Parity Inversion Research Articles

On the experimental determination of the enantiomeric energy inequivalence.

A possible experimental method for the determination of the enantiomeric energy inequivalence is developed and suggested. It is based on the observation of differential scattering of right spin polarised neutrons from a right handed enantiomer, followed by the same measurement of differential scattering of left spin- polarised anti-neutrons from a left handed enantiomer. A small difference in the intensity distribution of the differential scattering should be observable because of the parity violation inherent in generating one enantiomer from the other by parity inversion alone, without simultaneous charge conjugation.

CERN Experiment Clarifies Origin of CP Symmetry Violation

Experimental and theoretical floodgates were opened in 1957 by the discovery that parity inversion (P) and charge conjugation (C) are not among nature's elite of inviolate symmetry transformations. By contrast, the even more surprising discovery of CP violation seven years later has been something of a disappointment. In the quarter‐century since James Cronin, Val Fitch, James Christenson and Rene Turlay at Princeton discovered that the decay of neutral K mesons is not precisely invariant under the combined operations of parity inversion and charge conjugation, CP violation has been seen in no other physical system. Nor have the experimenters been able to clarify the mechanism underlying this exotic asymmetry of the elementary particles.

Neutral B Mesons Show Surprisingly Large Flavor Mixing

In its heyday in the 1950s and 60s, the K meson was a spectacular source of profound surprises. Its “strange” longevity gave us the first hint of flavor conservation in the strong interactions, and eventually the concept of quarks as the carriers of these hadronic flavors. Its decay into states of opposite parity freed us from rigid adherence to mirror symmetry Then the neutral kaon was seen to oscillate wondrously between states of opposite strangeness, and finally, in 1964, one of its decay modes yielded up the last great surprise. It provided us the only example we have to this day of CP violation. We had known since 1957 that P (parity inversion) was not an inviolate symmetry of nature. Now the last hope for mirror symmetry—invariance under the combined operation of P and C (charge conjugation)—was also dashed.

Identification of Equivalent Faults in Logic Networks

The properties of combinational logic functions and networks that influence equivalence among stuck-type faults are investigated. It is shown that the equivalence of certain types of faults depends only on the function being realized. For instance, the fault classes among primary input/output faults are of this type. It is shown that every irredundant realization of the two-variable EXCLUSIVE-OR function has a unique set of ten fault classes. A fault class F in a module M contained in a network N is called intrinsic, if F can be determined from M alone, i. e., F is independent of N. Using the concepts of intrinsic equivalence and inversion parity, conditions for the equivalence and nonequivalence of two fault classes are obtained. These results are applied to the problem of equivalence identification in two-level logic networks where they provide a substantial reduction in the amount of computation required.

Comments on ?Parity and time inversion symmetries of electromagnetic systems? by R. M. Kiehn

Previous statements concerning the reduction of possible parity and time reversal choices for electromagnetic quantities are amplified for the sake of clearer understanding.

Reply to Post's comments on ?Parity and time inversion symmetries of electromagnetic systems?

Points of agreement and disagreement with Post's remarks on the author's discussion of the criteria to be used for reducing the eight parity and time reversal symmetry choices that the formally possible for electromagnetic quantities are noted.

Parity and time inversion symmetries of electromagnetic systems

By forming the intersections of the parity and time reversal equivalence classes of physical entities that are represented by differential forms and differential form densities, a number of subsets of discrete symmetry classes for electromagnetic systems can be generated. Only one of these subsets is consistent with elementary thermodynamic arguments for dissipative systems and at the same time yields the notion that both charge and mass are spacetime scalars. This subset is not in correspondence with the two self-consistent presentations that now are implied in the literature.

On the universal interactions

The possibility of explaining the complicated interactions between elementary particles in terms of universal interactions is discussed. Four types of interactions which seem to have a certain universal character are mentioned in section 1. They are 1.1. electromagnetic interaction ( e-int), 1.2. strong baryon-meson interaction ( G-int.), 1.3. weak Fermi interaction ( f-int.) and 1.4. weak boson-fermion interaction ( g-int.). The possiblity of having the unique coupling constant g for the case 1.4 is investigated by the analysis of decays of hyperons and K μ-meson allowing their spin values to be up to 3 2 spin and 1 respecively (§ 2). The best fit is found in the derivative couplings between spin sol1 2 fermions and spin 0 bosons, but the possibility of including higher spin values is not completely ruled out. From a speculative multiple particle theory of g-int., the space inversion parity of elementary particles is determined from their decay modes. With the object of decreasing the number of universal interactions, the elimination of g-int. through the other three possible universal ones is discussed in § 3. It is shown, however, that this cannot be possible without adding a more complicated structure to f-int. Thus, merely by considering the ratio of π → μ + ν and π → e + ν decay, it is concluded that (i) the coupling types of f-int. are process dependent, as long as we want the same value of the coupling constant for f-int. The possible coupling types and their experimental tests are investigated. Moreover, it is shown that, in order to explain hyperon decays (ii) f-int. must be extended to four baryon (not neutrino) processes. Under the conditions (i) and (ii) there seems to remain, at present, still the possibility the g-reactions such as hyperon decays and K μ → μ + ν etc. can be explained by such an intermediation, if (iii) the correct π → μ + ν decay life-time is given by the same mechanism. If any of the conditions (i), (ii) and (iii) does not hold, the coexistence of the elementary g-int. is the simplest and the most natural assumption. It is also shown that by the intermediary of these universal interactions, the interesting K-meson-decay modes K 2 π → π + π 0 and K 3 → μ (or e) + gn + π 0, can be the alternative decay modes of the same K-meson (§ 4 and Appendix II). In these discussions the perturbation treatments with regard to G-int. are avoided as much as possible. In § 5 the elementarity of these interactions is briefly summarised and the existence of other sorts of interactions is referred to in connection with the existence of the χ-meson. In Appendix I all the formulae of the decay probabilities due to g-int. are collected, including those of spin 3 2 particles.

On the universal interactions

The possibility of explaining the complicated interactions between elementary particles in terms of universal interactions is discussed. Four types of interactions which seem to have a certain universal character are mentioned in section 1. They are 1.1. electromagnetic interaction ( e-int.), 1.2. strong baryon-meson interaction ( G-int.), 1.3. weak Fermi interaction ( f-int.) and 1.4. weak boson-fermion interaction ( g-int.). The possibility of having the unique coupling constant g for the case 1.4 is investigated by the analysis of decays of hyperons and K μ-meson allowing their spin values to be up to 3/2 spin and 1 respectively (§ 2). The best fit is found in the derivative couplings between spin 1/2 fermions and spin 0 bosons, but the possibility of including higher spin values is not completely ruled out. From a speculative multiple particle theory of g-int., the space inversion parity of elementary particles is determined from their decay modes. With the object of decreasing the number of universal interactions, the elimination of g-int. through the other three possible universal ones is discussed in § 3. It is shown, however, that this cannot be possible without adding a more complicated structure to f-int. Thus, merely by considering the ratio of π → μ + γ and π → e + γ decay, it is concluded that (i) the coupling types of f-int. are process dependent, as long as we want the same value of the coupling constant for f-int. The possible coupling types and their experimental tests are investigated. Moreover, it is shown that, in order to explain hyperon decays (ii) f-int. must be extended to four baryon (not neutrino) processes. Under the conditions (i) and (ii) there seems to remain, at present, still the possibility that g-reactions such as hyperon decays and K μ → μ + γ etc. can be explained by such an intermediation, if (iii) the correct π → μ + γ decay life-time is given by the same mechanism. If any of the conditions (i), (ii) and (iii) does not hold, the coexistence of the elementary g-int. is the simplest and the most natural assumption. It is also shown that by the intermediary of these universal interactions, the interesting K-meson-decay modes K 2π → π + π 0 and K 3 → μ (or e) + γ + π 0, can be the alternative decay modes of the same K-meson (§ 4 and Appendix II). In these discussions the perturbation treatments with regard to G-int. are avoided as much as possible. In § 5 the elementarity of these interactions is briefly summarised and the existence of other sorts of interactions is referred to in connection with the existence of the x-meson. In Appendix I all the formulae of the decay probabilities due to g-int. are collected, including those of spin 3/2 particles.