efficiency measurement of these luminophores in selected solvents reinforced the hypothesis of a viscosity-induced consistent increase of the (−)-sign handed CPL signals.

Polarization-dependent disappearance of a resonance signal: Indication for optical pumping in a storage ring?

We report on laser spectroscopic measurements on ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ ions in the experimental storage ring ESR at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research. Driving the $2s\text{ }{^{3}S}_{1}(F=3/2)\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}2p\text{ }{^{3}P}_{2}(F=5/2)\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}2s\text{ }{^{3}S}_{1}(F=5/2)$ $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$-transition in $^{7}{\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ with two superimposed laser beams it was found that the use of circularly polarized light leads to a disappearance of the resonance structure in the fluorescence signal. This can be explained by optical pumping into a dark state of polarized ions. We present a detailed theoretical analysis of this process that supports the interpretation of optical pumping and demonstrates that the polarization induced by the laser light must then be at least partially maintained during the round trip of the ions in the storage ring. Such polarized ion beams in storage rings will provide opportunities for new experiments, especially on parity violation.

Gravitational Wave Implications for the Parity Symmetry of Gravity in the High Energy Region

Abstract Einstein's general relativity, as the most successful theory of gravity, is one of the cornerstones of modern physics. However, the experimental tests for gravity in the high energy region are limited. The emerging gravitational-wave astronomy has opened an avenue for probing the fundamental properties of gravity in a strong and dynamical field, and in particular, a high energy regime. In this work, we test the parity conservation of gravity with gravitational waves. If the parity symmetry is broken, the left- and right-handed modes of gravitational waves would follow different equations of motion, dubbed as birefringence. We perform full Bayesian inference by comparing the state-of-the-art waveform with parity violation with the compact binary coalescence data released by LIGO and Virgo collaboration. We do not find any violations of general relativity, thus constrain the lower bound of the parity-violating energy scale to be 0.09 GeV through the velocity birefringence of gravitational waves. This provides the most stringent experimental test of gravitational parity symmetry to date. We also find third generation gravitational-wave detectors can enhance this bound to GeV if there is still no violation, comparable to the current energy scale in particle physics, which indicates gravitational-wave astronomy can usher in a new era of testing the ultraviolet behavior of gravity in the high energy region.

Study of HgOH to Assess Its Suitability for Electron Electric Dipole Moment Searches

In search of suitable molecular candidates for probing the electric dipole moment (EDM) of the electron (de), a property that arises due to parity and time-reversal violating (P,T-odd) interactions, we consider the triatomic mercury hydroxide (HgOH) molecule. The impetus for this proposal is based on previous works on two systems: the recently proposed ytterbium hydroxide (YbOH) experiment that demonstrates the advantages of polyatomics for such EDM searches, and the finding that mercury halides provide the highest enhancement due to de compared to other diatomic molecules. We identify the ground state of HgOH as being in a bent geometry, and show that its intrinsic EDM sensitivity is comparable to the corresponding value for YbOH. Along with the theoretical results, we discuss plausible experimental schemes for an EDM measurement in HgOH. Furthermore, we provide pilot calculations of the EDM sensitivity for de for HgCH3 and HgCF3, that are natural extensions of HgOH.

Optical Mass Spectrometry of Cold RaOH^{+} and RaOCH_{3}^{+}.

We present an all-optical mass spectrometry technique to identify trapped ions. The new method uses laser-cooled ions to determine the mass of a cotrapped dark ion with a sub-dalton resolution within a few seconds. We apply the method to identify the first controlled synthesis of cold, trapped RaOH^{+} and RaOCH_{3}^{+}. These molecules are promising for their sensitivity to time and parity violations that could constrain sources of new physics beyond the standard model. The nondestructive nature of the mass spectrometry technique may help identify molecular ions or highly charged ions prior to optical spectroscopy. Unlike previous mass spectrometry techniques for small ion crystals that rely on scanning, the method uses a Fourier transform that is inherently broadband and comparatively fast. The technique's speed provides new opportunities for studying state-resolved chemical reactions in ion traps.

РЕГУЛЯТОРИ І ВАЖЕЛІ АНТИКРИЗОВОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ ДЕРЖАВИ У СФЕРІ ВАЛЮТНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ВІДНОСИН

In the article the definition of the currency crisis as a sharp violation of exchange parity, devaluation of the national currency of a country, the single currency of the economic union, the world reserve currency, etc. for a short period after a period of relatively long exchange rate stability. It is established that the source of the currency crisis can be the banking system, the budget sphere, domestic and foreign public debt, balance of payments, and the channels of influence of factors can be isolated or combined (double, triple, etc.). The main goal of anti-crisis policy in the field of monetary and financial relations is early warning of the crisis. It is shown that the choice of regulators and levers should depend on the model of crisis phenomena in the foreign exchange market, the diversity of which is reduced to the dominance of certain factors: economic, non-economic (military-political, behavioral, psychological), external influence. The retrospectives of four currency crises that have taken place since Ukraine's independence have been assessed, their models have been diagnosed: 1992-1993 – the first, 1998-1999 – mixed (synthesis of the first and third models), 2008-2009 – the third, 2014-2015 – the second. It is statistically shown that the first crisis was the most acute, the third crisis was the mildest. Regulators and levers of anti-crisis policy are defined as a system of interconnected mechanisms of state and market regulation aimed at ensuring the stability of the national currency, its external and internal convertibility, positive balance of payments, growth of official foreign exchange reserves, stimulating the country's export potential. It is proved that the anti-crisis policy of the state in the field of monetary and financial relations should strengthen and complement the operation of market mechanisms with priority given to economic regulators and levers over administrative ones. The main objects of the anti-crisis mechanism in the foreign exchange market, which are implemented in the real and financial sectors of the national economy and are designed to eliminate currency and macroeconomic imbalances, the balance of payments, harmonize monetary and exchange rate policies of the NBU.

Valence-shell photoelectron circular dichroism of ruthenium(III)-tris-(acetylacetonato) gas-phase enantiomers.

Chiral transition-metal complexes are of interest in many fields ranging from asymmetric catalysis and molecular materials science to optoelectronic applications or fundamental physics including parity violation effects. We present here a combined theoretical and experimental investigation of gas-phase valence-shell photoelectron circular dichroism (PECD) on the challenging open-shell ruthenium(III)-tris-(acetylacetonato) complex, Ru(acac)3. Enantiomerically pure Δ- or Λ-Ru(acac)3, characterized by electronic circular dichroism (ECD), were vaporized and adiabatically expanded to produce a supersonic beam and photoionized by circularly-polarized VUV light from the DESIRS beamline at Synchrotron SOLEIL. Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and PECD experiments were conducted using a double imaging electron/ion coincidence spectrometer, and compared to density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations. The open-shell character of Ru(acac)3, which is not taken into account in our DFT approach, is expected to give rise to a wide multiplet structure, which is not resolved in our PES signals but whose presence might be inferred from the additional striking features observed in the PECD curves. Nevertheless, the DFT-based assignment of the electronic bands leads to the characterisation of the ionized orbitals. In line with other recent works, the results confirm that PECD persists independently on the localization and/or on the achiral or chiral nature of the initial orbital, but is rather a probe of the molecular potential as a whole. Overall, the measured PECD signals on Ru(acac)3, a system exhibiting D3 propeller-type chirality, are of similar magnitude compared to those on asymmetric-carbon-based chiral organic molecules which constitute the vast majority of species investigated so far, thus suggesting that PECD is a universal mechanism, inherent to any type of chirality.

Impact of high energy beam tunes on the sensitivities to the standard unknowns at DUNE

Even though neutrino oscillations have been conclusively established, there are a few unanswered questions pertaining to leptonic Charge Parity violation (CPV), mass hierarchy (MH) and $\theta_{23}$ octant degeneracy. Addressing these questions is of paramount importance at the current and future neutrino experiments including the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) which has a baseline of 1300 km. In the standard mode, DUNE is expected to run with a {\textit{low energy}} (LE) tuned beam which peaks around the first oscillation maximum ($2-3$ GeV) (and then sharply falls off as we go to higher energies). However, the wide band nature of the beam available at long baseline neutrino facility (LBNF) allows for the flexibility in utilizing beam tunes that are well-suited at higher energies as well. In this work, we utilize a beam that provides high statistics at higher energies which is referred to as the {\textit{medium energy}} (ME) beam. This opens up the possibility of exploring not only the usual oscillation channels but also the $\nu_{\mu} \to \nu_{\tau}$ oscillation channel which was otherwise not accessible. Our goal is to find an optimal combination of beam tune and runtime (with the total runtime held fixed) distributed in neutrino and antineutrino mode that leads to an improvement in the sensitivities of these parameters at DUNE. In our analysis, we incorporate all the three channels ($\nu_{\mu} \to \nu_{e}, \nu_{\mu} \to \nu_{\mu}, \nu_{\mu} \to \nu_{\tau}$) and develop an understanding of their relative contributions in sensitivities at the level of $\Delta \chi^2$. Finally, we obtain the preferred combination of runtime using both the beam tunes as well as neutrino and antineutrino mode that lead to enhanced sensitivity to the current unknowns in neutrino oscillation physics i.e., CPV, MH and $\theta_{23}$ octant.

Core polarizability of rubidium using spectroscopy of the ng to nh, ni Rydberg transitions

We present a precise measurement of the rubidium ionic core polarizability. The results can be useful for interpreting experiments such as parity violation or black-body radiation shifts in atomic clocks since the ionic core electrons contribute significantly to the total electrical polarizability of rubidium. We report a dipole polarizability $\alpha_d$ = $9.116 \pm 0.009$ $a_0^3$ and quadrupole polarizability $\alpha_q$ = $38.4 \pm 0.6$ $a_{0}^{5}$ derived from microwave and radio-frequency spectroscopy measurements of Rydberg states with large angular momentum. By using a relatively low principal quantum number ($17 \leq n \leq 19$) and high angular momentum ($4 \leq \ell \leq 6$), systematic effects are reduced compared to previous experiments. We develop an empirical approach to account for non-adiabatic corrections to the polarizability model. The corrections have less than a 1\% effect on $\alpha_d$ but almost double $\alpha_q$ from its adiabatic value, bringing it into much better agreement with theoretical values.

ANALYSIS OF THE POTENTIAL AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING IN UKRAINE

The objective of the article is to study the possibilities of agricultural production and agricultural processing and search for the prospects of development of the industry of Ukraine. Methodology. The following analyses are carried out: profitability and cost-effectiveness (rate of return) of the agricultural products, the level of consumption of basic food products in Ukraine, availability of agricultural machinery at agricultural enterprises, the structure and growth rate of purchase of agricultural machinery at agricultural enterprises of Ukraine. Results. It is proved that a low level of profitability in the agricultural sector is a significant violation of price parity – there is a deterioration in the ratio of the prices of agriculture producers for sold products, and prices for acquired industrial goods, and for the services of commercial and technical purpose, i.e. there is a situation of non-conformity of revenues and costs of agricultural production. It should be noted that the level of the development of the agricultural complex, first of all, is determined by the quality and volume of food consumed by the population. Practical implications. During the country's independence, the profitability of production of all major products has decreased significantly and negative trends are observed. Comparing the data of 2019 with 1990, we can see that part of the profitable production has transferred to the unprofitable. The analysis of the dynamics of consumption of major food groups over the past two decades shows that for the period from 2000 to 2014 there was an increase in consumption of milk and dairy products by 12%; meat and meat products by 65%; eggs by 86.7%; potatoes by 4%, vegetables and melons by 60.5%; fruits, berries and grapes by 78.5%; fish and fish products by 32.1%; oils by 39.4%. During this period, there was a decrease in the positions of bread and bread products by 13% and sugar by 1.4%. Value/originality. The low intensity of the agricultural sector of Ukraine is largely due to the neglect of the requirements of agricultural machinery and production technology. It is important to apply the required amount of mineral fertilizers, which is one of the important technological requirements for growing crops. Therefore, the effective development of this industry requires a modern, effective and scientifically sound financing program by attracting investment and soft loans.

Toward Nonlocal Electrodynamics of Accelerated Systems

We revisit acceleration-induced nonlocal electrodynamics and the phenomenon of photon spin-rotation coupling. The kernel of the theory for the electromagnetic field tensor involves parity violation under the assumption of linearity of the field kernel in the acceleration tensor. However, we show that parity conservation can be maintained by extending the field kernel to include quadratic terms in the acceleration tensor. The field kernel must vanish in the absence of acceleration; otherwise, a general dependence of the kernel on the acceleration tensor cannot be theoretically excluded. The physical implications of the quadratic kernel are briefly discussed.

A flipped U(1) R extension of the Standard Model

In this work, we study an extension of the standard model (SM) based on the gauge symmetry SU(3) C × SU(2) L × U(1) Y′ × U(1) R where only the right-handed fermions have nonzero U(1) R charge and the weak hypercharge of the SM is identified as a combination of the U(1) Y′ and U(1) R charges. The gauge charge assignment of the fields is constrained by the conditions of the anomaly cancellation and the gauge invariance of the Yukawa couplings. The light neutrino masses are generated via the type-I seesaw mechanism where the Majorana masses of the right-handed neutrinos are related to the U(1) Y′ × U(1) R symmetry breaking scale. Then, we discuss the constraints on the free parameters of the model from various current experiments, such as the precision measurement of the total Z width, ρ parameter, atomic parity violation of cesium, LEP and LHC bounds. In addition, we investigate the potential of probing for the signal of the new neutral gauge boson based on the forward–backward asymmetry for the process e + e − → μ + μ − which is the most sensitive mode at the ILC.

Searching for supersymmetry: the μνSSM

We review the role played by the '$\mu$ from $\nu$' supersymmetric standard model ($\mu \nu$SSM) in the search for supersymmetry. First, we discuss its theoretical motivation, that is the simultaneous solution of $\mu$- and $\nu$-problems through the introduction of right-handed neutrinos. The latter produces $R$-parity violation (RPV), giving rise to interesting signals of new physics. As by-products, in the $\mu\nu$SSM there are dark matter candidates, and electroweak baryogenesis can be realized. Then, we survey signals by which the model could be tested at the large hadron collider (LHC). In addition to the enlarged Higgs sector with sneutrinos, we put special emphasis in analyzing the intimate connection between the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) lifetime and the size of neutrino Yukawa couplings. Displaced vertices and/or multileptons are some of the interesting signatures that can be probed. Finally, we discuss possible extensions of the $\mu\nu$SSM such as the inclusion in the superpotential of the conventional trilinear lepton-number violating couplings, the addition of an extra $U(1)'$ gauge group to the symmetry of the standard model, or the reinterpretation of the Higgs doublets as a fourth family of leptons superfields motivating the existence of a fourth family of vector-like quark doublet superfields.

Exploiting electron parity violation: from Standard Model tests to dark matter detection predictions

There has been recent interest in low energy, high luminosity polarized electron beams for studies of parity-violating (PV) electron scattering, such as the MESA accelerator at Mainz or an upgraded FEL facility at Jefferson Lab. Accurate measurements of the PV asymmetry in elastic electron scattering from nuclei can be used to determine Standard Model couplings, such as the weak-mixing angle or higher-order radiative corrections, as well as to extract specific information on the nuclear and nucleon structure. To this end, low uncertainties are required from modelling some confounding nuclear and nuclear structure effects, including isospin mixing, nucleon strangeness content or Coulomb distortion of electron wave functions. We estimate the sizes and theoretical uncertainties of such effects for a carbon 12 target. An experimental precision in the PV asymmetry of a few tenths of a percent may be reachable under certain kinematic conditions, that are also discussed for the same nuclear target.This high precision PV asymmetry in elastic electron scattering can also be used to relate in a very simple manner the elastic electron-nucleus scattering cross section with the elastic neutrino-nucleus cross section. This novel relationship allows us to exploit experimentally well-determined quantities to predict unknown or recently measured observables, such as coherent neutrino-nucleus cross sections. This idea can be extended to link electron scattering to an even more uncertain magnitude: the direct detection rate of hypothetical weak-interacting dark matter particles through axial and/or vector elastic interactions with nuclei.

Energy levels of radium monofluoride RaF in external electric and magnetic fields to search for P - and T,P -violation effects

The RaF molecule is considered to be a potential candidate to search for the electron electric dipole moment and other effects of the time-reversal $(T)$ and spatial parity $(P)$ symmetries violation of fundamental interactions as well as $T$-even, $P$-odd effects. Recently, the existence of a suitable laser-cooling scheme for this molecule was proven experimentally, R. F. Garcia Ruiz et al. [Nature (London) 581, 396 (2020)]. In the present paper, we study energy levels, $g$-factors, and sensitivities to the electron electric dipole moment as functions of the external electric field for the lowest rotational levels of $^{224,226,228}\mathrm{RaF}$ molecules. The state with zero sensitivity to the electron electric dipole moment suitable to test systematic effects is found. Also energy levels of $^{223,225}\mathrm{RaF}$ as functions of the external magnetic field are calculated for the lowest rotational levels. The values of magnetic fields corresponding to the crossing of the levels of opposite parity are found. For these values of the magnetic field, the off-diagonal matrix element of the nuclear spin-dependent parity violation interaction is calculated. The obtained data can be used to design experiments to search for the $T,P$- and $P$-violating effects using the RaF molecule.

Parity violation in Poincaré gauge gravity

We analyze the parity violation issue in the Poincaré gauge theory of gravity for the two classes of models which are built as natural extensions of the Einstein–Cartan theory. The conservation laws of the matter currents are revisited and we clarify the derivation of the effective Einstein field equation and the structure of the effective energy–momentum current for arbitrary matter sources.