Parental Level Research Articles

Attachment Style and Mental Health Profiles of Parents Caring for a Child with Autism: Suicidal Ideation, Depression and Anxiety.

The study investigated association between attachment style of parents with a child diagnosed with Autism and mental health. A cross-sectional web-based survey collected data from 184 parents of individuals with autism. Findings from the study indicated association between an avoidant and anxious attachment style and mental health. Mainly, a link between avoidant attachment style and parents' levels of suicidal ideation and depression, an association between anxious attachment style and the parent's level of suicidal ideation, depression and anxiety. Several sociodemographic variables were associated with suicidal ideation and mental health. Specifically, we identified impacts of child's race on suicidal ideation, marital status on depression as well as impact of education on anxiety. Implication for future research, assessment and treatment are presented.

Association between Parity and Dental Caries Experience among US Women: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

This study aims to investigate the association between parity and dental caries among US women. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2001-2004) data for parous women aged 20-45 years were used for our analysis (n = 1,914). The association between parity (number of pregnancies resulted in live births) and caries experience [the decayed, missing, and filling teeth (DMFT) index] was analyzed using bivariate and multivariate regression analyses. SAS software version 9.1 was used for the statistical analyses. We used survey procedures (e.g., SURVEYFREQ, SURVEYMEANS, and SURVEYREG) that incorporate information on the appropriate weights to account for NHANES's complex sampling design. The bivariate analysis showed a trend of increase in dental caries experience among parous women as the number of live births increased (p = 0.007). After adjusting for confounders, such as age, socioeconomic status (SES), dental care coverage, and utilization, a significant association was still observed between parity level and dental caries experience (p = 0.009). Our results suggest that higher parity can be associated with dental caries experience among US women of reproductive age. Clinicians should be aware of this finding to promote better oral health care and education among women with increased parity.

85 Integrating Mechanistic Models with AI for Precision Feeding of Sows

Abstract Conventional feeding for sows is usually based on the average herd’s nutrient requirements. Thus, sows can be under- or over- fed leading to extra feed costs and environmental losses. New technologies, as sensors and AI, bring opportunities to measure and integrate individual variability into nutrient requirements estimations. The objective is therefore to go towards precision feeding (PF) combining on-farm data as input for a dynamic nutritional model with smart feeders to provide individual and daily-adjusted rations. As a first step, a mechanistic model (InraPorc) was upgraded and applied to databases to calculate daily nutrient requirements at the individual scale for sows. For lactating sows, it highlighted that milk production and appetite influenced the amount and composition of the optimal ration to be fed to each sow. For gestating sows, it showed that parity, gestation stage, and activity level influenced nutrient requirements. The second step was to develop algorithms to predict the parameters of interest defined in the first step and not measured daily on-farm. For lactating sows, feed intake and litter weight at weaning (as proxy for milk production) were accurately predicted using supervised methods: respectively, clustering k-shape and a linear regression. For gestating sows, an algorithm is being developed to identify individual activities via video recordings. The third step is to test on farm the decision support systems (DSS) composed of the models and algorithms. An interface allows the link between the DSS and the feeders, and another allows the farmers to enter observational data. During on-farm trials, nitrogen and phosphorus excretions as well as feed costs were reduced for sows fed with PF compared to sows fed a conventional diet. To conclude, AI allows mechanistic models and algorithms to be integrated on farm for sows for an on real-time individual adjustment of the nutrient supply.

Institutional voids, liability of origin, and presence of women in TMT of emerging market multinationals

This study examines the association between the pervasiveness of institutional voids in emerging markets and the inclusion of women in top management teams (TMTs) by emerging market multinational corporations (EMNCs) as a legitimation strategy. Leveraging institutional theory, we argue that EMNCs increase women presence in TMTs as a legitimation strategy to overcome the challenges of stakeholders' skepticism in foreign markets by disassociating themselves from the image of their home markets. Using a subsidiary level dataset of 1047 EMNCs from 26 emerging countries between 2009 and 2018, we find robust evidence indicating that the pervasiveness of institutional voids at home is positively related to the percentage of women in TMT's EMNCs' foreign units. This effect is particularly stronger for firms operating in countries with high institutional gender parity and low level of corruption.

Assessment of Mother’s Knowledge Regarding Child Millstone Development in Daratoo Health Centre/Erbil City

Children’s health is considered as an investment and wealth in society. (Engle et al., 2011) Interventions during first 5 years is golden period because of gains in physical and psychological development, is considered as one of the effective factors in the disease prevention and health promotion. (Campbell et al., 2014). According to the World Health Organization, all parents need information on healthy child development. In addition, mothers’ knowledge is one of the important aspects of child nurturing. This perspective study conducted on mother’s knowledge regarding child millstone development at Daratoo Medical Health care center in Erbil city of Kurdistan region of Iraq. Data were collected during September 12, 2019–March 12, 2020. A convenient random sampling was used to choose 100 Mothers who visited at Daratoo Medical Health care center for Medical seeking. Regarding inclusion and exclusion criteria; inclusion criteria were mothers who have children <15 years old visited health center and who did consent informed. This research studied that most of Kurdish mothers had poor knowledge regarding child millstone development including all domains (social, language, gross, and fine motor). This study concluded that mother’s level of education, types of family, and mother occupation has a vital role regarding mother’s knowledge toward child millstone development. That mean the older aged other with high level of education and high parity have a good knowledge about children development.

The Impact of Exclusive Breast Feeding on Infant Morbidity in The First Six Months of Infants Life

The breast feeding was basic and ideal type of feed for infants especially during first six months of their life,breast feeding has a main role in infant’s life as maintaining on mental and physical health, protecting frommany disease and play important role in health of mothers and national and international strategies. Thegoals of this study is to estimate the prevalence exclusive breast feeding (EBF) in Basra (Southern of Iraq)during period of study, to determine the impact of exclusive breast feeding on morbidity of infant duringfirst six months of life and to assess relationship between some character’s for mothers and babies (Age ofmothers at marriage, Age of mothers at baby birth, educational level, occupation, birth interval, methodsof delivery, parity, gestational age, age, gender and birth weight of infant). The study found prevalence ofexclusive breast feeding in infants for first six months of life is 54.75%, while (23.75%) and (21.5%) forpartial and exclusive formula feeding respectively and showed significant relationship between diarrheadisease, respiratory tract infection and gastroenteritis and type of feeding in first six months of life at levelp<=0.05. also showed EBF associated with age of mothers at baby birth, education level, occupation ofmothers, and mode of delivery, gestational age and parity and found no relation between age of mothers atmarriage, birth interval and sex of infant with EBF.

Detection of Subclinical Ketosis in Urine of Cattle and Buffaloes

Background: Subclinical ketosis (SCK) in dairy cows is a common metabolic disorder and a strong determinant of the health and performance of cows throughout lactation. Considerable amount of milk loss takes place with SCK incidence in dairy animals. Greater benefits are to be gained by monitoring the cows for SCK. The current study was aimed to find out incidence of SCK by urine test strip (Keto-Diastix). Methods: The present investigation was carried out on crossbred and Sahiwal cows and Murrah buffaloes (n=180) of the institute herd and rural dairy farms (n=97) around Karnal. The urine samples were tested for subclinical ketosis (SCK) 5-60 days postpartum from August 2019 to March 2020. Meteriological data on wet and dry bulb temperature and ambient temperature was collected and THI was calculated. Data of SCK incidence was classified based on stages of early lactation (5-20, 21-40 and 41-60d), parity (I, II, III and above), seasons (hot-humid, autumn, winter and spring) and milk production level ( less than 10kg, 10-20 kg and greater than 20 kg/d). Milk yield and environment variables were recorded during the experiment. Urine ketone and glucose level was detected by keto-Diastix to find out incidence of SCK. Result: Mean level of ketone bodies in urine was higher (P less than 0.01) in high yielding cows as compared to the medium yielders; however it did not vary in buffaloes. Ketone bodies in urine were high (P less than 0.01) in crossbred cows than that of buffaloes and Sahiwal cows. Urine glucose level did not vary among cows and buffaloes. It is concluded that high producing crossbred cows are more vulnerable to SCK between 41-60d of lactation and in III parity and above due to peak milk production. Sahiwal cows and buffaloes suffer less from SCK probably due to medium level of milk production. Factors like high milk yield, higher parity and hot-humid stress makes the animal more vulnerable to SCK. The screening of urine samples of animals at monthly intervals may be practiced by the farmers to monitor the incidence of SCK.

Obesity and overweight in youth and adults with Down syndrome in Morocco: Prevalence and determinants

ObjectiveThe aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of obesity and overweight and their determinants among a sample of youth and adults with Down syndrome (DS) in Morocco. Materials and methodsA retrospective survey conducted between 2014 and 2017 based on a standardized questionnaire, addressed to the parents of 264 children, adolescents and adults with DS aged from 2 to 40 years old. The classification of corpulence in children and adolescents was determined according to the WHO (2007). Chi2 (χ2) and Mann–Whitney tests were used for testing statistical significance. ResultsThe overweight rate was 2 times higher in males than in females (31.7% and 16.0%, respectively). While the obesity was more than 2.5 times higher in females than in males (29.0% and 11.5%, respectively). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that none of the factors studied (sex, age, family socioeconomic level, parent's level of education, number of meals per day, physical activity) was risk factor for obesity in our population, except the behavior of eating in the absence of hunger (OR=4.99; 95% CL: 2.51–9.90; P<0.0001). ConclusionsOverweight and obesity can be considered as factors of over-handicap for this population; hence, the need of a nutritional and physical activity approach must be added to the medical and paramedical care of individuals with DS.

Tumor Characteristic Variations between Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Endometrial Cancer.

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in Europe and usually diagnosed in its initial stage owing to early symptoms of abnormal bleeding. There is no population screening for this disease, although it can sometimes be accidentally diagnosed in asymptomatic patients. Our study aims to determine differences in clinical and tumor characteristics between an asymptomatic and symptomatic group of patients. This unicentric prospective observational study took place in University Hospital Brno between January 2016 and December 2019. A total of 264 patients met inclusion criteria (26% asymptomatic, 74% with reported symptoms). We did not find a statistically significant difference in clinical characteristics (menopausal status, parity, age, BMI, and serum level of CA 125) between groups. According to ultrasound examination, bleeding tumors were larger (19.5 vs. 12.7 mm, p ≤ 0.001). Definitive histology results indicated more frequent lymphovascular space invasion (p < 0.001), along with deep myometrial (p = 0.001) and cervical (p = 0.002) invasion. There was no difference in advanced stages of the tumor. We did not substantiate statistically significant difference in immunohistochemical profile (estrogen and progesterone receptors, L1 cell adhesion molecule, tumor protein p53), which is relevant for tumor recurrence risk and survival capacity. Our conclusions affirmed that bleeding occurs more often among patients with local tumor invasion into the myometrium and cervical stroma. Final International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, histology, and immunohistochemical characteristics do not significantly affect symptom appearance.

A 4 Year Experience with Copper T Intrauterine Contraceptive Device at Federal Medical Centre (Fmc), Katsina

Background: The prevalence of contraceptive use is still very low in Nigeria. Use of modern contraceptive methods has been shown to reduce unwanted pregnancy, high parity and maternal mortality. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the acceptance rate of intrauterine contraceptive method, the socio-demographic characteristics of its users, side-effects, discontinuation and the reason thereof, at Federal Medical Centre, Katsina. Method: A retrospective study that reviewed records of all clients who used intrauterine contraceptive method at the family planning clinic over a 4-year period (1st January 2011 to 31st December 2014). Results: Out of the 1892 family planning clients, 111 used IUCD, with IUCD acceptance rate of 5.87%. The modal age group was 20-24 years (30.0%). Most of them (n=54) were grandmultiparous (48.6%), and of Islamic faith (98%). Almost all the clients were married (97.8%), and majority had secondary education (71%). Thirty- ive (31.5%) of the users discontinued the method, with the commonest indication being desire for pregnancy (45.7%). No contraceptive failure was recorded during the study period. Conclusion: IUCD is the fourth commonly used method. Its use is influenced by maternal age, parity and literacy level. In spite of its long duration of action, most of the reversal was due to the desire for pregnancy. Acceptability of IUCD can be improved by health education, adequate counseling and careful client selection.

The Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Women in Jordan: A Risk Factor for Developing Chronic Diseases.

ObjectiveThe study aimed to investigate the prevalence of obesity among Jordanian women and its association with a wide range of chronic diseases.MethodsSubjects were enrolled in the present cross-sectional study based on a random drop-off technique at the Obstetrics and Gynecology clinics at Jordan University Hospital. Initially, any female 18 years of age and older was asked to enroll in the study. Relevant data were gathered using a questionnaire composed of 30 questions, and body mass index (BMI) was determined from each participant’s weight and height. The following variables were collected: socio-demographic, chronic diseases, and health status. Each variable’s frequencies were reported, and the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for each variable was calculated. For association analysis, Chi-square analysis was performed with an odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was applied to a combination of independent variables and a dependent condition with covariate factors.ResultsThe age-standardized prevalence of overweight/obese Jordanian women was 70.6% (95% CI 66.0–74.8%). On the other hand, the age-standardized prevalence of only obese women was 36.4 (95% Cl 31.9–41.2%). Furthermore, the association between age and overweight/obesity was significant (p<0.0001). The percentage of overweight and obesity started to be significant in the 30–39 year age group. Moreover, the OR for obesity ranged from 2.7 to 7.0 (p<0.05–0.01) for those women with only elementary education. Besides, high parity was significantly associated with obesity and elementary education. For chronic conditions, the percentages of hypertension, diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis were significantly correlated with increased BMI in Jordanian women. With age adjustment, however, only hypertension was associated with obese level 3 with OR of 7.2 and 95% CI of 2.1–25.1 (p<0.01).ConclusionThere is a high prevalence of overweight/obesity among women in Jordan, which was related to high parity and low education level. This high prevalence of obesity increased the incidence of chronic diseases, such as hypertension. Therefore, community-based multiple strategies are required to combat obesity in Jordanian women.

Gambaran Tingkat Pendidikan dan Tinggi Badan Orangtua Balita Stunting Usia 24-59 Bulan

Stunting has a large impact on the growth and development of children and also the economy of Indonesia in the future. Stunted toddlers will generally experience obstacles in cognitive and motor development and also have a greater risk for suffering from non- communicable diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and heart disease in adulthood. Parent's level of education and height are the main determinants of stunting. Therefore, the researcher wants to see an overview of the level of education and stunting of parents of stunting toddlers aged 24-59 months in the working area of the Puskesmas Siulak Mukai, Kerinci Regency. This type of research is descriptive research. In determining the number of samples in this study using a total sampling technique that is all parents who have stunting toddlers aged 24-59 months in the working area of the Puskesmas Siulak Mukai Kabupaten Kerinci used as samples with a total sample of 42 stunting toddlers, sampling using the purposive sampling method. Analysis of the data used in this study is univariate analysis. The results showed that the level of education of high school fathers / equivalent was 42.9%, the level of education of high school / fathers as much as 40.5%, father's height was 55% more than the height of short fathers by 45%, high short maternal body as much as 59.5%. The level of education of parents of high school / equivalent and low maternal height can cause children to grow stunting.

Knowledge Regarding Contraceptive Methods among Married Women Attending Tertiary Care Hospital

Objective: To determine frequency of adequate knowledge of contraceptive methods among married women attending tertiary care hospital for antenatal care.&#x0D; Study Design: Cross sectional study.&#x0D; Setting: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi.&#x0D; Duration: From June to December 2016.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Total 118 married women presented for antenatal care were included. Women were evaluated by administering a questionnaire to assess knowledge about contraception methods. Knowledge was labeled as adequate if responders correctly answered &gt;70% of the questions. Descriptive statistics and Stratification were performed. Post-stratification Chi-square test was applied and p-value ≤0.05 was taken as significant.&#x0D; Results: The mean age was 29.25±5.08 years. Mean gestational age was 11.52±4.54 weeks. Mean duration of marriage was 4.50±2.77 years. 61% study subjects were found with adequate knowledge of contraception. Adequate knowledge had a significant correlation with age, duration of marriage, parity, residence, and education level.&#x0D; Conclusion: Around 61% of the married females were observed with adequate knowledge regarding contraceptive procedures. The female knowledge was significantly associated with age, duration of marriage, parity, residence, socio-economic status, and education level.

Comparative Analysis of Proposed Photovoltaic-Grid and Grid-Only Systems for Uninterrupted Charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles

Currently, uninterrupted charging of Electric Vehicle (EV) is not possible due to grid overloading during day-time. The interruptions during charging causes uncertainty for users. This work proposes a solution to this vehicle charging problem by introducing a combination of Energy Storage Unit (ESU) and Photovoltaic (PV) panel charging along with the grid. The proposed solution is efficient in providing charging for EVs without any interruption in an office parking scenario. The important benefit of the proposed system is the rapid fulfillment of the charging demand of all EVs in parallel to lessening the added grid burden. The control algorithm is designed according to deterministic rule-based schemes. The proposed work is valid for the areas where parity level has already been reached. The efficacy of the proposed technique is evaluated under different charging situations using Matlab simulations. The results show that all connected EVs are charged fully without interruption. Moreover, the simulation results prove that EV charging using the proposed system lowers the added burden from the grid up to 98.6%. This work is envisioned to offer stimulating research prospects in the area of vehicle charging using grid-connected renewable sources.

Maternal healthcare utilization and full immunization coverage among 12\u201323\u2009months children in Benin: a cross sectional study using population-based data

BackgroundMaternal and child health are important issues for global health policy, and the past three decades have seen a significant progress in maternal and child healthcare worldwide. Immunization is a critical, efficient, and cost-effective public health intervention for newborns. However, studies on these health-promoting indicators in low-income and middle-income countries, especially in sub-Sahara Africa are sparse. We investigated the association between maternal healthcare utilization and complete vaccination in the Republic of Benin.MethodsWe analysed data from the 2018 Benin Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS). Specifically, the children’s recode file was used for the study. The outcome variable used was complete vaccination. Number of antenatal care visits, assistance during delivery, and postnatal check-up visits were the key explanatory variables. Bivariate and multilevel logistic regression analyses were carried out. The results were presented as unadjusted odds ratios (uOR) and adjusted odds ratios (aOR), with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) signifying their level of precision. Statistical significance was declared at p < 0.05.ResultsThe prevalence of full immunization coverage in Benin was 85.4%. The likelihood of full immunization was lower among children whose mothers had no antenatal care visits, compared to those whose mothers had 1–3 visits [aOR = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.08–0.15], those who got assistance from Traditional Birth Attendants/other during delivery, compared to those who had assistance from Skilled Birth Attendants/health professionals [aOR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.40–0.77], and mothers who had no postnatal care check-up visit, compared to those who had postnatal care check-up < 24 h after delivery [aOR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.36–0.67]. With the covariates, religion, partner’s level of education, parity, wealth quintile, and place of residence also showed significant associations with full immunization.ConclusionThe study has demonstrated strong association between full immunization and antenatal care, skilled attendance at birth, and postnatal care check-up visit. We found that full immunization decreases among women with no antenatal care visits, those who receive assistance from Traditional Birth Attendants during delivery, and those who do not go for postnatal care visits. To help achieve full immunization, it is prudent that the government of Benin collaborates with international organisations such as WHO and UNICEF to provide education to pregnant women on the importance of immunization after delivery. Such education can be embedded in the antenatal care, delivery and postnatal care services offered to pregnant women during pregnancy, delivery, and after delivery.

Socio-demographic factors influencing practice and awareness of exclusive breastfeeding benefits among women of reproductive age attending maternal and child health clinic in tudor sub county hospital

Background: Knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among women is essential when promoting optimal breastfeeding practices. Breastfeeding is recommended for the first six months of life and continuation of breastfeeding and adequate complementary foods for up to two years of age or beyond.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. This study utilized a mixed method approach (qualitative and quantitative).Results: Four socio-demographic factors were found to be influencing the practice of exclusive breastfeeding. Those include child gender, level of education, marital status and parity. Two socio-demographic factors were found to influence awareness of the benefits of EBF. Those are Level of education and Occupation.Conclusions: The government should improve on the level of education of women in the area. Increase in number of educated women.

Chemical composition of camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk as affected by parity and seasons under pastoral production systems in north-west, Nigeria

One hundred and seven camels and twelve lactating camel cows were used in a such comprising three seasons (wet, cold-dry and hot-dry) and three purities (one, three and five). The study was conducted using a 3 x 3 factorial in a completely randomized design. Four animals were selected in each parity level and were at early stage of lactation. The calving time and health status of the animals were carefully examined before selection. Milk samples were analyzed for chemical composition. The mean chemical composition of the milk obtained indicated significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher total solids, solid non far, far, ash and viscosity in hot-dry season, however no significant (P&gt;0.05) difference existed in the pH and density while lactose level of milk was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in cold-dry season respectively. It is concluded that there is lower fat content in camel milk compared to other dairy animals despite the feed and water challenges during hot season.

Chemical composition of camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk as affected by parity and seasons under pastoral production systems in north-west, Nigeria

One hundred and seven camels and twelve lactating camel cows were used in a study comprising three seasons (wet, cold–dry and hot–dry) and three parities (one, three and five). The study was conducted using a 3 x 3 factorial in a completely randomized design. Four animals were selected in each parity level and were at early stage of lactation. The calving time and health status of the animals were carefully examined before selection. Milk samples were analyzed for chemical composition. The mean chemical composition of the milk obtained indicated significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher total solids, solid non fat, fat, ash and viscosity in hot–dry season, however no significant (P&gt;0.05) difference existed in the pH and density while lactose level of milk was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in cold–dry season respectively. It is concluded that there is lower fat content in camel milk compared to other dairy animals despite the feed and water challenges during hot season.

Subject of authority as a plaintiff in administrative cases

This scientific article examines the subject of power in the administrative process on the basis of Ukrainian legislation and practice of the European Court of Human Rights. In accordance with the tasks of administrative proceedings, the subject of power is mainly in the procedural status of the defendant. In administrative proceedings, public and private interests are opposed, the powers of justice are combined and the authority of the public authority is responsible for the control of the law of the public authority. In a dispute between a citizen and the state, a fair objective assessment of the actions of a public authority is of particular importance for a judge, taking into account the priority of human and civil rights and freedoms. To date, a number of issues remain relevant that determine the grounds for applying to the court of a subject of authority, its status and the level of parity between the plaintiff and the defendant in the administrative process. The article is aimed at establishing the legal status of the subject of power in the system of administrative proceedings through the prism of protection and the performance of delegated functions. The subject of power is classified on the grounds of belonging to the authorities and management and in accordance with the official functions aimed at the exercise of power. Acts in court mainly as a defendant party in an administrative process, proving the legality of its actions or inaction in the case. According to the law, only in some cases acts as a plaintiff in administrative cases. The task of administrative proceedings in such cases is achieved by eliminating the threat of unjustified interference and violations the of the rights of the subject of power. The subject of power has the right to appeal to the administrative court only in cases specified in the Constitution and the laws of Ukraine and in order to implement the powers vested in it. Judicial practice indicates that the authorities are endowed with authority not acting on an equal footing with other participants in the relevant relations and perform managerial functions aimed at providing state guarantees. In court cases where the subject of power acts as a plaintiff to the subject of private law, the court is guided by the principle of proportionality as a universal general legal system aimed at ensuring a balance of private and public interests in the legal regulation.

Parent Perspectives of Diagnostic and Monitoring Tests Undertaken by Their Child with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

PurposeTo assess parent perspectives of the current and potential future tests for their child with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).MethodsNew Zealand parents of a child with IBD were invited to complete an anonymous online survey. Experiences relating to their child's blood or faecal tests, medical imaging (abdominal ultrasound [US], abdominal computerised tomography [CT] and magnetic resonance enterography) and colonoscopy were collected. Perceived attitudes to potential future testing of urine, saliva, and breath, were sought.ResultsTwenty-eight parents, 93% female completed the survey, and 86% were aged between 35 and 54 years. Baseline information was provided by parents for 27 of 28 children, 70.3% had Crohn's disease with a mean disease duration of 2.67 years. Blood tests were the most requested and completed tests, while CT was the least ordered and most refused test. Colonoscopy was rated as the least comfortable and generated the most worry. Explanation of test significantly improved parent's levels of understanding when their child had blood, faecal, imaging (US) or colonoscopy tests. Providing an explanation, test invasiveness and the impact of the blood results may have on their child's treatment significantly improved parents' comfort levels. However, explanation of colonoscopy generated a significant parental concerns. Saliva, urine and blood tests were chosen as the most preferred disease monitoring tests.ConclusionParents preferred any tests less invasive than colonoscopy for monitoring their child's IBD. Although providing explanation of their child's tests enhanced parents' understanding, it can also affect parents' levels of concern and comfort.