Parenting Skills Research Articles

“There is a Mental Resistance”: Experiences of Involving Refugee Parents in a Youth Trauma Recovery Program from the Perspective of Participating Youth, Parents and Facilitators

AbstractScalable light-touch programs that align with the Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) approach is becoming an established intervention model for refugee youth with symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Teaching Recovery Techniques (TRT) is one example and, as TF-CBT guidelines state, parent sessions are included as the model relies on parents to provide support and instigate the techniques. In addition to traumatic stress, refugee families are often subjected to acculturative, isolation and resettlement stress. This study sought to understand how refugee parental involvement in TRT functions in practice and how it is perceived by participating youth, parents, and facilitators in Sweden. Thirty semi-structured interviews (11 youth, 8 parents, and 11 TRT facilitators) were conducted by phone or videoconference, transcribed, and analyzed using Thematic Network Analysis. A global theme ‘Parental engagement in trauma recovery requires dedicated attention’ emerged. Three organizing themes sat within this global theme: (i) Shifting roles when adapting differently to a new context; (ii) Tendency to keep parents at a distance; and (iii) Parent sessions don’t just happen. Whilst the potential for refugee parent involvement was recognized, a number of factors preventing their participation were identified. Cultural adaptations within TRT facilitators’ training are recommended, including: raising awareness about contextual factors and changes in family dynamics with regard to trauma and migration; adopting culturally responsive ways to present parental involvement to youth and parents; adding positive parenting skills; addressing parental mental health and readiness; and preparing facilitators to redirect parents to adequate services, when needed.

Family Resources and Parental Problem-Solving Skills Mediate Family Functioning and Family Adaptation in Families of Children With Cancer.

To explore the mediating roles of family resources (at the individual [parental self-efficacy], family [family resilience] and social level [social support]) and parental problem-solving skills in the association between family functioning and family adaptation in families of children with cancer. A cross-sectional study. This study recruited 318 parents of children with cancer from three tertiary hospitals in mainland China. Self-report questionnaires were used to collect data on key variables, including family functioning, parental self-efficacy, family resilience, social support, parental problem-solving skills and family adaptation. Data analyses were carried out using descriptive analysis, univariate analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, hierarchical linear regression and bootstrapping. Family functioning was significantly and positively correlated with family adaptation. Family resources (parental self-efficacy at the individual level, family resilience at the family level or social support at the social level) and parental problem-solving skills both independently mediated the relationship between family functioning and family adaptation. Additionally, family resources at all three levels mediated the relationship through their effects on cumulatively parental problem-solving skills, constructing a chain mediating model. The study underscores the significance of family functioning, family resources at the individual, family and social levels and parental problem-solving skills in promoting adaptation in families of children with cancer. It highlights the need for family-centred interventions targeted at these factors to improve family adaptation. This study extended related theories and previous studies to confirm the mediating role of family resources and parental problem-solving skills, both independently and sequentially. Moreover, parental problem-solving skills were confirmed as key elements that can be incorporated into future interventions, suggesting that problem-solving skills training may serve as a highly promising program for families of children with cancer. This study was reported according to the STROBE checklist. No Patient or Public Contribution.

Network analysis of ethnic-racial socialization competency and content among diverse parents of color: An eye toward intervention targets.

To help their children survive and thrive in our unequal society, parents of color must engage in the process of ethnic-racial socialization (ERS) or teaching about race, ethnicity, and racism. Equally important to the provision of ERS messages are parents' confidence, skills, and stress levels around delivering ERS (i.e., ERS competency). Currently, little work speaks to how different aspects of parental ERS competency and the content of the messages they give are related to each other. This is important to better understand not only for the continued refinement of theory but also to inform newly developed and future interventions intervening upon parental ERS. The present study, therefore, utilizes network analysis, an analytical tool not yet applied to the study of ERS but with the capabilities of illustrating the interrelations between specific aspects of ERS content and competency. Among 576 Black, Asian American, and Latinx parents (Mage = 44.52 years old, SDage = 9.16, 59.5% mothers) with adolescent children (Mage = 14.31, SDage = 2.48), we found evidence for relatively sparse interconnections between dimensions of ERS content and competency. However, we identified parental messages about racism and coping (preparation for bias), the celebration of diversity (cultural pluralism), the history and values of one's ethnic-racial group (cultural socialization), and parents' levels of socialization-related stress as particularly central, important aspects of ERS; these central components of ERS may have the potential to serve as particularly powerful intervention targets. Specific findings and the potential for network analyses to add to our understanding of the complex process of ERS are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

An evaluation over time: Dipsalut’s “Program for families”

Abstract Issue Dipsalut’s “Program for Families” is a parental skills and positive parenting program aimed at all fathers, mothers, and other adult caregivers of children aged 3 to 12 in the province of Girona, Spain. The Program is based on the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), which recommends that states promote programs that develop parenting styles that respect children’s rights to be heard and recognized. Research supports that offering parenting skills to parents contributes to the child’s well-being throughout the growth stage. Description The program began in 2018 in a pilot phase that lasted until 2019, when the first evaluation was done to compare different methodologies. After selecting a definitive one (based on the method of Adele Faber and Elaine Mazlish), in 2023, an external evaluation was done, with a follow-up of participants from previous editions. In this evaluation process, we considered the durability of the contents over time, evolutions of assistance, and comparison of the modalities of 4 and 6 sessions. A quantitative methodology has been used through a self-administered questionnaire addressed to the participants (387 responses). Results Impact of the program: 78% of parents value the program as having a positive impact on their parenting skills. Durability: there are differences in how the passage of time affects content retention. Impact of attendance: the parenting skills of those who have attended all program sessions last longer. The attendance percentage at all sessions was higher (61.4%) in the four-session modality. Lessons Although families do not remember all the tools learned, their confidence, the improvement in the family atmosphere, and the fact that they feel more skilled are maintained over time. Main messages: Families have improved their parenting skills since the program gives them more tools to manage family conflicts, to promote their children’s self-esteem and to encourage their autonomy. Key messages • With the positive parenting program, parents increase their self-confidence to manage the challenges of parenting, especially in intra-family communication and conflict management. • It is essential to promote positive parenting programs with an experiential methodology and maintained over time.

Influence of parental mediation and social skills on adolescents' use of online video games for escapism: A cross-sectional study.

The widespread use of video games among adolescents has raised concerns about their impact on psychological and social development. This study aimed to assess the effects of different types of parental mediation on adolescents' tendency to use video games to avoid negative emotions and determine the relationship between adolescents' interpersonal skills and their reliance on online video games for escapism. Participants were 452 adolescents from 15 middle and high schools. Data on sociodemographic information, gaming habits, parental control of online gaming, interpersonal skills, and reasons for playing online games were also collected. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to analyze the data, with online video game escapism as the dependent variable. Results supported the study's hypothesis that both parental mediation and adolescent interpersonal skills significantly predict the use of online video games for escapism. Higher levels of parental monitoring were associated with a lower tendency of adolescents to use video games to escape negative emotions, while parental mediation supporting autonomy showed a similar but weaker protective effect. At the same time, parental monitoring was also found to be associated with lower interpersonal skills, notably higher impulsivity, narcissism, and stress in social situations. In addition, adolescents with higher levels of impulsivity were more likely to use video games for escapism. These findings highlight the importance of balanced parental involvement and the development of adolescents' social skills to mitigate the risks of problematic online gaming. Interventions should promote effective parental mediation strategies and enhance adolescents' interpersonal skills to reduce their tendency to use video games as a coping mechanism for real-life challenges. Effective parental mediation and improved interpersonal skills are critical for promoting healthier gaming habits and reducing adolescent escapism.

학교폭력 가해자에 대한 경찰다이버전 정책 기반 다중체계치료 사례연구

Objectives This purpose of the study was conducted to explore the effectiveness of Multisystemic Therapy for school violence perpetrators as part of the police diversion policy. Methods The subject of the study was a 14-year-old male student who was reported to have school violence, which is extortion and intimidation, and was released on the condition of participating MST. In accordance with the multisystemic therapy manual, five key goals were derived by analyzing risk factors for adolescents' problematic behaviors through evaluation of various systems surrounding him. An intervention strategies were established to achieve the core goals(i.e., stop smoking and alcohol, controlled use of SNS, making pro-social friends, stay away from delinquents, promoting positive parenting skills of parents). The essential parts of MST as like the therapy team, the visiting service, and weekly supervision were implemented. In order to measure pre-post changes, Children Behavior Checklist 6-18, the Parenting Stress Index, the Parenting Attitude Test, and the MMPI-A were conducted. The package of scales was implemented at 3 points as pre-time, post-time, and 8 months follow-up. Results First of all, the level of the externalization problem scale of CBCL 6-18, which was at the clinical range at the pre-test, recovered to the level of the normal range in the post-test, and these results were maintained even at the 8 months follow-up. Regarding MMPI-A, the score was lowered by nearly 2 standard deviations in the scale of Pd compared to pre-test. Then, parenting stress decreased and positive parenting attitudes of parents increased. In addition, all the five core goals were achieved. Conclusions The results of this study showed that multisystemic therapy for school violence perpetrator can help decrease adolescents’ problematic behaviors including school violence.

Bidirectional effects of parenting and ADHD symptoms in young children: Effects of comorbid oppositional symptoms.

Psychosocial factors play an important role in the manifestation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and accompanying impairment levels in children. In a community sample of 796 children evaluated at 4, 5, and 6 years of age, bidirectional effects were examined for each of three components of parenting (parental support, hostility, scaffolding skills) and ADHD-specific symptoms that are not associated with symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder. Results indicated that (a) age 4 parenting factors were not associated with changes in ADHD-I (inattention) or ADHD-H (hyperactive-impulsive) symptoms in the subsequent year, (b) ADHD-I and ADHD-H symptoms at age 4 were not associated with changes in parenting factors at age 5, (c) age 5 ADHD-I and ADHD-H symptoms were associated with decreases in parental scaffolding skills and increases in parental hostility from ages 5 to 6 years, and (d) parental support at age 5 was associated with a decrease in ADHD-H symptoms at age 6. Findings suggest that ADHD symptoms can lead to poorer parenting attitudes and behavior, while parental support during kindergarten has a small effect on decreasing ADHD-H symptoms over time.

Stepped-Care Web-Based Parent Support Following Congenital Heart Disease: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Early neurodevelopmental risks, compounded with traumatic medical experiences, contribute to emotional and behavioral challenges in as many as 1 in 2 children with congenital heart disease (CHD). Parents report a strong need for supports; yet, there remains a lack of accessible, evidence-based behavioral interventions available for children with CHD and their families. I-InTERACT-North is a web-based stepped-care mental health program designed to support family well-being and reduce behavioral concerns through positive parenting for children with early medical complexity. In previous pilot studies, the program was effective in increasing positive parenting skills and decreasing child behavior problems, with high parent-reported acceptability. This paper presents the protocol for the first randomized study of stepped-care parent support for families of children with CHD. This study will involve a single-site, 2-arm, single-blind randomized controlled trial to evaluate (1) the feasibility and acceptability of a web-based stepped-care parent support program (I-InTERACT-North) and (2) the effectiveness of the program in enhancing positive parenting skills and reducing behavioral concerns among families of children with CHD. Families will be randomized (1:1) to either receive treatment or continue with care as usual for 12 months. Randomization will be stratified by child's sex assigned at birth and baseline parent-reported child behavior intensity. Primary outcomes include positive parenting skills and child behavior at baseline, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. Secondary outcomes include parental mental health, quality of life, service usage, and feasibility including program reach and adherence. A sample size of 244 families will provide >95% power to detect an effect size of d=0.64. Based on attrition data from pilot studies, a target of 382 families will be enrolled. Parent reports of acceptability, adoption, and suggested adaptability of the program will be examined using cross-case thematic analyses. Primary efficacy analysis will be conducted using an intent-to-treat approach. Generalized estimating equations will be used to examine changes in positive parenting. Child behavior, quality of life, and parent mental health will be tested with repeated-measures analyses. Additional sensitivity and replication analyses will also be carried out. Recruitment began in February 2024, and recruitment and follow-up will continue until January 2029. We anticipate results in late 2029. This study aims to test the effectiveness of I-InTERACT-North web-based stepped-care parent support in improving positive parenting skills and reducing child behavior problems in families of children with CHD compared with a care as usual control group. Results will inform future clinical implementation and expansion of this program among families of children with early medical conditions. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06075251; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06075251. DERR1-10.2196/64216.

A Group Parenting Intervention for Male Postpartum Depression

Male postpartum depression is prevalent across populations; however, there is limited evidence on strategies to address it, particularly in low-income settings. To evaluate the effectiveness of Learning Through Play Plus Dads (LTP + Dads), a nonspecialist-delivered psychosocial intervention, in improving symptoms of male postpartum depression compared to treatment as usual. This cluster randomized clinical trial was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan, between June 2018 and November 2019. Assessors were blind to treatment allocation. Participants were recruited from 2 large towns in the city of Karachi via basic health units. Fathers aged 18 years and older with a DSM-5 diagnosis of major depressive episode and a child younger than 30 months were recruited. Of 1582 fathers approached, 1527 were screened and 357 were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either the intervention or treatment as usual; 328 were included in the final analysis. Data were analyzed from April to June 2022. LTP + Dads is a manualized intervention combining parenting skills training, play therapy, and cognitive behavior therapy. The intervention was delivered by community health workers via 12 group sessions over 4 months. The primary outcome was change in 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score at 4 months. Secondary outcomes included anxiety symptoms; parenting stress; intimate partner violence; functioning; quality of life; and child social, emotional, and physical health outcomes. Assessments were completed at baseline and 4 and 6 months postrandomization. Of the 357 fathers included (mean [SD] age, 31.44 [7.24] years), 171 were randomized to the intervention and 186 to treatment as usual. Participants randomized to the intervention demonstrated significantly greater improvements in depression (group difference ratio [GDR], 0.66; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.91; P < .001), anxiety (GDR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.81; P < .001), parenting stress (GDR, -12.5; 95% CI, -19.1 to -6.0; P < .001), intimate partner violence (GDR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80 to 1.00; P = .05), disability (GDR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.97; P = .03), and health-related quality of life (GDR, 12.7; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.34; P < .001) at 4 months. The difference in depression and parenting stress was sustained at 6 months. Children of fathers randomized to the parenting intervention had significantly greater improvements in social-emotional development scores (mean difference, -20.8; 95% CI, -28.8 to -12.9; P < .001) at 6 months. The psychosocial parenting intervention in this study has the potential to improve paternal mental health and child development in Pakistan. Further studies in other populations and with longer follow-up are warranted. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03564847.

Technology-Based Child Abuse and Neglect Prevention Programs: A Systematic Review

Child abuse and neglect is a widespread social problem. The prevalence of this problem threatens the present and future of children. Although various prevention programs have been proposed in the literature as a solution to the problem of child abuse and neglect, recently, technological applications have been increasingly used in prevention and intervention studies for abuse and neglect. This study aims to review the current literature on technologically assisted programs for preventing child abuse and neglect. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was used to identify eligible studies. 22 evidence-based studies with pretest-posttest control were included in the review. The reviewed programs were structured to educate parents, children, and various professionals on appropriate parenting skills and child abuse and neglect. In the studies reviewed, web/internet-based applications were mostly used and effectiveness evaluation studies were mainly conducted on parents. With the exception of one study, the programs were found to be effective following interventions for abuse and neglect, and cognitive and behavioral improvements were noted in parents, children, and other professionals. As a result, it can be said that technology-based prevention programs are accepted practices for child abuse and neglect. To date, however, there is little data to support the use of such studies in preventive practices and strategies. More studies are needed to test the effectiveness of technological applications in preventing abuse among children and adolescents.

Caregiving experiences and practices: qualitative formative research towards development of integrated early childhood development interventions targeting Kenyans and refugees in Nairobi’s informal settlements

BackgroundEvidence is needed to understand factors that influence child development and caregiving experiences, especially in marginalized contexts, to inform the development and implementation of early childhood development (ECD) interventions. This study explores caregiving practices for young children in an urban informal settlement with Kenyans and embedded refugees, and identifies factors shaping these caregiving experiences, to inform the design and development of potentially appropriate ECD interventions.MethodsA qualitative formative study, which included 14 focus group discussions (n = 125 participants), and 13 key informant interviews was conducted between August and October 2018. Purposive sampling approaches were used to select a diverse range of respondents including caregivers of children below three years of age and stakeholders of Kenyan nationality and refugees. Data were analysed using a thematic approach and the Nurturing Care Framework was used as an interpretative lens.ResultsThere was a fusion of traditional, religious and modern practices in the care for young children, influenced by the caregivers’ culture, and financial disposition. There were mixed views/practices on nutrition for young children. For example, while there was recognition of the value for breastfeeding, working mothers, especially in the informal economy, found it a difficult practice. Stimulation through play was common, especially for older children, but gaps were identified in aspects such as reading, and storytelling in the home environment. Some barriers identified included the limited availability of a caregiver, insecurity, and confined space in the informal settlement, all of which made it difficult for children to engage in play activities. Physical and psychological forms of discipline were commonly mentioned, although few caregivers practiced and recognized the need for using non-violent approaches. Some overarching challenges for caregivers were unemployment or unstable sources of income, and, particularly for refugee caregivers, their legal status.ConclusionThese findings point to the interplay of various factors affecting optimal caregiving for young children in an urban informal settlement with Kenyans and refugees. Integrated ECD interventions are needed for such a mixed population, especially those that strive to anchor along caregivers’ social support system, co-designed together with community stakeholders, that ideally focus on parent skills training promoting nurturing care and economic empowerment.

Age and Psychological Well-being as Predictors of Male Child Parenting among Married Adults

Age is a critical factor in parenting, as parenting styles and attitudes can vary significantly across different age groups. Psychological well-being encompasses an individual's emotional health, life satisfaction, and overall mental state. The study examined age and psychological well-being as predictors of Male Child Parenting among married adults in Kwara State. A descriptive survey was used. The study was conducted on 384 married adults in Kwara Central Senatorial District, Kwara State, using a self-designed questionnaire called "Age and Psychological Wellbeing as Predictors of Male Child Parenting Questionnaire (APWDMCPQ). The questionnaire was validated by experts and its reliability was established through pilot testing using the Split-half method. The results were correlated using Spearman-Brown Correlation Coefficient Statistics (PBCCS) with a reliability index of 0.76. The study used mean and standard deviation to present answers to research questions, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistics to test hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. The study show that there is a significant effect of age on male child parenting (F.cal.=25.60, p.&lt;0.05). The study found that there is no significant effect of psychological well-being on male child parenting (F.cal.=3.34, p.&gt;0.05). The study found that age significantly impacts male-child parenting, but parental psychological well-being doesn't significantly affect it. It recommended that married adults aged 25-35 and 36-45 should seek counselling to develop appropriate parenting skills. Additionally, they should be educated on coping mechanisms to withstand the pressure of parenting male children, improving their psychological well-being and enabling effective male child parenting.

Actively changing the narrative: An exploration of culturally grounded parenting and social skills.

Recognizing culturally salient aspects of socialization practices and understanding how these practices support culturally valued aspects of development is an integral component in conducting anti-racist research and validating the lived experiences of minoritized families. With this aim, we explored how Active Direction, an observational rating of an African American approach to parenting measured during mother-child interactions at age 2.5 (n=172), supported social skills and emotion regulation for children living in a Southwestern metropolitan area of the United States concurrently, in kindergarten (n=109), and in 1st grade (n=108). Descriptive findings indicated few significant associations between Active Direction and socials skills or emotion regulation. Exploratory analyses, which included traditional parenting behavior measures of Sensitivity and Intrusiveness, also indicated limited significant relations between any measure of parenting and child skills. However, moderation analyses indicated that high levels of Active Direction attenuated the effects of sensitivity on aspects of child social skills. The lack of significant findings across the current study highlight how extant measures-of child social skills and parentings behaviors-are not performing as expected within these African American families.

A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Virtually Delivered Group Parent Training for Parents of Children with ADHD During an Intensive Summer Treatment Program

ABSTRACT Background Behavioral Parent Training (BPT) is a widely implemented evidence-based treatment for youth with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and related behavioral problems. During the COVID-19 pandemic, BPT was rapidly scaled for remote delivery via video conferencing platforms to enhance reach and engagement among families in need. Objective The purpose of the present study was to conduct a randomized controlled trial of a remotely delivered group-based BPT implemented in tandem with the Summer Treatment Program (STP) during the summer of 2021, the first year our clinic returned to in-person services following initial pandemic-related lockdowns. Method Children ranged in age from 6 to 12 years (M = 8.23, SD = 1.51) and were primarily male (93%) and Hispanic/Latine (74.4%). Families were randomly assigned to either receive the virtually delivered BPT during the summer (N = 23) or to a wait-list control group (N = 20), who received virtually delivered BPT in the fall. Results All families reported significant improvements in ADHD symptoms, related impairments, negative parenting behaviors, and knowledge of effective parenting skills from pre- to post-STP. Parents in the BPT group demonstrated additional improvements in managing difficult home situations. Conclusions Results of the study suggest that participating in BPT alongside the STP produces unique benefits for families above the standard behavioral treatment. Additionally, this study demonstrates the feasibility and utility of virtual group-based BPT to reduce burden associated with in-person services while providing evidence-based care in an inclusive manner.

A parenting program delivered through existing community-based peer groups to improve early child development in Homabay and Busia Counties, Kenya: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPoor early childhood development (ECD) is a major global health concern that is associated with various adverse outcomes over the lifecourse. Parenting interventions especially during the earliest years of life can benefit ECD. However, there is limited evidence from Kenya about the effectiveness of parenting interventions for improving ECD outcomes especially across rural disadvantaged communities. This paper describes the study protocol for an impact and implementation evaluation of a community-based group parenting program that aims to improve ECD in rural Kenya.MethodsWe will conduct a cluster-randomized controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a parenting program for caregivers of young children in Homabay and Busia counties in Western Kenya. Sixty-four village clusters will be randomly assigned to either the parenting intervention arm or the waitlist control arm with stratification by county. In each village, 10 primary caregivers with a child aged 0–24 months will be enrolled. The parenting program will be delivered through existing peer groups within communities whereby caregivers will receive counseling and psychosocial support to enhance their parenting skills and wellbeing to in turn promote ECD. The intervention curriculum comprises 21 sessions targeting various nurturing care messages, including early learning, responsive caregiving, child nutrition, health, protection, and caregiver mental health. Group sessions are facilitated by a trained volunteer biweekly for a total of 11 months. The primary trial outcome is an overall measure of ECD using the Global Scales of Early Development long form version. Secondary outcomes include various caregiver outcomes (e.g., parenting practices, mental health) and other child outcomes (e.g., socioemotional development, dietary diversity). All outcomes will be assessed at baseline and endline. We will also conduct a qualitative implementation evaluation at endline and interview various stakeholders to assess program fidelity, quality, and sustainability.DiscussionThis trial will evaluate the effectiveness of a parenting intervention on ECD and caregiving outcomes and assess program implementation quality as delivered through existing community-based peer groups. This study will provide rigorous evidence that can be used to inform scale-up of this program model that leverages existing community social networks and resources for improving caregivers’ parenting skills and promoting ECD in rural Kenya and other similar settings across LMICs.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov #NCT06165315. Registered on December 11, 2023.

Social self-efficacy sebagai mediator dampak pola asuh autoritatif dan social-emotional skills pada perilaku prososial remaja

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there is a direct and indirect influence between social-emotional skills, authoritative parenting, and social self-efficacy on the prosocial behavior of high school students in the Sidoarjo Regency. This type of research uses an ex post facto quantitative research model using a survey in Sidoarjo Regency. The sampling technique used a multistage with a total of 375 respondents. The data collection method used a modification of the Adolescent social self-efficacy scale (α = 0.760), Parenting style scale (α = 0.720), Social-emotional learning competencies scale (α = 0.793), and Prosocial Tendencies Measurements (α = 0.734). The data were analyzed using a path analysis model using IBM SPSS 25 and the Sobel online calculator to validate the significance of the indirect effect. The results of this study found that both social-emotional skills, authoritative parenting, and social self-efficacy have a positive and partially significant direct influence on prosocial behavior. Furthermore, social-emotional skills and authoritative parenting are known to have an indirect influence through social self-efficacy as a mediator on the prosocial behavior of adolescent students. There is a positive and significant direct influence between authoritative parenting and social-emotional skills on prosocial behavior, and there is a significant indirect influence through social self-efficacy as a mediator variable of authoritative parenting and social-emotional skills on adolescent prosocial behavior.

Effect of Maternal Knowledge of Asthma Management on Quality of Life and Asthma Control among Children with Asthma: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mothers' knowledge about asthma management on quality of life and asthma control among children with asthma in Palestine. This cross-sectional study was carried out by mothers of children with asthma in Palestine in four major public hospitals. Mothers of a total of 220 were selected randomly via a computerized system. Data were collected using Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life (PAQLQ), an Asthma Control Test (ACT), and the mothers' Self-Practices and Knowledge (SPK) of asthma management questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (V25). A total of 220 mothers of children with asthma were randomly selected and invited to participate but 182 agreed to participate, with a response rate of 83%. The mean age of participant children was 9.7 ± 2.72 years, and the mean age of mothers was 34.5 ± 9.6 years. The mean score of the QoL was 3.91(SD ± 1.61) out of 7. Most participant children had uncontrolled asthma with a total mean score of 14.13(SD ± 5.23) on the ACT. The mean score of mothers' SPK level was 2.12(SD ± 0.83) with a total mean score of 42.13 ± 3.68 out of 68, which indicated a moderate level of knowledge and there was a strong correlation between mothers' SPK and children's QoL. The investigation showed that mothers of children with asthma had moderate SPK, and the children had uncontrolled asthma with poor QoL. These findings suggest developing educational initiatives to enhance parents' asthma-related knowledge and skills to improve their children's asthma-related quality of life and asthma control.

THE INTERACTION OF FAMILY AND SCHOOL IN THE PROCESS OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

The article highlights and discusses the successes achieved in the process of establishing inclusive education, the ways to overcome the obstacles, the importance of the role of the parent in the process of inclusive education of children with SEN, issues related to the implementation of family and school interaction, options for different forms and methods of school work with parents. The attitude of parents towards inclusive education has been studied, a conclusion is drawn about the insufficient development of professional abilities and skills of teachers and the low level of psychological and pedagogical knowledge and skills of parents. Attention is drawn to the development of the educational abilities of the family, the implementation of the process of acquiring pedagogical knowledge of parents, the need for targeted support to parents by specialists of educational institutions. Effective ways of organizing pedagogical cooperation between school and family and new opportunities for organizing inclusive education have been revealed, strengthening pedagogical cooperation between school and family.

The Influence of Parental Role on Adolescent Sexual Behaviour and HIV/AIDS in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Background: HIV/AIDS risky behaviour remains a critical health concern for adolescents, specifically at high school level. In South Africa, the rapid increase of risky lifestyles and sexual behaviours among adolescents could be mainly attributed to poor parental skills and broken family structures. Four identified sexual risk behaviours that are of concern in South Africa are age at sexual debut, multiple sexual partners, condom use and transactional sex.Methods: Data was collected using a quantitative cross-sectional survey with samle consist with 450 male and female high school adolescents between 14 to 18 years from 3 different South African school settings. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS descriptive statistics procedure.Result: 79.7% of the respondents had only one parent still alive with 4.9 % of the respondents indicated to have lost both parents. Only 13.5% of the respondents were from a nuclear family. The majority of the respondents were (41.2%) living with grandparents. This high level of family disintegration, parental absence and poor parenting skills in South Africa exposed 73.3% (330) of the respondents to early sexual debut, transactional sex, unprotected sex and having multiple sexual partners. The study proved that there is a statistical association between guardianship and age at sexual debut; guardianship and multiple sexual partners; guardianship and condom use; guardianship and transactional sex.Conclusion : The revealed significant high risk sexual behaviour among adolescents in KwaZulu-Natal should inform Health and educational authorities to utilize these key findings to design more effective local strategies to train and assist parents and caregivers on parenting skills

The Effect of Touch and Massage Techniques Applied to Children on Parental Role Perception and Perceived Stress

Aim: The study examined the effects of tactile and massage techniques on the occupational therapist’s perspective on the role perception and stress levels of parents and the changes in children’s sensory processing. Method: A total of 30 children, (18 females and 12 males), aged 3-6, with normal development, and their parents were included in the study. A diverse community sample of mothers (M=33.6±5.521 years) and their preschool-aged children (M=4.5±1.2 years) participated in the study. The following instruments were employed: Parental Stress Index, Self-Perception Scale for Parenting Role, and Sensory Profile Test. Parents were instructed in a number of touch and massage techniques devised by the Occupational Therapist within the framework of Sensory Integration Theory. Following the 15-minute and 20-session implementation period, the parents were then tested. After the sessions were completed, the tests were repeated. Results: The findings indicated that at the end of the study, there was a decrease in parental stress levels, and an increase in parental role perception and children's sensory processing skills (p &amp;lt;0.05). The study demonstrated that touch and massage techniques can positively impact parent-child interaction. Conclusion: Studies examining the potential enduring effects of positive parental touch on stress levels and parental role perception rarely extend beyond infancy. It is believed that research with a larger sample size on this topic would contribute significantly to the existing literature.