Pareto Law Research Articles

Sales per employee of the world’s top combined publicly traded and state-owned companies

Sales per capita (per number of employees) of the 2000 Forbes Magazine top publicly-traded companies (G-2000) and some of the world’s leading state-owned enterprises (SOE) are statistically analyzed. This hybrid or combined cumulative probability sales distribution per capita exhibits a two-class structure: a Pareto power law in the higher part and exponential in the lower part resembling a Boltzmann–Gibbs distribution, where money is conserved in economic trade like energy is conserved in elastic collisions. This global per capita sales two-class distribution is qualitatively similar to income and wealth distributions in many countries around the world.

IMPLEMENTING VALUE ENGINEERING FOR STRUCTURAL WORKS DURING THE DESIGN PHASE FOR A RESIDENTIAL PROJECT

To cut costs without sacrificing quality or performance, value engineering has been found to be a good way to do it. Value engineering is used a lot in construction projects as a way to make decisions about what to do. Value engineering has a lot of benefits and can be used in a lot of different ways, which is why more and more businesses are including the idea of value engineering in their projects. It is well accepted that value engineering should be undertaken early in the life of a project (feasibility and planning phases) in order to maximize the benefits. Some projects fail to address the notion of value engineering and, as a result, subsequently seek to achieve the project specifications in terms of cost and time but fail to do so. The purpose of this work is to shed light on how to incorporate value engineering into the structural component/item of work of a building construction project by examining a case study of an ongoing building construction project in Kolkata during the design phase and evaluating the cost savings that can be realized by substituting alternative items or components without sacrificing quality or performance. KEYWORDS: Value engineering; Construction Project; Design Phase; Structural work; Pareto Law; Cost to worth ratio; Time and cost.

Application of bayesian scientific approach to constructing the statistical estimations for solving metrological and measurement problems

Nowadays, constructing effective statistical estimates with a limited amount of statistical information constitutes a significant practical problem. The article is devoted to applying the Bayesian scientific approach to the construction of statistical estimates of the parameters of the laws of distribution of random variables. Five distribution laws are considered: The Poisson law, the exponential law, the uniform law, the Pareto law, and the ordinary law. The concept of distribution laws that conjugate with the observed population was introduced and used. It is shown that for considered distribution laws, the parameters of the laws themselves are random variables and obey the typical law, gamma law, gamma - normal law, and Pareto law. Recalculation formulas are obtained to refine the parameters of these laws, taking into account posterior information. If we apply the recalculation formulas several times in a row, we will get some convergent process. Based on a converging process, it is possible to design a process for self-learning a system or self-tuning a system. The developed scientific approach was applied to solve the measuring problems for the testing measuring devices and technical systems. The results of constructing point estimates and constructing interval estimates for these laws' parameters are given. The results of comparison with the corresponding statistical estimates constructed by the classical maximum likelihood method are presented.

Principle of least effort vs. maximum efficiency: deriving Zipf-Pareto's laws

This paper provides a derivation of Zipf-Pareto laws directly from the principle of least effort. A probabilistic functional of efficiency is introduced as the consequence of an extension of the nonadditivity of the efficiency of thermodynamic engine to a large number of living agents assimilated to engines, all randomly distributed over their output. Application of the maximum calculus to this efficiency yields the Zipf's and Pareto's laws.

The demand effect analysis of head books and tail books in book recommendation networks

AbstractMany existing studies related to recommendation systems have made great efforts to increase performance‐oriented evaluation metrics such as accuracy, recall, F1 value, MAE, diversity, and so on. However, these metrics for measuring performance do not provide any explanation of how such recommendation systems contribute to a product provider's sales. Recently, to investigate the factors affecting product sales, researchers have started to use the product recommendation network, which is a graphical presentation of the relationship between products that are purchased simultaneously. In this research, we are going to identify factors that influence the demand for head books (top sales books) and tail books (non‐top sales books) in academic and technology books, because the characteristics of specialized books are different from those of general books. To test the model, online sales data of medicine and science books of G Publishing, the leading medical book publishing and distribution company in Korea, are used. We employ social network analysis and multiple regression analysis to investigate demand effect of the book recommendation network. The former is used to measure centralities of the book recommendation network, while the latter is used to measure the demand effect. Furthermore, we inspect whether there are different attributes between head books and tail books that are related to the book demand in recommendation networks. This study is the first attempt to examine the demand effect of the recommendation network of academic and technology books. The following results are obtained general book sales of an online bookstore follow a long‐tail law, while sales of academic and technology books follow Pareto's law distribution. This study investigated attributes that might be linked to demand effect of head books and tail books in the recommendation network of academic and technology books. How to increase book sales using attributes that are differently associated with the demand of head books and tail books in the recommendation network is also presented.

Singer and the Pareto distribution: A note

Singer was the first to draw attention to the fact that the Pareto Law (originally employed to describe income inequality) could also be applied to the size distribution of urban centres. His argument was illustrated with evidence from seven nations at various points in time. As part of his study, Singer attempted to demonstrate two propositions relating to the Pareto distribution of centre size. One was that the populations of larger centres could be described by the Pareto distribution, while the other was that the populations of the smaller (non-urban) centres would also conform to this distribution. It is argued that neither proposition can be regarded as valid.

Analisa Perbaikan Tata Letak Penempatan Bahan Bakudi Area Gudang Penyimpanan

Activities carried out in the warehouse include material handling. Generally, the costs involved in material handling activities are quite large. One method that can be used in managing the layout of raw material placement in raw material warehouses is the class based storage method. Class based storage is a policy that divides storage into three classes A, B and C based on Pareto law. Pareto law is the principle of putting items that have the greatest accessibility near the Input-Output point. The distance of material handling to the initial layout raw material warehouse is 3,513,337 meters / month and the material handling costs are Rp. 134,534,765 / month, because the initial layout of the raw material warehouse still uses random storage and the raw materials that are widely used are not placed close to the intake floor of the production, so that the distance to get raw materials for production needs is far. After the re-layout design was made based on the placement of raw materials in the class based storage method, the material handling transfer distance was reduced to 2,644,459 meters / month and the material handling cost for the repair raw material warehouse layout fell to Rp. 99,949,520 / month. In other words, there was a decrease in material handling distance by 25% and material handling costs by 26%.

Gene expression rearrangements denoting changes in the biological state

In many situations, the gene expression signature is a unique marker of the biological state. We study the modification of the gene expression distribution function when the biological state of a system experiences a change. This change may be the result of a selective pressure, as in the Long Term Evolution Experiment with E. Coli populations, or the progression to Alzheimer disease in aged brains, or the progression from a normal tissue to the cancer state. The first two cases seem to belong to a class of transitions, where the initial and final states are relatively close to each other, and the distribution function for the differential expressions is short ranged, with a tail of only a few dozens of strongly varying genes. In the latter case, cancer, the initial and final states are far apart and separated by a low-fitness barrier. The distribution function shows a very heavy tail, with thousands of silenced and over-expressed genes. We characterize the biological states by means of their principal component representations, and the expression distribution functions by their maximal and minimal differential expression values and the exponents of the Pareto laws describing the tails.

Decision Support System For Developing Application For Pharmaceutical Supplies Using The MMSL And Pareto Law Methods

This study discusses the design and manufacture of a decision support system for pharmaceutical supply needs using the MMSL and Pareto Law methods. The development of this decision support system aims to assist the planning process for pharmaceutical supply needs including: drugs and consumables, as well as to reduce the cost of pharmaceutical supplies. Problem analysis is done by observing and conducting feasibility studies of ongoing information systems, and analyzing problem findings. The data used for the main support of this decision support system is dummy data. The decision support system is made using the PHP and MySQL programming languages as the database and will be implemented based on a web base. The results of this study produce a web-based decision support system that can support the management of pharmaceutical supplies and provide accurate and effective reports.

Rank analysis in evaluating the validity of olympiad tasks

The rank analysis (cenological approach) based on a strict mathematical apparatus allows diagnosing the state of educational systems and processes on a scientific objective basis. The rank analysis base is applying the law of hyperbolic rank distribution of objects in systems-cenoses, which is a refined Pareto law 20/80 (Pareto-Kudrin law). Using of rank analysis to evaluate the validity of the olympiad tasks of the all-Russian Multidisciplinary Engineering Olympiad «Star», the authors demonstrate the necessity of implementing rank analysis in the practice of education quality management. They show that this law is important and appropriate to apply in the education quality management. Optimization of educational systems and processes using rank analysis consists in eliminating anomalous deviations from the hyperbolic law, which is possible only with graphical visualization of the rank distribution and its approximation. The rank distribution graph provides visibility and insight into the nature of the rank decrease. Shortcomings in the content of olympiad tasks (as well as tests), leading to a deterioration of their validity and reliability, are shown the form of distortions of the hyperbolic graph (humps, depressions, tails, degeneration of the hyperbola into other dependencies). The rank analysis allows identifying objectively several levels of validity of olympiad or test tasks carrying on a scientific basis. The paper demonstrates graphs of run distributions illustrating examples of high (natural science) and below the average (history) validity of olympiad tasks. Educational systems are cenoses, ranking objects in them are students, classes, schools, etc., and their ranked parameters are academic performance, rating in points, performance indicators, etc. Using simple mathematical tools of rank analysis and computer software bring the technologies to assess the education quality to a higher level meeting the challenges of the time.

USING REGRESSION ANALYSIS METHODS FOR BUILDING AN OPTIMAL MODEL OF DEPENDENCY BETWEEN THE QUEUE SIZE AND HURST EXPONENT WHEN TRANSFORMING A SELF-SIMILAR INPUT PACKET FLOW INTO A FLOW WITH EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION

Using machine learning methods, the model has been obtained for predicting the queue size of an input self-similar packet fow distributed according to the Pareto law when it is transformed into a fow with exponential distribution. Since the amount of losses in general case does not provide any information about the efciency of using bufer space in the process of transforming a self-similar packet fow, a complex quality metric (penalty) was introduced to assess the quality of investigated models. This metric takes into account both packet loss during functional transformations and inefcient use of bufer space of switching nodes. It was shown that the models using isotonic regression and support vectors methods are the best by the considered metric.

Sosyoekonomi Dergisinde Yayınlanan Makalelerin Bibliyometrik Analizi: 2005-2019 Dönemi

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 2005-2019 yılları arasında Sosyoekonomi Dergisinde yayınlanmış olan makalelerin bibliyometrik profilini oluşturmaktır. Bu kapsamda belirtilen yıllar arasında dergide yayınlanan 481 makale, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden olan bibliyometrik analiz yöntemi kapsamında incelemeye tabi tutulmuştur. Çalışma kapsamında ele alınan temel hususlar; makale analizi, yazar ve kurum analizi, konu analizi ve atıf analizidir. Araştırma sonucunda, makalelerin yayın dili ve kaynakçasında İngilizce’nin yoğun bir şekilde tercih edildiği görülmüştür. Son yıllarda ampirik çalışmaların teorik çalışmalara nazaran daha ağırlıkta olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Atıf sayılarında yıllara göre sürekli bir artışın olduğu; özellikle son yıllarda atıf miktarının önemli düzeylere ulaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Akademisyenlerin yanı sıra üniversiteler dışında çeşitli kurum ve kuruluşlarda çalışan personellerin de dergiye katkı sundukları görülmüştür. Dergiye katkı veren yazar dağılımının Lotka, Price ve Pareto yasalarına uymadığı saptanmıştır. Derginin etki faktörü ve Acil İndeksi düzenli olarak artmaktadır. Vergi, ekonomik büyüme ve kamu politikaları makalelerde ele alınan temel konulardır.

Maliye ve Finans Yazıları Dergisi’nde Yayımlanmış Makalelerin Bibliyometrik Analizi (2009-2018)

Within the scope of the study, bibliometric citation analysis technique, which is one of the qualitative research methods of the Journal of Finance and Finance Articles/Writings, which is an international refereed and academic journal, was examined and 159 articles in 29 issues published between 2009-2018 were examined. A published special issue was not included in the analysis. Questions to be answered in the research are as follows: How many is the total number of articles in the journal? How many is the number of articles per author? Who is the most productive writer? What is the status of multi-authorship of articles? Which are the institutions of authors? What is the distribution of titles of authors? How many is the average number of articles per year? What is the distribution of using method and language? Are there any with Pareto, Price and Lotka Laws?

Frequency–magnitude of landslides affected by the 27–29 November 2017 Tropical Cyclone Cempaka in Pacitan, East Java

Tropical cyclone (TC) Cempaka which occurred on 27–29 November 2017 has caused floods, landslides, and strong winds in certain areas of Java Island. Pacitan Regency was the most severely affected by TC Cempaka. The landslide frequency–area distribution curve of event inventory i.e. TC Cempaka can help to understand landslide susceptibility, hazard, vulnerability, and risk. Landslides were identified by using a local government database and by comparing pre- and post-event high-resolution satellite imageries. Field investigation was carried out in March 2018 to November 2018 to verify the landslide location and update the information. Power law, inverse gamma, and double Pareto model were employed to describe the frequency–magnitude of landslide (mLS) triggered by TC Cempaka. The exponent β values of power law, inverse gamma, and double Pareto were 2.6±0.28 (fitted for 8.5% of dataset), 2.2±0.08 (fitted for 83% of dataset), and 2.3±0.09 (best fitted for dataset), respectively. The P-values were 0.51, 0.67, and 0.91 for power law, inverse gamma, and double Pareto, respectively. This study revealed that rollover occurred at 200 and 300 m2 for double Pareto and inverse gamma, respectively. The cutoff points totaled 1096.49 ± 236.44 and 7235.4 ± 1896.7 m2 for double Pareto and power law, respectively. Rollover phenomenon was real and existed in the dataset because it was far from the minimum resolvable size of the landslide that the authors can delineate from the satellite images. mLS for Pacitan was distributed at around 2 to 4. The magnitude of large landslides was 3.2, that of medium landslides was less than 3, and that of small landslides was almost 4. Numerical estimation calculated a fixed mLS=3.01. Comparison analysis of β values obtained from several landslide inventories triggered by heavy rainfall suggests that the variability of β is related to the intensity and duration of rainfall. Triggering events, such as intensity and duration of rainfall, affect the proportion of large landslides that occur in an area. More complete landslide inventories and rainfall data or other landslide triggering factors from other areas are required for further relationship analysis between the β value and landslide triggering factors.

Application of the Bayesian approach to the construction of statistical estimates of the parameters of the distribution laws of random variables

The proposed article is devoted to the application of the Bayesian approach to the construction of statistical estimates of the parameters of the laws of distribution of random variables. Four distribution laws are considered: the Poisson law, the exponential law, the uniform law, and the Pareto law are presented. The results of constructing point estimates and interval estimates for the parameters of these laws. The results of comparison with the corresponding statistical estimates constructed by the classical maximum likelihood method are presented too. The proposed algorithm can be effectively applied in the development of measurement methods, in solving measurement problems, in the development of practical methods for identifying systematic measurement errors.

Stable Modification of Frequency–Magnitude Relation and Prospects for Its Application in Seismic Zoning

A new composite model is suggested for the frequency–magnitude relation of the earthquakes. The new model statistically reasonably describes the distribution in the range of weak and moderate events (the Gutenberg–Richter law) and in the range of strongest events (generalized Pareto law—one of the limiting laws in the extreme value theory). By the example of Japan and Kuriles, based on the GCMT catalog, it is shown that the model fairly adequately describes the seismicity in the circles containing at least 80 main shocks in the range of the reliably detected events m ≥ 5.3. The restriction on the number of the events imposes a statistical limitation on the resolution of the proposed model. In the case of the studied regions, this limitation allows reliable estimation of seismicity parameters for the areas with a radius of 300 km on a 2° × 2° grid. The use of this model in our previously designed statistical method for seismic risk assessment (Pisarenko and Rodkin, 2007; 2010; 2013) provides a theoretical basis for developing this technique towards more robust results and a better spatial resolution approaching the scale of the general seismic zoning maps.

Low-Cost Robust Estimation for the Single-Look $\mathcal{G}_{I}^{0}$ Model Using the Pareto Distribution

The statistical properties of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image texture reveal useful target characteristics. It is well-known that these images are affected by speckle and prone to extreme values due to double bounce and corner reflectors. The $\mathcal {G}_{I}^{0}$ distribution is flexible enough to model different degrees of texture in speckled data. It is indexed by three parameters: $\alpha $ , related to the texture, $\gamma $ , a scale parameter, and $L$ , the number of looks. Quality estimation of $\alpha $ is essential due to its immediate interpretability. In this letter, we exploit the connection between the $\mathcal G_{I}^{0}$ and Pareto distributions. With this, we obtain six estimators that have not been previously used in the SAR literature. We compare their behavior with others in the noisiest case for monopolarized intensity data, namely single look case. We evaluate them using Monte Carlo methods for noncontaminated and contaminated data, considering convergence rate, bias, mean squared error, and computational time. We conclude that two of these estimators based on the Pareto law are the safest choices when dealing with actual data and small samples, as is the case of despeckling techniques and segmentation, to name just two applications. We verify the results with an actual SAR image.

Marketing’s 60/20 Pareto Law

We confirm our 2007 conclusions concerning the Pareto Law. Our conclusions are now supported by many other data sets, and independent analyses. It’s wrong to talk about an 80/20 law in marketing. A brand’s heaviest 20% of buyers generally contribute not much more than half of a brand’s sales, and these same buyers will contribute less in the following time period. Indeed, even for stable brands half of last year’s heavy buyers will then not even qualify to be in the top 20%, while the people who were light or non-brand buyers last year will contribute more to sales this year than they did last year. The exact sales contribution of the top 20% (a brand’s Pareto share metric) depends on the time period and some other technical decisions made by the person calculating the metric, and brand size and some category characteristics. But it’s reasonable to expect that almost half of your brand’s sales will always come from your very lightest 80% of buyers. It is also apparent that growth comes largely from these light, very light/non-brand buyers and so it would be foolhardy to ignore them.

Lawful Access to Cannabis: Gains, Losses and Design Criteria

Legalisation does not specify a policy. Cannabis could be made available for use by adults under a wide variety of conditions: cheap or expensive, offered by for-profit enterprises, by not-for-profits (including consumer co-operatives), as a state monopoly (for production or sales or both), or even on a grow-your-own basis. It could be cheap (as it would be in a free market) or expensive (due to taxes or minimum pricing). Marketing efforts could be free or restrained. Users could be nudged toward temperate use - for example, through a system of user-set but enforceable periodic purchase limits - or left to their own devices. Policy-makers should keep in mind Pareto's Law, which applies to cannabis consumption: about four-fifths of consumption is accounted for by about one-fifth of consumers. That fact will drive the commercial strategies of for-profit producers and sellers, and should focus the attention of public agencies on the risks and harms to the heavy-using minority. Uncertainties abound, and consequently policies should be designed to allow the system to learn from experience. But it is possible to try to predict and evaluate – albeit imperfectly – the likely consequences of proposed policy changes and to use those predictions to choose systems of legal availability that would result in better, rather than worse, combinations of gain and loss from the change.

Population Dynamics and Spatial Dependence: Evidence from Brazilian Cities

This paper focuses on Brazil’s population dynamics between 1970 and 2010. The first objective is to explore the behavior of Brazil’s population distribution, revisiting the traditional rank-size rule and Markov chain approaches. To increase the accuracy of the information on the dynamics and evolution of the population distribution, spatial dependence is introduced through spatial Markov chains. The distribution shape may indicate that divergence in population size of minimum comparable areas (MCAs) is decreasing. The Zipf’s law estimation indicates that the population distribution is, every decade, moving away from Pareto law. The Markov chain approach indicates, as main evidence, the high persistence of MCAs to remain in their own class size from one decade to another over the entire period, and that different spatial contexts have different effects on regional transitions.