Parental Status Research Articles

Family and social networks among older people in selected European countries

ABSTRACT Family networks and significant relationships with other people are seen as sources of different types of support. Kinship and social networks differ between individuals, as they are shaped by family biographies and the survival of their members. The aim of the paper was to examine the size and the structure of family and social networks among older people in selected European countries, while taking into account differences by sex, age, parental status, and country. Data from the wave 6 of SHARE survey, carried out in 17 European countries, was used. The older people’s family networks were quite large (on average, 7.8 persons), while their social networks were much smaller (on average, 2.6 persons). The family and social networks differed slightly by sex and age group, but significantly between the analysed countries. Although the size and composition of family and social networks differed significantly by parental status, the differences in SN size were much smaller between older parents and people without surviving children. The study contributes to family demography research by estimation the size and the composition of family and social networks among older people in European countries.

Perceived fairness and legitimacy of parental workplace discrimination

ABSTRACT Parental discrimination has been shown to be related to several risks, including impaired health, increased job stress, and decreased job satisfaction, which calls for increased awareness of parental discrimination. This paper analyzes fairness and legitimacy judgments of unequal treatment based on parental status at work and the antecedents that influence these judgments. Stereotypes of symbolic vilification that suggest lower commitment due to caring responsibilities, and symbolic amplification, which refers to rational economic organizational needs, are expected to rationalize discrimination. Moreover, we expect specific values and ideologies to be related to judgments of fairness and legitimacy, mediated by resonance with symbolic vilification and amplification. Analyses are based on survey data from a sample of employees aged between 20 and 45 years (n = 376). Respondents’ evaluations of parental discrimination were measured using two fictional cases. The results suggest that greater acceptance of vilifying and amplifying justifications is triggered by a stronger preference for the ideal worker norm and traditional gender role expectations. Women tend to view discrimination as more unfair and illegitimate than men, while men’s judgments are more strongly driven by economic reasoning.

The association between neighbourhood socioeconomic status and parental mental health in the first years after birth - Cross-sectional results from the SKKIPPI project.

The urban environment can influence mental health. However, research on neighbourhood influences on mental health of parents with young children is sparse. This study aimed to analyse the association between neighbourhood socioeconomic status (SES) and mental health outcomes in urban parents in the first years after birth. We included 4707 parents of young children who participated in the SKKIPPI cohort study in Berlin. Data on mental health outcomes (symptoms of depression, anxiety, or both, measured via PHQ- 4) and individual risk factors stemmed from an online questionnaire and were matched with neighbourhood level data from the Berlin Senate Department for Urban Development and Housing. Neighbourhood status (exposure) was categorized in 4 SES categories: high, medium, low, and very low. We use propensity scores to estimate the probability to live in each neighbourhood category to reduce the risk of bias due to neighbourhood self-selection. Binominal generalised linear mixed models with propensity score adjustment were used to estimate the association between neighbourhood SES and symptoms of depression, anxiety, or both. Overall, 9.3% of parents showed depressive, 10.3% anxiety, and 5.3% both symptoms. The occurrence of mental health problems was lowest in neighbourhoods with high SES and highest in neighbourhoods with low/very low SES. The association between neighbourhood SES and mental health outcomes seen in unadjusted regression models disappeared when models were adjusted for individual risk factors/neighbourhood self-selection using propensity scores. We found no association between neighbourhood SES and mental health outcomes in parents in the first years after birth after adjusting for neighbourhood selection. Nevertheless, the unadjusted findings suggest that the occurrence of individual risk factors and mental health problems was highest in neighbourhoods with low/very low SES, which should be focus for social and preventive health measures.

Body mass index trajectories from birth to adolescence and associated factors in the PARIS cohort.

Development of body mass index (BMI) trajectories is essential for understanding childhood overweight, a public health concern. This study aimed to identify BMI trajectories from birth to adolescence and examine associated factors in the Pollution and Asthma Risk: an Infant Study (PARIS) birth cohort. Data on height, weight, birth parameters, lifestyle, parental weight status and stress were collected via questionnaires and health check-ups. BMI z-score (BMIz) trajectories were developed using group-based trajectory modelling on anthropometric data collected at least six times. Associated factors were investigated in multivariable multinomial logistic regression models, adjusted for confounders. Five BMIz trajectories were identified in 540 adolescents. The early high stable BMI trajectory grouped participants who reached overweight status in early childhood. Four trajectories remained within the normal weight status: low stable BMI, continuous decrease BMI, continuous increase BMI, and early increase and slight decrease BMI trajectories. Compared with low stable BMI, high BMI trajectories were associated with higher parental weight status, early rebound age, excessive TV watching, lower food avoidance score, stressful events in early life and parent-child relationship stress. High BMI trajectories shared several modifiable factors, emphasising the need for multifactorial interventions to tackle the childhood overweight epidemic.

Association between physical activity and cognitive function in post-menopausal women with high parity: the chain-mediating effects of nutritional status and depression

BackgroundIt has been reported that the cognitive responses to physical activity (PA) in postmenopausal women vary by parity status, and women with higher parity show a significant association between PA and cognitive function. However, the potential pathways mediating the relationship between PA and cognitive function in women with higher parity remain unclear. The objective of this study was to examine this association in Chinese cohort and further investigate the mediating pathways.MethodsA total of 2296 postmenopausal women were enrolled from the Baoshan District, from April to December 2020. All participant information was collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires or measurements, including personal information, medical history, lifestyle, body mass index (BMI), cognitive function, nutritional status, and depression status. In this cross-sectional study, generalized linear regression models and the chain-mediation analysis were used to examine the relationship between PA and cognitive function and the mediating pathways.ResultsThere was a significant relationship between PA and cognitive function in the high-parity group (≥ three births). In the fully adjusted generalized linear regression model, PA was significantly associated with cognitive function [β: 0.795, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.251–1.340, P < 0.05]. The chain-mediation analysis showed that depression and nutritional status were two significant mediators, contributing 37.96% of the indirect effect of the overall effect.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that PA is beneficial for women (≥ three births) to maintain cognitive function, and these benefits are mediated by depression and nutritional status.

The effect of Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative compliance on the association between mode of birth and breastfeeding initiation in Sri Lanka

BackgroundIn Sri Lanka, there is some evidence that the likelihood of breastfeeding initiation varies by exposure to Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative [BFHI]-compliant care and mode of birth. Globally, there is some evidence that exposure to mother-baby skin-to-skin contact (BFHI Step 4) is lower in caesarean section births. Therefore, we aimed to determine how breastfeeding initiation varies by mode of birth in Sri Lanka, and the extent to which women’s exposure to BFHI practices explains any associations found.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted with women with a live baby across four government hospitals in Sri Lanka. Quantitative data were collected through participant interviews and extraction from medical records. Associations between BFHI practices, breastfeeding initiation, mode of birth, and women’s characteristics were assessed using binary logistic regression analysis applied in mediation and moderated mediation models.ResultsWomen who received care compliant with Steps 4 and 6 of BFHI, regardless of their mode of birth, were more likely to initiate breastfeeding within the first hour after birth. BFHI Step 4 partially and completely mediated the effect of planned caesarean section and emergency caesarean section, respectively, on breastfeeding initiation within one hour of birth. Further, exposure to BFHI Step 6 partially mediated the effect of emergency caesarean section on breastfeeding initiation within one hour of birth. Women’s age, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity status, and ethnic group significantly influenced the relationship between planned or emergency caesarean section, exposure to Step 4 or Step 6 of BFHI, and breastfeeding initiation within one hour of birth. Specifically, being primiparous strengthened the likelihood that having a planned caesarean section decreased women’s exposure to BFHI Step 4; and having a pre-pregnancy BMI of 23–27.49 kg/m2 weakened the likelihood that planned caesarean section decreased exposure to BFHI Step 4.ConclusionsImproving compliance with mother-baby skin-to-skin contact (BFHI Step 4) and no supplementation (BFHI Step 6) is critical for Sri Lankan health services to support all women to establish breastfeeding initiation within one hour of birth, as these practices attenuate the negative effect of caesarean section on breastfeeding initiation.

Peer discrimination and diurnal cortisol output in a rural boarding school in China: Empirical findings and methodological considerations.

Adolescents' experiences of discrimination and their health consequences are understudied in non-Western cultures. Using data from 90 rural Chinese adolescents (Mage = 13.70; 49% female), this study examined cumulative and daily experiences of peer discrimination (based on socioeconomic status, gender, parental migration status, appearance, grades) and their associations with diurnal cortisol output. Data highlighted a high prevalence of peer discrimination, with 85% of the sample reporting any type of cumulative discrimination in the current semester and 56% of the sample reporting any type of daily discrimination over three consecutive days. At the within-person level, daily peer discrimination (regardless of type) was associated with exaggerated cortisol functioning (i.e., more pronounced rise and fall as indicated by steeper slopes and lower bedtime levels) on the same day; daily discrimination based on parental migration status was also associated with higher cortisol awakening responses on the next day. At the between-person level, cumulative discrimination based on socioeconomic status and gender (but not other factors) was associated with exaggerated cortisol functioning (higher waking levels, steeper slopes). The study also offered a methodological example for collecting daily and cortisol data in rural boarding schools in China. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Parental Factors Associated With Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination in US Children Younger Than 5 Years.

Objectives. To determine the association between parental characteristics and MMR (measles-mumps- rubella) vaccination status of children in the United States. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study from July 2023 to April 2024 using a digital health survey via OutbreaksNearMe, weighted to target national population characteristics. We analyzed the responses of 19 892 parents of children younger than 5 years to examine the association between self-reported parental characteristics (i.e., sociodemographics, politics, COVID-19 vaccination status) and children's MMR vaccination rates using logistic regression. Results. Children of parents who received at least 1 dose of the COVID-19 vaccine had higher MMR vaccination rates (80.8%) than did children of unvaccinated parents (60.9%; odds ratio [OR] = 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.68, 2.00). We observed lower MMR vaccination rates among children of parents who identified as Republican versus Democratic (OR = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.64, 0.82), parents on Medicaid or Medicare versus private insurance (OR = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.76, 0.95), and minority (OR = 0.44) versus White (OR = 0.71) parents. We found higher MMR vaccination rates in the Northeast and Midwest United States. Conclusions. Early data indicate that parental sociodemographic characteristics and COVID-19 vaccine status are associated with children's MMR vaccine uptake, emphasizing the need for further investigations into multipronged public health interventions. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print January 16, 2025:e1-e5. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307912).

Occupational noise exposure and maternal pregnancy complications: register-based cohort from urban areas in four Nordic countries

ObjectiveTo assess the role of occupational noise exposure on pregnancy complications in urban Nordic populations.MethodsA study population covering five metropolitan areas in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden was generated using...

Hubungan Usia dan Paritas dengan Kejadian Anemia pada Ibu Hamil di PMB Linda Elisabet Kecamatan Beji Kota Depok Provinsi Jawa Barat Tahun 2024

During pregnancy, anemia is a condition where the hemoglobin (Hb) level is &lt;11 gr% in the first and third trimesters, while in the second trimester the mother's Hb level is &lt;10.5 gr%. The aim of this research is to identify age and parity with the incidence of anemia in pregnant women in PMB Linda Elisabet, Beji District, Depok City, North Sumatra Province in 2024. This research used a Case Control design, the research time was April-June 2024, the population was 76 people, with a ratio of 1:1, the sampling technique used total sampling, using the Chi Square Test. The majority of respondents aged &gt;20 years and &gt;35 years did not experience anemia as many as 20 people (52.6%), respondents who had high parity status and experienced anemia were 18 people (47.4%). There is a significant relationship between the age and pair of pregnant women and the incidence of anemia in BPM Linda Elisabet, Beji District, Depok City, West Java Province with a p value &lt;0.05 (0.001).

The Relationship Between Insufficient Sleep and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Adolescents: A National Survey of Contributing Factors.

There is a lack of national studies examining the relationship between insufficient sleep and depression among Chinese adolescents, and previous research has not comprehensively considered related factors. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of depressive symptoms in adolescents with insufficient sleep and explore the role of associated factors using a nationally representative sample in China. A pen-and-paper survey was conducted among 24147 Chinese adolescents from November 2019 to January 2020. Data on depressive symptoms, maltreatment experiences, psychological resilience, demographic information, parent-child relationships, parental marital status, and sleep duration were collected. A total of 22231 valid questionnaires were analyzed. Among the respondents, 67.7% reported insufficient sleep, while 32.3% had sufficient sleep. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 25.3% in adolescents with insufficient sleep, compared to 8.2% in those with sufficient sleep. Insufficient sleep was identified as an independent risk factor for depressive symptoms (OR = 3.058, 95% CI: 2.753-3.396, P < 0.001). In adolescents with sufficient sleep, being female, emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and physical neglect were significant risk factors for depressive symptoms (P < 0.05), while higher resilience scores and a good parent-child relationship were protective factors (P < 0.05). Among adolescents with insufficient sleep, additional risk factors included higher body mass index (BMI), older age, parental divorce, and living with a single parent (P < 0.05). Insufficient sleep is significantly associated with depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents. The adolescents with insufficient sleep, particularly those who are older, have a higher BMI, or come from divorced or single-parent households, require increased attention.

Daycare use of disinfectants and cleaning products and wheeze among children: Cross-sectional analyses in the French CRESPI cohort.

Evidence is mounting that domestic use of disinfectants and cleaning products (DCP), particularly in spray form, is associated with wheezing in children. Beyond the home environment, many children are also exposed to DCP in daycare. The links between daycare exposures to DCP and child respiratory health have never before been studied. Evaluate the associations between daycare DCP use and wheeze among children. This cross-sectional study draws upon the data at inclusion for 536 children (mean age: 22.3months; 47.4% female) of the French CRESPI cohort (108 daycares in the Paris region, 2019-2022). Exposure to DCP was evaluated using a barcode-scanning smartphone application with an embedded questionnaire. An exposure score was calculated as the sum of frequencies of use of DCP for each daycare. Child wheezing outcomes (ever wheeze since birth, recurrent wheeze (≥3 times since birth), and wheeze ever treated with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)) were evaluated by parental questionnaire. Associations between daycare DCP exposure and wheezing outcomes were analyzed with Generalized Estimating Equations to account for a possible center effect, and adjusted for child age, parental smoking status, parental educational attainment, and daycare size. The prevalence of ever wheeze was 32.1%, that of recurrent wheeze 13.3%, and that of wheeze ever treated with ICS 14.5%. Above-median exposure scores (vs.≤median exposure scores) were associated with higher odds of wheeze ever treated with ICS (Odds Ratio=1.72, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.07-2.75) and ever wheeze (1.40, 0.98-2.00), but not with recurrent wheeze (1.35, 0.79-2.31). Relationships between specific DCP application modes and wheezing outcomes did not suggest a predominant role of specific modes. Given the observed association between daycare DCP use and wheeze in children, measures which limit child exposure to DCP in care settings should be considered.

Knowledge of COVID-19 and the psychological status of parents: a retrospective survey in Wuhan, Hubei

ObjectiveDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, many parents faced heightened stress, anxiety and depression due to the local and global COVID-19 mitigation measures and lockdowns.DesignThis is a cross-sectional study.SettingThis study used stratified...

Prevalence and associated factors of adolescent psychological abuse, neglect in Western China a multi-center cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Background: The western region of China has a dense population, relatively underdeveloped economy, and a significant number of left-behind children. Currently, the prevalence of adolescent psychological abuse, neglect, and the factors associated with these issues in the region remain unclear. This study aims to evaluate the current status of adolescent psychological abuse and neglect and its associated factors in this region. Methods: Data were collected from 50 schools in western China through cluster sampling to target adolescents aged 12 to 18. A comprehensive survey form was used to collect socio-demographic characteristics of adolescents. The Child Psychological Abuse and Neglect Scale was employed to assess the current psychological abuse and neglect of adolescents. Independent samples t-tests were used for inter-group comparisons. A Directed Acyclic Graph was constructed for controlling confounding variables. Subsequently, binary logistic regression analysis was performed, and a nomogram risk factors model was developed using R Studio. Results: This study included 12,743 teenagers, with an average age of 15.53(±1.39) years. Among them, 4,965 individuals, accounting for 39.0%, reported experiences of psychological abuse, while 4,167 individuals, accounting for 32.7%, reported experiences of neglect. The rates of psychological abuse and neglect in adolescents are influenced by gender, grade, left-behind experience, parental marital status, and living on campus (P < .05). Conclusion: Adolescents in western China exhibit higher rates of psychological abuse and neglect compared to those in the eastern and northern regions of China. Gender, grade, left-behind experience, and family factors significantly influence the psychological abuse and neglect of adolescents.

Self-Care and Professional Quality of Life Among Practicing Psychologists

Psychologists are no strangers to stress and burnout. However, they derive satisfaction from their work as they believe it to be helpful. Self-care practices help in this regard, acting as both a catalyst for satisfaction and a buffer against burnout and secondary trauma. However, research is limited on the role of self-care in protecting psychologists in Pakistan. The present study aimed to discover the effect of professional self-care on the professional quality of life, compassion satisfaction, and compassion fatigue, among practicing psychologists. Employing a cross-sectional survey design, data was collected through a purposive sampling technique from (N=138) psychologists in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The results indicated that all five factors of professional self-care measured in the scale were negatively associated with burnout and secondary traumatic stress and positively associated with compassion satisfaction. Further results indicated that personal demographics such as age and parental status, and work variables including work experience or supervision, had an impact on the professional quality of life. Overall, professional self-care strategies are an important shield against the negative effects of psychologists’ work. Further research would aid in providing a richer insight into the dynamics of self-care and its effect on Pakistani psychologists.

Social Mobility of University Graduates: Which Pathways Lead Upwards?

At the present work using data from the longitudinal study of the National Research University Higher School of Economics “Trajectories in Education and Careers”, authors studied the relationship between the trajectories of university graduates and their chances for social mobility. Authors assessed, which characteristics of the path taken in education and the labor market by the age of 25 are associated with upward mobility. Using Blau and Duncan’s status attainment model, the movement from prescribed family status to attained status was analyzed. Two measures were used to assess status: subjective social status and financial status.Graduates by age 25 were most likely to have reproduced parental status, with the majority reproducing middle status, as measured by both subjective social status and financial status. The chances of upward mobility were significantly higher for university graduates who had had time to accumulate the most work experience by age 25. At the same time, the completion of a Master’s degree and prolonged studies, which do not allow for full-time employment, proved to be a risk factor for maintaining the prescribed status. Socio-economic and gender inequalities were also observed: male graduates and those from more educated families had significantly higher chances of upward social mobility. As a result, it was factors unrelated to education (work and socio-demographic factors), that proved to be significant for the success of graduates.

HUBUNGAN STATUS PARITAS DENGAN KEJADIAN POST PARTUM BLUES DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS JUWIRING KLATEN

Postpartum blues is categorized as a mild mental disorder, therefore it is often ignored so that it is not diagnosed and not managed properly, finally it can become a difficult problem, and sometimes this disorder can develop into a more severe condition, namely depression and postpartum psychosis, which has a worse impact, especially in the problem of marital relations with husbands and the development of their children. This study aims to determine the Relationship between Parity Status and the Incidence of Postpartum Blues in the Juwiring Klaten Health Center Work Area. The design of this study is an analytical survey study. The approach used is cross-sectional. The population in this study were all postpartum mothers in the Juwiring Klaten Health Center work area as many as 44 people in March 2017. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. Data analysis used chi square. Respondent characteristics (age 20-35 years old as many as 40 people (97%), education is high school as many as 31 people (72.1%), occupation is housewife as many as 33 people (76.7%). Parity status in the work area of ​​​​Juwiring Klaten Health Center is mostly multiparous as many as 33 people (76.7%). The incidence of postpartum blues in postpartum mothers in the work area of ​​​​Juwiring Klaten Health Center is 17 people (39.5%) with moderate postpartum blues. There is a relationship between Parity Status and the Incidence of Post Partum Blues in the Work Area of ​​​​Juwiring Klaten Health Center with a p value = 0.035 (α&gt; 0.05).

Impact of cancer during reproductive age on the probability of livebirth after cancer: a register-based cohort study among Danish women aged 18-39 with and without cancer.

This register-based study investigates the probability of a livebirth after cancer during the female reproductive age. The study population, derived from the DANAC II cohort, included women aged 18-39 diagnosed with cancer between 1978 and 2016, matched with 60 undiagnosed women each from the general population. Primary outcome was a livebirth after cancer with follow-up until death, emigration, or end of follow-up. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using multivariable Cox regression analyses. The population included 21,596 women with cancer and 1,295,760 without. The 20-year cumulative incidence of livebirth after cancer/study entry was lower among women with cancer (0.22 [95% CI 0.22-0.22]) compared to those without (0.34 [95% CI 0.34-0.34]). The HR of a livebirth after cancer was 0.61 [95% CI 0.59-0.63]; highest at age 18-25 (HR = 0.72 [95% CI 0.68-0.76]); and lowest at age 33-39 (HR = 0.50 [95% CI 0.47-0.54]). Nullipara women had higher HR of a livebirth than those with children (HR = 0.72 [95% CI 0.69-0.75] vs. HR = 0.48 [95% CI 0.46-0.51]). HR was lowest for women with breast, gynecological, central-nerve-system cancer, and leukemia. Women with/without cancer were comparable in assisted reproductive technology initiation after cancer/study entry, but HR was higher among nullipara than in those with prior children. Cancer during reproductive years significantly and negatively impacts HR of a livebirth after cancer, particularly as age at diagnosis increases. Low HR of livebirth is observed in specific cancer groups. Results underscore the importance of oncofertility counseling at diagnosis, referral to fertility specialist before treatment, and follow-up after cancer, focusing on cancer type, parity status, and age at diagnosis.

Multi-method approach effectively identifies and engages children impacted by parental substance misuse into school-based prevention services.

Children living in households where parents or caregiving adults misuse substances face significant risk academically, socially, physically, and emotionally. An estimated 12% or more of U.S. children lived with an adult with past-year substance use problems in 2009-2014. Engaging this high-need, underserved population in targeted prevention services is a public health imperative, requiring children first be identified. School-based services reduce access barriers and promote equitable access, providing a model that can address the scope and significance of parental substance misuse (PSM) on children. A review of published studies for this population revealed a lack of information regarding identification strategies and their relative effectiveness. This article uses data from a 2010-2020 field-based evaluation to analyze the performance of the Kids Like Us (KLU) program's manualized approach to identifying and engaging elementary students impacted by PSM into its school-based program. KLU, a program of the Frederick County Health Department (Maryland, U.S.), is implemented in collaboration with public school counselors. KLU's multi-method approach achieves universal prevention outcomes while simultaneously providing parent, self, school counselor, and community referral options. Over the 10-year study, 537 students were identified with a notable 83% of referred students completing 75-100% of sessions offered. Parent referral, a strategy not included in any reviewed studies, contributed the highest percentage of referrals (44% in response to a student take-home letter alone), followed by self (18%), school counselor (13%), and other/a combination (24%). KLU engaged students across varying school settings, sizes, and socioeconomics. Chi-square analysis of gender and ethnicity found no significant differences. Referral outcome and school counselor data results highlight the benefits of KLU's multi-method, multi-source approach, including its ease of replication. KLU's approach holds promise for addressing the public health crisis of children impacted by PSM. Study results highlight the need for policy changes including that U.S. and world alcohol and drug reports assess parent status. Additional research with a larger, more ethnically diverse population is recommended to examine the relationship between family and student demographics and referral strategies and sources.

Polygenic prediction of occupational status GWAS elucidates genetic and environmental interplay in intergenerational transmission, careers and health in UK Biobank

AbstractSocioeconomic status (SES) impacts health and life-course outcomes. This genome-wide association study (GWAS) of sociologically informed occupational status measures (ISEI, SIOPS, CAMSIS) using the UK Biobank (N = 273,157) identified 106 independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms of which 8 are novel to the study of SES. Genetic correlations with educational attainment (rg = 0.96–0.97) and income (rg = 0.81–0.91) point to a common genetic factor for SES. We observed a 54–57% reduction in within-family predictions compared with population-based predictions, attributed to indirect parental effects (22–27% attenuation) and assortative mating (21–27%) following our calculations. Using polygenic scores from population predictions of 5–10% (incremental R2 = 0.023–0.097 across different approaches and occupational status measures), we showed that (1) cognitive and non-cognitive traits, including scholastic and occupational motivation and aspiration, link polygenic scores to occupational status and (2) 62% of the intergenerational transmission of occupational status cannot be ascribed to genetic inheritance of common variants but other factors such as family environments. Finally, links between genetics, occupation, career trajectory and health are interrelated with parental occupational status.