Parent Report Research Articles

Use of screens, books and adults' interactions on toddler's language and motor skills: A cross-cultural study among 19 Latin American countries from different SES.

Children's screen use is ubiquitous, with toddlers in particular demonstrating increases after the pandemic and negative associations with cognitive abilities. Thus, the objective of this cross-cultural study was to broaden and deepen existing results by describing Latin American toddlers' screen use and its association with parental reports of language skills, developmental milestones, and sociodemographic variables. A sample of 1878 toddlers from 12 to 48 months (M.age = 27.55, SD = 9.68, male = 933, low-SES = 945) from 19 different Latin American countries was evaluated. Parent-report measures of children's use of screens, SES, language, and developmental milestones were administered virtually or face-to-face. Results indicated that infants' screen exposure times were longer than recommended, with TV and smartphone being the most frequent screen media among them. Also, most of the screen time was shared with an adult. These results were consistent across parent-reported SES and nationality. In addition, negative and significant associations were generally found between screen time and language skills, which were in turn positively associated with shared reading times. The frequency of shared screen use with adults demonstrated positive correlations with language skills, after controlling for sociodemographic variables. Lastly, entertainment and educational content was associated with higher levels of language skills compared to music. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the importance of promoting responsible and accompanied use of screens with age-appropriate content during the first years of life across different contexts.

Research Review: Mechanisms of change and between-family differences in parenting interventions for children with ADHD - an individual participant data meta-analysis.

Understanding the mechanisms of change and between-family differences in behavioural parenting interventions for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may help personalise interventions. Therefore, we examined whether improvements in parenting are associated with changes in child behaviour and functional outcomes, and how these associations vary based on parents' baseline parenting levels. We collected individual participant data including 19 randomised controlled trials focusing on children with ADHD (n = 1,720). Immediate post-intervention measures of child ADHD and oppositional behaviour severity, reported by parents and functional impairment reported by either the parent or probably masked clinicians, were treated as outcomes. We estimated pathways from intervention (vs. control) to child outcomes, via immediate post-intervention parent reports of constructive parenting (e.g. praise), non-constructive parenting (e.g. physical punishment) and parent-child affection (e.g. warmth), while controlling for baseline values of both child outcomes and parenting levels. Baseline values of each parenting variable were used as moderators of the mediated pathways. Improvements in parenting behaviours and parent-child affection immediately following the intervention jointly explained concurrent improvements in children's ADHD severity, oppositional behaviour and functional impairment. Furthermore, when reversing the direction of the pathways, improvements in all child outcomes jointly explained improvements in each aspect of parenting. Improvements in non-constructive parenting and parent-child affection uniquely accounted for intervention effects on functional impairment, especially for families with higher baseline levels of non-constructive parenting. Our findings might indicate that improvements in both the behavioural and affective aspects of parenting are associated with concurrent reductions in child behaviour problems and functional impairment. However, more research is necessary to explore the potential causal directionality between parenting and child outcomes. Nonetheless, supporting families with poorer parenting skills may be especially important, as reductions in non-constructive parenting in these families are linked to stronger treatment effects on child functional impairment.

Internet-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Intervention Master Your Worries With Telephone Coaching for Anxious Finnish Children Aged 10-13 Years: A Population-Based Randomized Controlled Trial.

No previous studies have evaluated the efficacy of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) among children below age 13 screened at the population level. This study was an open two parallel-group RCT, stratified by sex, that compared ICBT with telephone coaching to an educational control. Altogether 465 children (mean age 11.5, SD 1.0, 71.4% girls) were randomly allocated to ICBT or psychoeducation. The 10-week ICBT included weekly digital material and exercises and weekly telephone calls. Assessments comprised child and parent reports on anxiety (Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders questionnaire, SCARED), impacts of anxiety, quality of life, comorbidity and parental mental health assessed at baseline and a 6-month follow-up. The ICBT group yielded significantly higher improvement in primary outcomes (SCARED total scores) when compared with control group in the child reports (p=.04, Cohen's d=0.17) but not in the parent reports (p=.41, d=0.03). The ICBT group had significantly higher improvement in several secondary measures of outcome, including child-reported SCARED generalized anxiety (p=.047, d=0.09), separation anxiety (p=.004,d=0.40), social anxiety (p=.007, d=0.27), the parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire total score (p=.002, d=0.22), emotional difficulties (p=.02, d=0.20), hyperactivity (p=.003, d=0.19), and quality of life (p=.02, d=0.16). When children were screened at the population level for anxiety and enrolled in RCT study ICBT combined with telephone guidance showed efficacy in improving anxiety and quality of life. These findings are encouraging when developing early population-based intervention strategies for childhood anxiety.

Gesture screening in young infants: Highly sensitive to risk factors for communication delay.

Children's early language and communication skills are efficiently measured using parent report, for example, communicative development inventories (CDIs). These have scalable potential to determine risk of later language delay, and associations between delay and risk factors such as prematurity and poverty. However, there may be measurement difficulties in parent reports, including anomalous directions of association between child age/socioeconomic status and reported language. Findings vary on whether parents may report older infants as having smaller vocabularies than younger infants, for example. We analysed data from the UK Communicative Development Inventory (Words and Gestures); UK-CDI (W&G) to determine whether anomalous associations would be replicated in this population, and/or with gesture. In total 1204 families of children aged 8-18 months (598 girls, matched to UK population for income, parental education and ethnicity as far as possible) completed Vocabulary and Gesture scales of the UK-CDI (W&G). Overall scores on the Gesture scale showed more significant relationships with biological risk factors including prematurity than did Vocabulary scores. Gesture also showed more straightforward relationships with social risk factors including income. Relationships between vocabulary and social risk factors were less straightforward; some at-risk groups reported higher vocabulary scores than other groups. We conclude that vocabulary report may be less accurate than gesture for this age. Parents have greater knowledge of language than gesture milestones, hence may report expectations for vocabulary, not observed vocabulary. We also conclude that gesture should be included in early language scales partly because of its greater, more straightforward association with many risk factors for language delay. What is already known on the subject We already know that it is possible to measure children's early communicative skills using parent-completed inventories (Communicative Development Inventories, CDIs) and that some aspects of early communication can predict which children are likely to go on to have long-lasting communicative development difficulties. We also know that most uses of CDIs include only vocabulary, not early gesture. In addition, child-related and family-related variables such as prematurity, family history of language disorder and socioeconomic status may be related to communication development. What this paper adds to existing knowledge We looked at a large sample (N = approx. 1200) of families representative of the UK population with an infant aged 8 through 18 months and asked them about their infant's comprehension and production vocabulary as well as their early gesture skills. Gesture was more closely related to possible risk factors for communication development difficulties, for example, family history of communication difficulties, prematurity and multiple birth status. Vocabulary was only related in a straightforward way to family history and had complex relationships to socioeconomic differences. Families with different economic backgrounds may approach questions about their child's development in different ways. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? We suggest that clinicians need to ensure that not only vocabulary but also gesture ability is assessed when looking at very early communication skills. We also suggest that gesture may be more predictive of later communicative development difficulties, and that clinicians need to be sure that parents are clear on how vocabulary questions are asked and what exactly is required of them in answering these types of questions.

Abstract TMP94: Mental Health Outcomes In Parents with Children with Pediatric Arterial Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Previous single-center studies have found a higher prevalence of mental health disorders in parents of children with pediatric stroke compared to general population prevalences of 5% with depression and 6% with anxiety. Social determinants of health may influence mental health outcomes. We aimed to measure associations between social determinants of health and parental report of mental health symptoms following their child’s diagnosis of ischemic stroke. Methods: We performed a multicenter, international prospective study through the International Pediatric Stroke Study (IPSS). From 2016 to 2021, parents of children within 3.5 years after arterial ischemic stroke enrolled and completed validated and standardized surveys on anxiety (Beck’s Anxiety Inventory II), depression (Beck’s Depression Inventory), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5), severity of their child’s stroke deficits (Recovery and Recurrence Questionnaire), and social determinants of health. For our statistical analysis we employed a linear mixed-effects model, both unadjusted and adjusted. Results: Fifty-two parents (13 fathers, 39 mothers) of 39 children enrolled. Of the 39 children 21 (54%) had perinatal stroke and 18 (46%) had childhood stroke. Median time from stroke diagnosis to parental survey completion was 1.3 years (interquartile range [IQR] 1.0-2.0). On parental surveys, parents scored in the clinical range for: depression in 35% of mothers and 23% of fathers; anxiety in 2% of mothers and 0% of fathers; PTSD in 26% of mothers and 8% of fathers. Lower parental education was significantly associated with higher levels of depression both in our unadjusted (0.02) and adjusted (0.03) models. Interestingly, the child’s functional outcome and parental income were not significantly associated with any parental mental health outcomes. Conclusion: Among social determinants of health, parental education level may be associated with depression in parents of children with pediatric arterial ischemic stroke and needs further exploration. Parents of children with pediatric arterial ischemic stroke had higher rates of depression and PTSD compared to general population estimates. Further research in this area will help facilitate understanding and development of interventions to prevent these mental health outcomes.

Sleeping for Two: a randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in pregnancy.

Insomnia and sleep problems are common in pregnancy and have potentially negative impacts on both parental and infant health. This study examined the Sleeping for Two adaptation of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in pregnancy. A parallel (1:1) randomized controlled trial evaluated CBT-I (n = 32) compared to a treatment as usual waitlist (n = 32) among pregnant individuals from Alberta, Canada experiencing insomnia. Five weekly individual sessions of CBT-I pivoted from in-person delivery to telehealth due to the COVID-19 pandemic physical distancing regulations. Insomnia symptom severity (primary outcome), insomnia diagnosis by structured interview, self-reported sleep problems, as well as sleep parameters measured by diary and actigraphy were assessed pretreatment at 12-28 weeks gestation, 1-week posttreatment, and 6 months postpartum. Birth information (secondary outcomes) were collected via delivery record and parent report of infant sleep (exploratory outcome) was taken at 6 months postpartum. Multilevel modeling using an intention-to-treat approach showed that CBT-I was associated with a decrease in insomnia symptoms and improved sleep quality across time compared to treatment as usual. The CBT-I group had fewer diagnoses of insomnia posttreatment, but the difference did not reach statistical significance until 6 months postpartum. Participants with worse sleep quality at baseline benefitted substantially more from CBT-I vs treatment as usual waitlist. CBT-I delivered in pregnancy can reduce symptoms of insomnia and improve sleep quality, which could in turn minimize risk of negative consequences for birthing parent and infant health. Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Name: Sleeping for Two: RCT of CBT-Insomnia in Pregnancy; URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03301727; Identifier: NCT03918057. MacKinnon AL, Silang K, Watts D, etal. Sleeping for Two: a randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in pregnancy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2025;21(2):365-376.

Lifetime history of concussion among children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: examining differences stratified by age, medication status, and parent-reported severity

IntroductionChildren and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely to report a lifetime history of concussion compared to those without ADHD. Prior studies have predominantly relied on surveys of youth who self-reported their ADHD status (as opposed to parent report), examined samples with relatively narrow age ranges, and focused on youth athletes. It is unclear if ADHD severity or ADHD medication influences the association between ADHD and greater lifetime history of concussion. We investigated the association between parent-reported ADHD, ADHD severity, and medication status with parent-reported lifetime concussion history in children and adolescents ranging in age from 5 to 17, sampled from the United States general population.MethodsParent reported health data from 33,914 children and adolescents were selected from the 2021 National Survey of Children’s Health. Lifetime history of concussion, current ADHD diagnosed by a healthcare provider, and, for those with current ADHD, ADHD severity (mild or moderate/severe), and current ADHD medication status (yes/no) were reported by parents. A Mantel–Haenszel analysis was used to assess the associations between ADHD and lifetime concussion history across five age groups (ages 5–7, 8–10, 11–13, 14–15, and 16–17). Additional Mantel–Haenszel analyses were used to assess the associations between lifetime history of concussion and ADHD severity as well as medication status across five age groups.ResultsOverall, 6.2% of youth had a parent-reported history of concussion and 12.3% had parent-reported current ADHD. Twice as many youth with ADHD (10.6%) had a parent-reported history of concussion compared to youth without ADHD (5.6%). There were no differences in lifetime concussion history for those with mild (10.9%) versus moderate/severe ADHD (10.3%). Similarly, among those with ADHD, there were no differences in lifetime concussion history for those taking medication (9.9%) versus those not taking medication (11.6%).DiscussionConsistent with previous literature, youth with ADHD had greater lifetime concussion history than youth without ADHD (approximately twice the prevalence in those with ADHD). Contrary to our hypotheses among youth with ADHD, parent-reported ADHD severity and current medication status were not associated with lifetime concussion history.

Differences in Quality of Life Among Children with End-Stage Kidney Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis

Background: Children with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) require therapies such as hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). These treatments can impact a child’s quality of life (QoL); however, research comparing the QoL between children undergoing HD and those undergoing chronic PD in developing countries is limited. Objectives: This study compared the QoL of children with ESKD undergoing PD versus HD. Methods: This study employed an analytic observational method with a cross-sectional design conducted from December 2023 to March 2024. Consecutive sampling was used for participant recruitment and data collection. The Pediatric QoL Inventory (PedsQL™) version 4.0 Questionnaire was utilized, and data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. Results: The sample consisted of patients undergoing HD (n = 12, 48%) and PD (n = 13, 52%). Based on child and parent reports, the mean QoL score was significantly higher for PD patients compared to HD patients, although no significant differences were observed in certain aspects. The highest score was recorded in children’s reports regarding social aspects (91.53 ± 22.2). Conclusions: The QoL of pediatric patients on PD was better than that of patients on HD.

Exposure to Secondhand Cannabis Smoke Among Children

The degree that in-home cannabis smoking can be detected in the urine of resident children is unclear. Test association of in-home cannabis smoking with urinary cannabinoids in children living at home. This cross-sectional study used baseline data from Project Fresh Air, a 2012-2016 randomized clinical trial to reduce fine particulate matter levels. Eligible participants were recruited from households in San Diego County, California, with children under age 14 years and an adult tobacco smoker in residence. Children's urine samples were analyzed in 2022. In-home cannabis smoking, measured by: parent or guardian report of in-home cannabis smoking; number of daily nonspecific smoking events computed via an air particle count algorithm; and number of daily cannabis smoking events ascertained by residualization, adjusting for air nicotine, tobacco smoking, and other air particle generating or ventilating activities. Levels of the cannabis biomarker Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its major metabolites, 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Biomarker molar equivalents were summed to represent total THC equivalents (TTE) in urine. Logistic regression assessed whether in-home smoking was associated with cannabis biomarker detection. For children with detectable urinary cannabinoids, linear regression assessed in-home smoking association with quantity of urinary TTE. A total of 275 children were included in analysis (mean [SD] age, 3.6 [3.6] years; 144 male [52.4%]; 38 Black [13.8%], 132 Hispanic [48.0%], and 52 White [18.9%]). Twenty-nine households (10.6%) reported in-home cannabis smoking in the past 7 days; 75 children [27.3%] had detectable urinary cannabinoids. Odds of detectable TTE in children's urine were significantly higher in households with reported in-home cannabis smoking than households without (odds ratio [OR], 5.0; 95% CI, 2.4-10.4) and with each additional ascertained daily cannabis smoking event (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.6-3.9). Although the point estimate for TTE levels was higher among children with detectable urinary cannabinoids and exposure to more daily cannabis smoking events (increase per event, 35.68%; 95% CI, -7.12% to 98.21%), the difference was not statistically significant. In this cross-sectional study, in-home cannabis smoking was associated with significantly increased odds of child exposure to cannabis smoke, as assessed by urinary cannabinoid biomarkers. As young children spend most of their time at home, reducing in-home cannabis smoking could substantially reduce their exposure to the toxic and carcinogenic chemicals found in cannabis smoke.

Caregiver report of infant behavior associated with autism likelihood in first year of life.

Identification of prodromal indicators of autism in infancy has the potential to identify behaviors relevant to early autism screening. We report on data from a prospective general population birth cohort with maternal reported measures at 9 and 12 months: the Survey of Well-Being of Young Children (SWYC; general developmental surveillance) and the First Year Inventory-Lite v3.1b (FYI-Lite; autism specific parent report research tool). Mothers completed the surveys and the Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ), a self-report measure of subclinical features of autism. In this sample of 332 infants (168 males), maternal-reported infant developmental milestones and behavioral indicators of difficult temperament, poor adaptability, and sleep problems at 9 months (SWYC) and maternal self-reported subclinical autism characteristics (BAPQ) were correlated with maternal-reported autism-related behaviors on the FYI-Lite at 12 months. Regression models revealed significant unique associations between infant temperament, developmental milestones, and FYI-Lite scores while controlling for significant effects of maternal BAPQ scores and education. Maternal report of infant temperament and developmental milestones at 9 months were associated with maternal-report early indicators of autism likelihood at 12 months in a general birth cohort. Follow up of this cohort is needed to determine associations with formal diagnostic outcomes. Identifying scalable measures of infant behaviors in general and specific to autism may help identify targets of intervention for infants in the first year of life. This study aims to contribute to improved first-year surveillance by assessing potential early autism indicators in a prospective general birth cohort, whereas other observational studies utilize enriched risk cohorts (e.g., infant siblings of autistic children). Preliminary findings of this cohort revealed that a maternal report of 9-month temperament significantly predicted higher scores on a maternal report 12-month autism screener and indicated the importance of considering maternal self-reported subclinical autism characteristics when interpreting parent report screeners.

Exploring the potential mediating role of systemic antibiotics in the association between early-life lower respiratory tract infections and asthma at age 5 in the CHILD study.

Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in early life are one of the strongest risk factors for childhood asthma and are often treated with systemic antibiotics (IV or oral). We aimed to explore the association between early-life LRTIs and systemic antibiotics on asthma development and the potential mediating role of antibiotics in this relationship. Data were collected as part of the longitudinal, general Canadian population CHILD Study. LRTIs during the first 18 months of life were identified through parental symptom report at regular study visits. Systemic antibiotic use was defined as at least one dose of oral/intravenous antibiotics between birth and the 18-month visit and were further categorized by indication as either given for a respiratory indication (upper or lower respiratory symptoms) or non-respiratory indication. Asthma was diagnosed by in-study pediatricians at the 5-year study visit. Adjusted logistic regression models and mediation analyses via systemic antibiotics use were performed. Among 2,073 participants included in our analysis, 72 (4.9%) had asthma age 5, and 609 (29.3%) used systemic antibiotics before the 18-month visit. Among children who had taken antibiotics, 61.6% also had an LRTI in that period compared to 49.7% among children without exposure to systemic antibiotics (p < .001). Moderate-severe LRTIs before age 18 months were associated with higher odds of 5-year asthma [aOR 4.12 (95%CI 2.04-7.95) p < .001]. Antibiotics taken for respiratory indications were associated with higher odds of asthma at age 5 [aOR 2.36 (95%CI 1.59-3.48) p < .001]. Children who received systemic antibiotics for only non-respiratory indications during the first 18 months of life were not associated with increased odds of asthma [aOR 1.08 (95%CI 0.44-2.30) p = .851]. Using mediation analysis, 21.7% of the association between LRTI and asthma is estimated to be mediated through use of early-life systemic antibiotics. However, a significant direct effect of moderate-to-severe LRTIs on asthma risk remained in adjusted mediation models (p = .014). Through mediation modeling we estimate that the increased risk of asthma at age 5 that is associated with moderate-severe LRTIs in infancy may be partially mediated by systemic antibiotics taken during the first 18 months of life. This underscores the importance of public health strategies focused on antibiotic stewardship and reducing early life LRTIs to mitigate asthma risk.

Emotional and psychosocial functioning in youngsters with a congenital heart disease (CHD) in comparison to healthy controls.

Due to their medical vulnerability, youngsters with congenital heart disease (CHD) may experience more overwhelming emotions than healthy peers. This multi-informant-based study aims to examine differences between these youngsters and their peers in psychosocial functioning, attachment and emotion regulation. 217 youngsters (8-18years) with CHD (53.9% boys, 46.1% girls) were compared to 232 healthy controls (52.6% boys, 47.4% girls) matched for gender, age and education. Participants and parents completed online self-report questionnaires assessing psychosocial functioning (SDQ), attachment (ECR-RC), and maladaptive Emotion Regulation Strategies (ERS; FEEL-KJ). Based on child's self-reports MANOVA's showed no significant differences between the groups in psychosocial functioning. However, based on parent reports, differences were found between the groups in psychosocial functioning for the total scales and overarching subscales. No differences were found between the groups for insecure attachment to either parent. However, youngsters with CHD and their fathers reported more use of self-devaluation compared to controls (p=.03). Other maladaptive ERS (giving up, withdrawal, rumination, aggressive actions) showed no differences. Care interventions for children with CHD should address medical, emotional, and social needs, with a focus on multi-informant evaluations to support emotional well-being. Nurses are important partners in detecting psychosocial difficulties and providing family support. Patient- and family-centered care involves patients, parents and caregivers in the care plan, recognizing their key role, especially as youngsters often perceive their psychosocial health differently than their parents. Although differences were noted compared to the control group, the study's cross-sectional design limits conclusions on evolution with time.

Depression in High-Risk Offspring: The Mediating Role of Sleep Problems.

Parental depression is associated with offspring depression and sleep problems are prospectively associated with the development of depression. However, little work has examined sleep problems in the offspring of depressed parents and whether these problems partially account for the association between parent and offspring depression. This longitudinal study examined the indirect effect of sleep problems on the association between parent psychopathology and offspring depression in a sample of 10,953 10 to 12-year-old children participating in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Controlling for age, sex, and other forms of parent psychopathology, we found significant indirect effects of parent to offspring depression through parent and youth reports of youth insomnia and hypersomnia. We also found indirect effects of parent history of anxiety and drug use problems to offspring depression through insomnia, and indirect effects of parent history of anxiety, drug use problems, and alcohol use problems to offspring depression through hypersomnia. Our findings show that sleep may be a mechanism of the transmission of parent depression, anxiety, drug use problems, and alcohol use problems to offspring depression. Mitigating sleep problems represents a potential avenue for preventative interventions in youth with a heightened susceptibility to depression.

Measurement Invariance on the Nine-Item Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Screen (NIAS) by Age and Reporter Status: Comparing ARFID Symptoms Among Self-Reporting Adults and Adolescents and Parent Reports of Children and Adolescents.

Self-report measures of ARFID symptoms (e.g., Nine-Item Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Screen [NIAS]) are used to assess symptom differences between groups. Measurement invariance techniques clarify if groups interpret a measure similarly, providing a foundation for examining group differences. Considering age and reporter status (e.g., parent vs. self-report), we investigated measurement invariance of the NIAS in (1) self-reporting adults vs. adolescents; (2) parent reports on children vs. adolescents; and (3) parent reports on adolescents vs.adolescent self-report. If measurement invariance was supported, we examined symptom differences. Data were from the ARFID Genes and Environment (ARFID-GEN) project. Self-reporting adults vs. adolescents and parent reports of adolescents vs. adolescent self-report interpreted the NIAS similarly (measurement invariance was supported). Measurement invariance was not supported in parent reports on children vs. adolescents. Self-reporting adults reported higher appetite scores (i.e., lower appetite) than self-reporting adolescents at the subscale and item level on the NIAS. Although no subscales differences were identified between parent reports on adolescents and adolescent self-reports, parents reported more picky eating and lower appetite in adolescents than self-reporting adolescents at the item level on the NIAS. Findings support using the NIAS to measure symptom differences in self-reporting adults vs. adolescents and in parent reports of adolescents vs. adolescent self-reports. Findings may be leveraged by researchers interested in maturational effects of ARFID symptoms in adolescents and adults via self-reports on the NIAS and clinicians interested in tracking the convergence of parent and adolescent NIAS reports while undergoing treatment for ARFID.

A New Instrument to Define Parental Fear Regarding Feeding Their Children: A Reliability and Validity Study.

This study aimed to develop the 'Fear of Feeding My Child- A Parental Report (FF-PR)', which measures the parental fear of feeding their children, and to determine its reliability and validity. The study consists of the developmental phase and reported the content validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct, criterion, and discriminant validity. The study included two groups; 'Group I (N = 90)' who had a neurological disorder and their parents, and 'Group II (N = 60)' who were typically developing children without any feeding and swallowing problems and their parents. Limited literature review, clinical experience, and parental interviews have been used in creating the item pool. A panel of 7 experts assessed the content validity in two Delphi rounds. Cronbach's α measured the internal consistency of each item. The test-retest reliability was determined using the FF-PR scores given by the parents in Group I one week apart. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to measure the construct validity. The Nordic Orofacial Screening Test (NOT-S), Dysphagia Disorder Survey (DDS), and the Turkish version of the Feeding-Swallowing Impact Survey (T-FS-IS) were used for the criterion validity of the FF-PR. The discriminant validity of the FF-PR was determined by comparing the FF-PR scores of the groups and using the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The content validity index was 0.92. The Cronbach's α was found to be high (test: 0.966, retest: 0.969). The FF-PR had an excellent chi-square fit (χ2/df = 123.075/127 p = 0.582) and according to the fit indices; the FF-PR was found to have a good fit. There was a low-moderate correlation between FF-PR and NOT-S (r = 0.335 - 0.462, p < 0.001) and DDS (r = 0.461 - 0.535, p < 0.001) and a moderate-high correlation between FF-PR and T-FS-IS (r = 0.501 - 0.807, p < 0.001). The FF-PR total and subscale scores were higher in Group I than in Group II. In conclusion, the FF-PR scale is a valid and reliable tool for measuring parental fear about feeding their child.

Risk factor, consequence, or common cause? Linking lower self-regulation and internalizing symptoms during middle childhood in a random intercept cross-lagged panel model.

This study investigates whether lower self-regulation (SR) facets are risk factors for internalizing symptoms (vulnerability models), consequences of these symptoms (scar models), or develop along the same continuum and thus share common causes (spectrum models) during middle childhood. To analyze these models simultaneously, a random intercept cross-lagged panel model was estimated using Mplus. Data were assessed at three measurement time points in a community-based sample of N = 1657 (52.2% female) children in Germany, aged 6-13. Internalizing symptoms were measured via parent report by the emotional problems scale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Seven SR facets were assessed behaviorally, via parent report and teacher report. At the within-person level, internalizing symptoms were concurrently associated with emotional reactivity at all measurement time points, while no cross-lagged paths reached significance. At the between-person level, internalizing symptoms were associated with working memory updating (r = -.29, p < .001), inhibitory control (r = -.29, p < .001), planning behavior (r = -.49, p < .001), and emotional reactivity (r = .59, p < .001). As internalizing symptoms and SR facets were primarily associated at the between-person level, the results lend support to spectrum models suggesting common causes of internalizing symptoms and impaired SR.

The sleep health composite and chronotype among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes compared to case-control peers without diabetes.

Our objectives were to compare sleep health composite dimensions and chronotype in children and adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to explore the relationship between sleep and glycemic variability in T1D. The study comprised 84 participants with T1D aged between 6 to 18 years, and age and sex matched by controls. The sleep health composite (SHC) was measured using actigraphy, sleep diaries, and self or parental reports. Sleep disturbance was evaluated using the DSM-5 Level 2 Sleep Disorders Scale Short Form. Chronotype was determined using the Children's Chronotype Questionnaire. The median total SHC score for both the T1D and control groups was 3.0 (3.0-4.0) (p=0.485). Sleep quality was reported as good by 89.3% of participants with T1D and 96.4% of controls (p=0.072). Objective data from actigraphy indicated poor sleep quality in 56% of participants with T1D and 59.5% of controls (p=0.639). Additionally, 88% of participants with T1D and 84.5% of controls had inadequate total age-appropriate sleep duration (p=0.501). Among participants with T1D, those with a stable glycemic variability (coefficient of variation [CV] <%36) had an earlier midpoint sleep (p=0.008). Our study indicates that there are no significant differences in the SHC and chronotype between children and adolescents with and without T1D. Although most participants reported good sleep quality, objective assessments indicated poor sleep quality. These findings suggest that children and adolescents may overestimate their sleep quality. Sleep patterns and chronotype in children with and without type 1 diabetes clinical Trails.gov identifier (https://www.clinicaltrials.gov), NCT06318611 (Registration Date: March 15, 2024).

The role of age of arrival and language environment factors in Arabic heritage language development: A longitudinal study.

The Arabic development of Syrian refugee children (N=133; mean age = 9;4 at Time 1) was examined over 3 time periods during their first five years in Canada. Children were administered sentence repetition and receptive vocabulary tasks in English and Arabic, and information about age-of-arrival (AOA), schooling in Arabic and language environment factors was obtained via parent report. Older AOA was associated with superior Arabic abilities across time, but regardless of AOA, children showed plateau/attrition patterns in Arabic and shifts to English dominance by Time 3. Increases in English over Arabic were observed for language use at home and language-rich activities overtime. Stronger Arabic Time 3 outcomes were predicted by more Arabic and less English use with siblings, more schooling in Arabic, more frequent listening-speaking and extra-curricular activities in Arabic, and more Arabic use with friends. We conclude that the heritage language can be vulnerable even for first-generation bilinguals.

Measurement Invariance of the First Years Inventory (FYIv3.1) Across Age and Sex for Early Detection of Autism in a Community Sample of Infants.

The use of parent-report screeners for early detection of autism is time- and cost-efficient in clinical settings but their utility may vary by respondent characteristics. This study aimed to examine the degree to which infants' age and sex impacted parental reports of early behavioral signs of autism captured by the First Years Inventory Version 3.1 (FYIv3.1). The current sample included 6,454 caregivers of infants aged 6 to 16 months recruited through the North Carolina vital records. Using moderated nonlinear factor analysis for each of the seven FYIv3.1, we identified differential item functioning in small to medium effect sizes across 18 out of 69 items, with the majority of biases associated with infants' age (e.g., object mouthing, walking, pretend, and imitation), while sex-related biases were minimal. This indicates that differential scoring algorithms by infants' age and more closely spaced monitoring may be needed for these constructs for more accurate identification of autism in infancy.

The Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Association of Grandiose Narcissism With the Quality of the Parent-Child Relationship

Grandiose narcissism has been shown to interfere with the establishment of long-lasting relationships. Evidence on whether grandiose narcissism negatively affects the parent-child relationship, however, is less conclusive. Using data from a large, nationwide sample in Germany, the present study investigated the cross-sectional and longitudinal links between the agentic and antagonistic facets of grandiose narcissism and multiple indicators of the parent-child relationship. Results of multilevel analyses showed that particularly antagonistic narcissism was cross-sectionally, but not longitudinally, associated with a decreased level of intimacy and parental admiration within the parent-child relationship. Antagonistic narcissism was also cross-sectionally linked to reduced parental warmth and increased negative communication. These effects were observed across parent and child reports, underscoring the robustness of the results. The study highlights the importance of considering grandiose narcissism’s role in the parent-child relationship, suggesting that particularly antagonistic narcissism is associated with a dysfunctional family environment.