Parents Of Young Children Research Articles

Parental Voices on Screen Time Guidelines in Early Childhood

This article critically engages with the concept of screen time. We explore the screen time recommendations from the World Health Organization (WHO) and their application in the Swedish context. We also investigate the experiences and opinions on the recommendations and advice on screen time and screen media use in early childhood among parents of young children (0–3 yrs.) in Sweden. The study draws from qualitative semi-structured interviews during multiple home visits from a diverse sample of 16 families. Findings are discussed through the prism of the ‘moral economy’ of the household and the ‘social imaginaries’ underpinning this. We have identified two types of approaches to guidelines on screen time among parents, and based on our findings we recommend organizations in Sweden and beyond, to rethink and revise the current guidelines, including the WHO recommendations.

Sensory-processing sensitivity, parenting styles, and adult attachment patterns in parents of young children

ABSTRACT Background Increased sensitivity to internal and external stimuli, known as sensory-processing sensitivity (SPS), has been linked to attachment insecurity and less optimal parenting styles in parents of children aged 4–13 years. Associations between these parenting factors in parents of children aged 3 years and younger have not yet been investigated. Understanding the relationships between these factors will facilitate the development of strategies to better support highly sensitive parents. Methods A sample of 153 parents of children aged 3 years and younger completed an online survey comprising standardised measures of SPS, attachment, and infant parenting styles. The underlying factor structure of the Infancy Parenting Styles Questionnaire was investigated. Results Factor analysis identified 33 items loading onto five factors: Discipline, Routine, Anxiety, Nurturance, and Involvement, with moderate to high reliability. SPS was positively correlated with parenting anxiety, attachment anxiety, and attachment avoidance, but did not predict parenting style. Younger parent age was associate with more insecure attachment styles. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that variability in parenting anxiety was predicted only by attachment anxiety and having fewer children. Conclusion While SPS was not seen to predict parenting anxiety, relationships between SPS, parenting anxiety, and insecure attachment suggest that strategies tailored to SPS would support highly sensitive parents to care for their children and promote improved parent–child relationships. These strategies may therefore be a beneficial addition to attachment-based parenting programs. Further studies using the Toddler Parenting Styles Questionnaire (TPSQ) are needed to identify optimal parenting styles for parents of infants and toddlers.

Facilitators and barriers of adherence to rectal interventions by parents of young children with functional constipation: a qualitative study.

Functional constipation in children is a worldwide problem that impacts both children's gastrointestinal function and the quality of family life. The treatment of this condition often depends on parental involvement to administer rectal interventions to their children to stimulate defecation. However, adherence to rectal interventions is currently suboptimal. We sought to explore the factors that facilitate and hinder parents from adherence to rectal interventions. A descriptive qualitative study was conducted involving semi-structured interviews with parents of infants and young children with functional constipation requiring rectal interventions from March to May 2023. The data were analyzed using content analysis. Fourteen parents participated in the study. Parents reported the main facilitators of adherence to prescribed rectal interventions as recognition of illness severity, support from family and friends, and medical resource support and e-health literacy. Parents reported the primary barriers as information barriers, family conflict, cognitive misalignment, and difficulties in accessing healthcare services. Rectal interventions are often essential in managing constipation in young children, with parental compliance being crucial for effective treatment. Healthcare providers must consider the psychosocial aspects of parents' perceptions, adhere to guidelines to standardize communication, and ensure comprehensive education to improve medication literacy.

A method and approach for evaluating coparenting events during couples group interventions.

When interventionists stimulate productive father-mother dialogues around coparenting, there are numerous potential benefits for families. Families stand to benefit from more positive involvement of fathers with both coparents and children, key contributors to healthy child developmental outcomes. In this report, we introduce a new strategy and rating system for helping practitioners and supervisors assess the nature and quality of coparenting-related dialogues and conversations in the context of couples group interventions. The system derives from analysis of 24 relationship-enhancement groups, 13 enrolling English-speaking couples and 11 enrolling Spanish-speaking couples, all parents of young children. All groups were co-led by a male-female team explicitly trained to focus on marital and parenting themes and supervised to address couples issues - not coparenting issues explicitly. All co-leaders spoke the native language of group participants. We documented how frequently coparenting events occurred, and how the nature and quality of events varied within and across groups. Overall, in both English- and Spanish-speaking groups expressly assembled to focus on marital and parenting issues, coparenting events occurred relatively infrequently. At the same time, both mothers and fathers appeared motivated to raise and discuss issues associated with their coparenting, and extended discussions about coparenting issues broached by the parents blossomed in approximately 37% of all instances. Process-oriented (rather than didactic) co-leader responses appeared especially helpful in scaffolding prolonged coparenting discussions. We propose that use of the system as a training, supervision and self-assessment tool can help clinicians become more consciously aware of how well their interventions succeed in promoting and scaffolding coparenting conversations during group interactions.

In the best interests of … mutual trust! The execution of European Arrest Warrants against parents of young children: GN

In the best interests of … mutual trust! The execution of European Arrest Warrants against parents of young children: GN

Establishing a linked administrative data sampling frame to recruit families into a new UK-wide birth cohort study: findings from the Early Life Cohort Feasibility (ELC-FS) Study

Objective and ApproachFunded by the Economic and Social Research Council (2021-2024), a core aim of the ELC-FS was to establish a sampling frame by linking birth registrations and maternity records in the four UK nations (England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) to facilitate recruitment of ~2000 families into a new birth cohort study. An opt-out recruitment approach was essential. Widespread public dialogue work was undertaken to glean the attitudes and perspectives of stakeholders including data controllers, data users, and parents of young children, as to the acceptability of this recruitment model. ResultsAchieving the sampling frame required nation-specific approaches due to differences in existing legislation governing secondary use of administrative data. Complex and protracted negotiations with data controller approval panels were necessary. Public dialogue work revealed that stakeholders were: (i) excited by the prospect of a new UK-wide birth cohort study to provide invaluable insights into the lives of a new generation; and (ii) broadly accepting of the proposed use of administrative data for generating a sampling frame, particularly in terms of ensuring that the ELC-FS study has diverse and inclusive representation of family life in the UK today. ConclusionsELC-FS fieldwork will be completed by mid-2024. Preliminary analyses to be presented at the conference will assess the suitability of the sampling frame for achieving the target ELC-FS sample. ImplicationsWith careful engagement with stakeholders at a national level, access to linked administrative data as a sampling frame for a UK-wide birth cohort study is achievable, but not straightforward.

The Level of Equity and Justification of the Sanctions Distributed within the Family and Professional Fields

This study explores the manner in which individuals explain their decisions when assigning sanctions (positive or negative consequences) during social interactions. Traditionally, individuals are thought to take responsibility for their actions (internal attribution). However, a certain number of results obtained in the field of education or in the work environment highlight the fact that in the case of sanction distributing behaviours, that is to say if we question the distributor (and no longer the receiver) of a sanction, attributions are more external than self-attributing. This research aims primarily to verify that such results can also be obtained in order to explain the sanctions distributed by a parent to their children or by a spouse to their wife. Moreover, considering that certain sanctions may not correspond to just compensation for the conduct of the individual being sanctioned, we also wanted, on an exploratory basis, to examine the attributions carried out by the distributors of unjust sanctions, again within the familial environment as well as in the professional field. A questionnaire was administered to 64 employees (with an equal distribution of men and women) who were also parents of young children. The questionnaire presented scenarios where individuals in power positions (a father to a child, a husband to a wife and a manager to a subordinate) distributed sanctions (fair or unfair) and the participants were asked to explain the cause using internal or external attributions. The results show that, for just sanctions, the attributions are preferentially external, while for unjust sanctions, differences are observed according to the gender of the participant. From an educational perspective, this research sheds light on the manner in which power dynamics in classrooms can influence how educators assign responsibility for learning. By recognizing the tendency to place blame externally when providing feedback or consequences, educators can create a learning environment that emphasizes internal responsibility and shared ownership of academic achievement. This shift in behaviour empowers students and fosters a stronger sense of agency in their own learning journey.

Coping strategies in young people during the COVID-19 pandemic: rapid review.

To better understand factors supporting young people's (age <18 years) mental health during pandemic-type conditions, we aimed to identify whether coping strategies adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic could be dichotomised according to manifesting positive or negative psychological outcomes. Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus and ASSIA databases were used to identify empirical studies that examined coping strategies used by young people experiencing psychological challenges during COVID-19. Twenty-five international studies were included, identifying that coping strategies adopted could be significantly dichotomised according to reducing or exacerbating psychological challenges. Positive coping strategies were proactive and solutions-oriented, whereas negative coping strategies were more avoidant and emotion-oriented. An internal locus of control may account for why adolescents exercised more proactive coping compared with their younger counterparts, although parents of younger children may offset the impact of stressors by drawing on a proposed coping framework emphasising proactivity and engagement. This would be an invaluable addition to future pandemic preparedness planning cycles.

Psychological Outcomes in Families of PICU Survivors: A Meta-Analysis.

Pediatric critical illness exposes family members to stressful experiences that may lead to subsequent psychological repercussions. To systematically review psychological outcomes among PICU survivors' family members. Four medical databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL and PsycInfo) were searched from inception till October 2023. Studies reporting psychological disorders in family members of PICU patients with at least 3 months follow-up were included. Family members of nonsurvivors and palliative care patients were excluded. Screening and data extraction was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. Of 5360 articles identified, 4 randomized controlled trials, 16 cohort studies, and 2 cross-sectional studies were included (total patients = 55 597; total family members = 97 506). Psychological distress was reported in 35.2% to 64.3% and 40.9% to 53% of family members 3 to 6 months and 1 year after their child's PICU admission, respectively. Post-traumatic stress disorder was diagnosed in 10% to 48% of parents 3 to 9 months later. Parents that experienced moderate to severe anxiety and depression 3 to 6 months later was 20.9% to 42% and 6.1% to 42.6%, respectively. Uptake of mental counseling among parents was disproportionately low at 0.7% to 29%. Risk factors for psychiatric morbidity include mothers, parents of younger children, and longer duration of PICU stay. The majority of studies were on parents with limited data on siblings and second degree relatives. There is a high burden of psychological sequelae in family members of PICU survivors. Risk stratification to identify high-risk groups and early interventions are needed.

Community resource and social safety net information, knowledge, and use among parents of young children in a homeless shelter

Homelessness among families with young children challenges parents and entails risks to development. Community resources (CR) and social safety nets (SN) buffer risks and build resilience. Yet, some families who experience homelessness are not connected to CR and SN, precluding more resilient outcomes. Little is known about how families experiencing homelessness learn about CR and SN and how they use them. Information about CR and SN is critical for improving access to and use of supports. We asked sixteen parents with young children living in a homeless shelter how they learn about CR and SN, and how they use those CR/SN. Parents primarily used self-reliance, and not professional helpers, to learn about CR and SN by purposefully seeking information and by using knowledge from previous experiences of homelessness and poverty. Families were not always enrolled in CR/SN suggesting missed opportunities for more resilient outcomes.

Adolescent-onset cannabis use and parenting young children: an investigation of differential effectiveness of a digital parenting intervention

IntroductionThere is scant empirical work on associations between current and past cannabis use and parenting skills in parents of young children. As recreational cannabis use is now legal in nearly half of states in the U.S., cannabis use is becoming more ubiquitous.MethodsIn the current study, parents of toddler and pre-school age children were randomly assigned to participate in an app-based parenting skills program that included telehealth coaching (Family Check-Up Online; FCU-O), with a focus on parenting in the context of substance use. We aimed to test associations between adolescent-onset and current cannabis use and parent mental health and parenting skills, as well as whether effects of the FCU-O on parent mental health outcomes varied as a function of past cannabis use. Participants were 356 parents of children ages 1.5–5 participating in a randomized controlled trial of the FCU-O. Parents screened into the study if they reported current or past substance misuse or current depressive symptoms. After completing a baseline assessment, parents were randomly assigned to the FCU-O or control group and completed a follow-up assessment 3 months later. Parents retrospectively reported on the age when they initially used substances, as well as their current use.ResultsAfter accounting for current cannabis use, adolescent-onset cannabis use was significantly associated with higher symptoms of anxiety and depression, but not with parenting skills. Adolescent-onset cannabis use was found to significantly moderate the effect of the FCU-O on parents' anxiety symptoms. Specifically, the FCU-O was particularly effective in reducing anxiety symptoms for parents with adolescent-onset regular cannabis use, after accounting for current cannabis use.DiscussionAdolescent-onset regular cannabis use may be a risk factor for later mental health challenges in parents of children under 5. An app-based parenting intervention may be particularly helpful in reducing symptoms of anxiety for parents who used cannabis regularly as adolescents. The findings have significant implications for the prevention of multigenerational risk for substance use and mental health challenges.

Play Nicely: Evaluation of a Brief Intervention to Reduce Physical Punishment and the Beliefs That Justify It.

The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of the Play Nicely brief intervention in diminishing both the utilization of physical punishment and the beliefs that endorse such behavior among a sample of Colombian parents with children aged 2 to 6. Utilizing a quasi-experimental design, the research included pretest and posttest evaluations and involved both an intervention group (n = 37) and a control group (n = 29). The assessment tools used were a scale to measure beliefs about the positive impacts of physical punishment and the Physical Assault subscale of the Spanish version of the Conflict Tactics Scale Parent-Child (CTSPC). Parents participated in a single online session, which offered eight interactive options and lasted 10 min. The results highlighted a high prevalence of physical punishment within the sample (81.8%) and established statistically significant correlations between the justification of physical punishment and its actual use. Approximately one month following the intervention, there was a significant reduction in the employment of physical punishment among the intervention group (p = 0.009), and a notable decrease in the belief that "Punishment is the best alternative to control children's behavior" (p = 0.010) was observed. Consequently, the Play Nicely intervention proved effective in curtailing the use of physical punishment among parents of young children, demonstrating both efficacy and cost-effectiveness within a brief timeframe.

The Integrated Family Approach in Mental Health Care Services: A Study of Risk Factors.

Parental mental disorders in families are frequently accompanied with other problems. These include family life, the development of children, and the social and economic environment. Mental health services often focus treatments on the individual being referred, with little attention to parenting, the family, child development, and environmental factors. This is despite the fact that there is substantial evidence to suggest that the children of these parents are at increased risk of developing a mental disorder throughout the course of their lives. Young children are particularly vulnerable to environmental influences given the level of dependency in this stage of development. The main objective of this study was to identify whether there were a complexity of problems and risks in a clinical sample of patients and their young children (0-6) in mental health care, and, if so, whether this complexity was reflected in the integrated treatment given. The data were collected for 26 risk factors, based on the literature, and then subdivided into the parental, child, family, and environmental domains. The data were obtained from the electronic case files of 100 patients at an adult mental health service and the corresponding 100 electronic case files of their infants at a child mental health service. The findings evidenced a notable accumulation of risk factors within families, with a mean number of 8.43 (SD 3.2) risk factors. Almost all of the families had at least four risk factors, more than half of them had between six and ten risk factors, and a quarter of them had between eleven and sixteen risk factors. Furthermore, two-thirds of the families had at least one risk factor in each of the four domains. More than half of the families received support from at least two organizations in addition to the involvement of adult and child mental health services, which is also an indication of the presence of cumulative problems. This study of a clinical sample shows clearly that the mental disorder among most of the patients, who were all parents of young children, was only one of the problems they had to deal with. The cumulation of risk factors-especially in the family domain-increased the risk of the intergenerational transmission of mental disorders. To prevent these parents and their young children being caught up in this intergenerational cycle, a broad assessment is needed. In addition, malleable risk factors should be addressed in treatment and in close collaboration with other services.

Parental Stress and Quality of Life in Parents of Young Children with Autism

AbstractParents of children with ASD are at risk for chronic stress due to challenging parenting. It is unknown whether stress is already present in early parenthood, similar for mothers and fathers and if this impacts quality of life (QoL). Parental stress and QoL were assessed in 56 mothers and 51 fathers of young children (aged 3 to 7) with autism. Associations between parental stress (OBVL) and QoL (WHOQoL-BREF) were examined. Parents of young children with ASD appear to have high parental stress from conflicting feelings towards their child and from difficulties with parenting. Mothers have higher stress from feeling confined in their motherly role than fathers compared to the OBVL norm population. Both mothers and fathers have a low QoL. Increased maternal conflicting feelings towards the child associated with lower psychological QoL, while high maternal feelings of role confinement associated with low physical QoL. Increased paternal conflicting feelings towards their child related to lower physical and social QoL, while fathers with more parenting difficulties reported less satisfaction with their psychological and environmental wellbeing. Thus, already at young age, parenting children with ASD is a major challenge for both mothers and fathers.

Comparison of Cardiovascular Health Between Parents and Non-Parents in NHANES 2011-2018.

We compared cardiovascular health for parents and non-parents using the American Heart Association's Life's Essential 8 (LE8). This cross-sectional cohort analyzed 2011-2018 NHANES participants aged 20 to 54. The exposure was parenting, defined as living with a child. Logistic regression assessed whether parenting was associated with odds of ideal LE8 total or sub-scores. Regression adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, educational attainment, marital status, and income. Subgroups included female sex, male sex, income <150% federal poverty levels, and parents of younger children. 6847 participants represented a weighted population of 79120285 (57% parents). Parenting was not associated with adjusted odds of ideal total LE8 (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.76-1.09). Parenting was associated with decreased odds of ideal body mass index (BMI) (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.72-0.91) and increased odds of smoking avoidance (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.09-1.38). Associations varied by subgroup. Only the subgroup with lower incomes demonstrated reduced odds of ideal total LE8 for parents (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.41-0.82). Parents and non-parents differed in smoking and BMI, though not in LE8 total. Families with low incomes may particularly benefit from dual generation cardiovascular risk reduction.

영유아를 둔 부모의 자녀 구강건강에 대한 중요도 인식과 실행수준

Purpose: This study was conducted to suggest implications for oral health education for young children by examining the recognition of the importance of young children's oral health and the level of implementation among parents of recognition. Method: A survey was conducted on 320 parents of young children in Region C from July 10 to July 28, 2023. A total of 293 questionnaires were used in the final analysis. The collected data were conducted to frequency analysis, IPA analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 Results: First, the question with the highest recognition of the importance of oral health care for children among parents of young children was ‘If a child says their teeth hurt, they receive dental treatment quickly. The item with the highest level of implementation was ‘When purchasing a toothbrush, purchase a children’s toothbrush that matches the size of child’s teeth.’ Second, the question with the highest recognition of the importance of oral health education for children among parents of young children was ‘Instructing children to brush their teeth, tongue, and gums when brushing their teeth.’ The question with the highest level of implementation was ‘Educate child to eat foods that are beneficial to dental health.’ Conclusions: There is a need to improve parents' level of practice regarding oral health of young children, including proper brushing of teeth, oral check-ups, and use of oral products. Nutrition education, oral health and safety parent education, and early childhood teacher retraining are requested.

Parental acceptability of silver diamine fluoride: The UK and US experiences.

International data suggest that parents may have reservations about the use of silver diamine fluoride (SDF). The aims of this study were to: (1) examine the acceptance of parents/carers towards the use of SDF for the management of caries in children's primary teeth in secondary care dental settings in the UK and the United States and (2) determine which factors may affect the acceptance of the use of SDF. This was a cross-sectional questionnaire of SDF acceptability, completed by parents of young children. It was validated and adapted to local populations. Data were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Of the 113 Sheffield parents, 73% reported that they would accept SDF treatment of children's posterior teeth, with 58% reporting this for anterior teeth. Parents having less concern about posterior aesthetics had a statistically significant effect on reported acceptance of SDF (p = .013). In the Colorado sample (n = 104), 72% reported that they would accept SDF on posterior teeth, and 58% reported that they would accept SDF on anterior teeth. Concerns about aesthetics had an effect on decreasing SDF acceptance overall (p = .0065) in anterior (p = .023) and posterior teeth (p = .108). The majority of parents in the two study populations accepted the treatment using SDF. However, concern about aesthetics had an influence on acceptability.

Educators’ perspectives on parental belonging in preschool communities

ABSTRACT While academic interest in belonging in early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings has increased in recent years, the interplay between parental and educators’ notions of belonging is under-researched. This article explores preschool educators’ experiences of working with families of young children and their perspectives of parental belonging in the preschool community. Nineteen educators from five preschools in different neighborhoods in Reykjavík, Iceland, participated in focus group interviews in the spring of 2023. The findings suggest that preschool educators frame parental belonging in performative terms and base it on communication and interaction in the preschool community. A lack of parental interaction and ‘disinterest’ was identified as the main challenge with indications of it having negative effects on the educators’ own performativity of belonging. However, the educators reported reaching far beyond their job descriptions to provide cultural brokerage to parents of foreign backgrounds, to assist them in navigating the welfare system, and to facilitate wider social engagement. The findings have implications for preschool educators’ expectations towards their engagement with parents of young children.

Parenting-Related Social Networking Site Use and Psychological Distress in Parents of Infants: Cross-sectional Study Exploring the Moderating Effects of Loneliness and Parenting Anxiety.

In the digital age, social networking sites (SNSs) have revolutionized the approach to parenting. These platforms, widely used to access parenting information and support, affect parents both positively and negatively, with negative effects potentially increasing for those experiencing loneliness or anxiety. This study examined the relationship between SNS use and psychological distress among parents of young children, controlling for the moderating effects of loneliness and parenting anxiety. We hypothesized that higher SNS use correlates to greater psychological distress, particularly among parents with elevated levels of loneliness or parenting anxiety. A cross-sectional survey design using a closed web-based questionnaire was employed. Participants included 429 parents (205 mothers and 224 fathers) of children aged 0-3 years recruited through a web-based survey company in Japan. The majority of the participants were couples, with some living with extended family members. The sample also encompassed individuals in cohabiting partnerships and single parents. The survey included measures of psychological distress, loneliness, parenting anxiety, frequency of SNS use for parenting, and covariates. Analytical models to explain psychological distress included interactions between loneliness or parenting anxiety and SNS use, individually for both fathers and mothers. For mothers, a significant interaction effect was determined only between parenting anxiety and SNS use (b=0.247, SE 0.091; P=.008). Meanwhile, for fathers, significant interaction effects were observed for both loneliness (b=0.324, SE 0.127; P=.012) and parenting anxiety (b=0.144, SE 0.069; P=.038) with SNS use. A simple slope analysis for mothers indicated that SNS use was related to psychological distress only at higher levels of parenting anxiety (b=0.304, SE 0.090, β=.317; P<.001). Among fathers, SNS use was associated with psychological distress at higher levels of either parenting anxiety (b=0.330, SE 0.069, β=.346; P<.001) or loneliness (b=0.390, SE 0.098, β=.409; P<.001). The study concluded that the relationship between SNS use and psychological distress among parents of young children is moderated by loneliness and parenting anxiety. The findings highlight the need for tailored approaches to help parents manage SNS use, particularly focusing on those with higher levels of loneliness and parenting anxiety. It is imperative that health professionals provide nuanced guidance to parents on SNS use, considering individual psychological factors and potential gender differences in the impact of SNSs on mental well-being.

Parental knowledge and attitude of postoperative paediatric pain: stepwise linear regression analysis.

Despite the fact that mothers care for their children's pain in most cases, it has been noted that mothers have limited knowledge and attitude about paediatric pain. This study aims to assess parental knowledge and attitude of postoperative paediatric pain (POPP). This is institutional based cross sectional study conducted with 102 parents at Nigist Eleni Mohamed Memorial Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (NEMMCSH). A convenience sampling technique was used to select parents. This study has used a questionnaire (Parental Pain Expression Perception (PPEM), examine parents' attitudes and knowledge about how their children exhibit their pain and Medication Attitude Questioner (MAQs), focuses on how parents feel about giving their child analgesic medication to alleviate post-operative pain). Descriptive statistics were utilized to analyse the parent's response and presented with frequency and percentage. Factor analysis to analyze factor structure and stepwise linear regression analysis to examine the impact of socio-demographic factors in predicting parental knowledge and attitude about POPP were done. The statistical tests were performed at 95% confidence interval and 5% significance level. A total of 102 parents fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included. About 78% of parents agreed that children always express pain by crying or whining. The majority of parents (75.6%) believe children who are playing are not in pain. Regarding parental attitudes about pain medications, majority of parents (61%) believe that children should be given pain medication as little as possible because of its side effects. According to about 26.8% of parents, giving children pain medication for pain might teach them to use drugs for other issues. On the other hand, 63.4% of parents say that giving children pain medication as little as possible is the most effective way to manage their pain. Parents of younger children and parents from rural area are more likely to score higher in attention seeking sub-score of PPEP while parents from urban residence and those parents who are employed are more likely to perceive about the side effects of pain medications (Side effects factors). The overall knowledge and attitude of parents about postoperative pain and pain medications were poor.