Parental Control Research Articles

Psychometric Evaluation of the Parental Monitoring Short Scale

Psychometric properties of a revised version of a previously developed parental monitoring measure were examined. Previously, Stattin and Kerr developed an expanded measure of parental monitoring that included sources of parental knowledge. Their scales were shortened and simplified for reading ability and brevity. Data were obtained from 41 schools surveyed during the 2018 and 2019 school years. The schools were part of an ongoing study (Our Youth, Our Future) of substance use among American Indian students who attend schools on or near reservations. Students who self-identify as American Indian ( n = 3,673) or White ( n = 903) completed online surveys that included nine items related to sources of parental knowledge (parental control, child disclosure/parental solicitation) and four items that measure parental knowledge. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, tests of measurement invariance, and correlations between latent means and correlations with substance use measures were used to assess the scale. Factor analysis results confirmed a three-factor solution. These three factors (parental knowledge, parental control, parental solicitation/child disclosure) exhibited measurement invariance across sex, grade level, and ethnicity. Factor scales were reliable and negatively related to substance use. This revised scale of parental monitoring provides a useful measure to assess this construct across subgroups of youths. Further work among other ethnic groups of youths will determine the scale’s breadth of utility. The revised scale with improved readability will allow researchers to more quickly assess this important parent–child measure.

The Relationship Between Parental Autonomy Support, Psychological Control, and Academic Adaptation of Middle School Students: The Mediation of Parent-child Relationship and Self-efficacy

In the current contemporary competitive social environment, the academic adaptation (AA) is crucial to personal growth and future development. Many studies have shown that family parenting styles (PSs) significantly impact the academic adaptation. Nonetheless, the existing comprehension of the underlying mechanisms by which parental autonomy support (AS) and psychological control (PC) within family parenting styles influence the academic adjustment of middle school adolescents remains insufficiently elucidated. Therefore, this study explored in depth the influencing mechanism of parental AS, PC, and AA of middle school kids, while analyzing the mediators, i.e., parent-child interactions and self-efficacy (SE). The study results found that parental AS positively influenced academic adaption, whereas PC negatively affected it. The parent-child relationship and SE served as mediators in the relationship between the two variables. This study could be beneficial to improving family PSs and promoting the academic growth of middle school kids, while also emphasizing the significance of building positive parent-child bonds and enhancing students' SE in family parenting.

Unraveling the Impact of Modern Technologies on Young Minds: A Comprehensive Study

The implementation of modern technologies has transformed connectivity, information-sharing, and education, significantly influencing students' academic journeys. New technologies offer advantages and disadvantages, particularly impacting young students and leading to changes in habits and behaviors. While technology can improve learning efficiency through personalized approaches, excessive screen time can negatively affect communication and academic performance. Studies recommend limited screen time for children to mitigate adverse effects. Research highlights the benefits and risks of digital technology usage, emphasizing the influence on brain development and cognitive functions in younger users. Despite the positive aspects of technology, parental control is essential to safeguard children's well-being and academic performance. Integrating technology in education requires careful consideration to balance its benefits and potential risks, emphasizing the need for monitoring and regulation to optimize its impact on young minds and students.

Parental psychological control, state self-compassion, and depression in adolescents: direct and indirect associations among developmental trajectories

Parental psychological control, state self-compassion, and depression in adolescents: direct and indirect associations among developmental trajectories

Prevalence and Patterns of Social Media Use in Early Adolescents.

To describe patterns of social media use, including underage (under 13 years) use and sex differences, in a diverse, national sample of early adolescents in the U.S. We analyzed the social media use data in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (2019-2021, Year 3), which includes a national sample of early adolescents in the U.S. Specifically, using chi-squared and t-tests, we compared social media use patterns across demographic characteristics stratified by age and sex. In the sample of 10,092 11-to-15-year-old adolescents, 69.5% had at least one social media account; among social media users, the most common platforms were TikTok (67.1%), YouTube (64.7%), and Instagram (66.0%). A majority (63.8%) of participants under 13 years (minimum age requirement) reported social media use. Under-13 social media users had an average of 3.38 social media accounts, with 68.2% having TikTok accounts and 39.0% saying TikTok was the social media site they used the most. Females reported higher use of TikTok, Snapchat, Instagram, and Pinterest, while males reported higher use of YouTube and Reddit. Additionally, 6.3% of participants with social media accounts reported having a secret social media account hidden from their parents' knowledge. Our findings reveal a high prevalence rate of underage social media use in early adolescence. These findings can inform current policies and legislation aimed at more robust age verification measures, minimum age requirements, and the enhancement of parental controls on social media. Clinicians can counsel about the potential risks of early adolescent social media use. In a sample of 10,092 U.S. early adolescents, a majority (63.8%) of participants under 13 years old (minimum age requirement) reported social media use. Under-13 social media users had an average of 3.38 social media accounts.

Parent–Child Relationships, Parental Control, and Adolescent Mental Health: An Empirical Study Based on CEPS 2013–2014 Survey Data

Previous research has consistently showed a close relationship between the quality of parent–child relationships and adolescents’ mental health. However, the relationship between parental control and adolescents’ mental health has remained controversial. This study utilized baseline data from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS 2013–2014) to analyze the impact of parent–child relationships on adolescents’ mental health. The results indicated that parent–child relationships significantly influenced adolescents’ mental health. Parental control moderated the impact of parent–child relationships on adolescents’ mental health: When the parent–child relationship was good, appropriate behavioral control by parents strengthened the positive effect of a good parent–child relationship on adolescent mental health. Conversely, when the parent–child relationship was poor, parental control intensified the negative impact of a poor parent–child relationship on adolescent mental health. Furthermore, heterogeneity analysis revealed gender differences in the moderating effect of the parent–child relationship: compared to boys, the moderating effect of parental control on the parent–child relationship was more significant among girls.

The Influence of Parental Psychological Control on Junior High School Students' Learning Motivation and Self-Efficacy

Background:Parents of junior high school kids' expectations and worries about their teenage children frequently develop into anxiety and become the basis of their psychological control in present-day society due to the growing stress of social competition. Moreover psychological control is not conducive to the sound development of teenagers, which also has a great impact on their learning motivation (LM) and self-efficacy (SE). Methods: This paper adopts the method of literature review, selects the relevant representative literature for detailed and comparative analysis and summary, in order to explore the influence of parental psychological control (PPC) on junior high school students' LM and SE. Results: The study found that PPC indirectly reduced students' LM through academic emotion, achievement attribution and learning attitude. At the same time, the research reveals that proper PPC promotes the development of junior high school pupils' SE, whereas excessive PPC is not SE. Therefore, it is important to investigate the effects of PPC on middle school students' LM and SE for their children's growth. This paper can better help their children's healthy growth, let parents understand the negative effects of excessive PPC and improve their behavior.

A guide to selecting high-performing antibodies for STING1 (Uniprot ID: Q86WV6) for use in western blot, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence

Stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING1) is an immune adaptor protein which promotes innate immune defense mechanisms against pathogens. To enhance our understanding of STING1-associated disease, it is essential to make high-performing antibodies accessible to the scientific community. This study aims to improve reliability of STING1 research as we have characterized sixteen STING1 commercial antibodies for western blot, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence using a standardized experimental protocol based on comparing read-outs in knockout cell lines and isogenic parental controls. These studies are part of a larger, collaborative initiative seeking to address antibody reproducibility issues by characterizing commercially available antibodies for human proteins and publishing the results openly as a resource for the scientific community. While use of antibodies and protocols vary between laboratories, we encourage readers to use this report as a guide to select the most appropriate antibodies for their specific needs.

Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and physical disorder, parenting strategies, and youths' future orientation

Neighborhood disadvantage has been linked to youths' diminished future orientation, defined as the degree to which one thinks about, anticipates, and plans for the future. Yet, parenting behaviors may moderate this link. Using longitudinal data from parent-child dyads (n = 101, 51.5 % females; 75.2 % African American) collected across two years, one year apart, this study examined whether parental support, behavioral, and psychological control moderated the links between neighborhood socioeconomic [SES] disadvantage and physical disorder and youths' future orientation. Results showed that 1) both observed and parent-reported support at Year 1 mitigated the negative impact of neighborhood SES disadvantage on future orientation; 2) parent-reported support at Year 1, however, intensified the negative effect of neighborhood physical disorder; 3) parent-reported psychological control at Year 1 protected against the negative impact of neighborhood physical disorder. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding how neighborhood adversity and parenting interact to shape youths' future orientation.

Mediators of a randomized controlled trial of a preventive intervention for youth of parents with depressive disorders.

The present study assessed two theory-driven mediators of the effects of a family group cognitive-behavioral (FGCB) preventive intervention for youth of parents with a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) or dysthymia on long-term youth psychopathology symptoms and diagnoses. Sample included 180 parents (Mage = 41.9, 89% female, 82% White, non-Hispanic) and one of their children/adolescents ages 9-15 years (Mage = 11.4, 49% female, 74% White, non-Hispanic). Changes in the hypothesized mediators, observations of positive parenting (Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales) and youth secondary control coping (SCC) skills (Responses to Stress Questionnaire), were assessed at 6 months. Changes in youth psychopathology symptoms were assessed on the Child Behavior Checklist and Youth Self-Report at 18- and 24-month follow-ups and MDD diagnoses with the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia at 12 and 24 months. Changes in youth SCC skills (e.g., acceptance, reappraisal) after the intervention mediated the effects of the FGCB program on changes in youth internalizing and externalizing symptoms at 18- and 24-month follow-ups. Effects for changes in positive parenting behaviors as a mediator were more limited. SCC skills were further shown to mediate the effects of the FGCB intervention on MDD diagnoses from 12 to 24 months. This study provides clear and strong evidence that changes in youth SCC skills mediated the long-term effects of preventive intervention for families of depressed parents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The Impact of Parental Psychological Control on Adolescent Risky Behaviors with an Emphasis on the Mediating Role of Gratitude

The Impact of Parental Psychological Control on Adolescent Risky Behaviors with an Emphasis on the Mediating Role of Gratitude

Warmth and Control: Examining the Associations between Chinese Parenting Behaviors and Children's Academic Performance in Different Parent-Child Dyads.

Few studies have comprehensively examined the reciprocal relation between specific parenting practices and children's academic performance across parent and child gender. The present study investigated the bidirectional associations between parental warmth/control and children's academic performance using a three-wave longitudinal multi-informant design. A total of 814 families (Mchild age = 10.36 years; SD = 1.22, 57% girls) participated in the study. Results of the random-intercept cross-lagged models indicated that paternal warmth promoted children's academic performance at the between-family level, whereas maternal warmth promoted children's academic performance at the within-family level. Interestingly, paternal control predicted better academic performance in boys over time (i.e., the within-family level) but contributed to girls' worse academic performance than others (i.e., the between-family level). These results highlighted the gender-universal effects of parental warmth and the gender-specific effects of parental control on child academic performance in the Chinese context. These findings underscored the necessity of considering parent-child dynamics across different parent-child gender dyads.

Longitudinal study on profiles and transition of parental psychological control among Chinese adolescents: associations with mental health problems and children’s gender

Longitudinal study on profiles and transition of parental psychological control among Chinese adolescents: associations with mental health problems and children’s gender

Deskripsi Pola Asuh Orang Tua pada Anak Usia Dini Kelompok B di TK Cerdas Molibagu Desa Molibagu Kecamatan Bolaang Uki Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Selatan

Parenting style refers to the methods parents use to educate, guide, discipline, interact with, and protect their children to help them mature within the norms of the family and society. This study aims to describe the parenting style of parents of aerly childhood children at TK Cerdas Molibagu Kindergarten, Molibagu Village, Bolaang Uki District, South Bolaang Mongondow Regency. The qualitative research employed a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through observation and questionnaires. The findings showed that, based on observations and open-ended questionnaires from 11 respondents, 36% (4 out of 11) of parents implemented an authoritarian parenting style characterized by full parental control and strict rules with punishments for violations. Similarly, 36% (4 out of 11) of parents adopted a democratic parenting style, emphasizing two-way communication and mutually agreed-upon rules. Meanwhile, 27% (3 out of 11) employed a permissive parenting style, granting full freedom to the child, where decisions were primarily based on the child’s preferences. The result indicate that the dominant parenting styles applied by parents at TK Cerdas Molibagu are authoritarian and democratic.

Contextual Fine-Tuning of Language Models with Classifier-Driven Content Moderation for Text Generation.

In today's digital age, ensuring the appropriateness of content for children is crucial for their cognitive and emotional development. The rise of automated text generation technologies, such as Large Language Models like LLaMA, Mistral, and Zephyr, has created a pressing need for effective tools to filter and classify suitable content. However, the existing methods often fail to effectively address the intricate details and unique characteristics of children's literature. This study aims to bridge this gap by developing a robust framework that utilizes fine-tuned language models, classification techniques, and contextual story generation to generate and classify children's stories based on their suitability. Employing a combination of fine-tuning techniques on models such as LLaMA, Mistral, and Zephyr, alongside a BERT-based classifier, we evaluated the generated stories against established metrics like ROUGE, METEOR, and BERT Scores. The fine-tuned Mistral-7B model achieved a ROUGE-1 score of 0.4785, significantly higher than the base model's 0.3185, while Zephyr-7B-Beta achieved a METEOR score of 0.4154 compared to its base counterpart's score of 0.3602. The results indicated that the fine-tuned models outperformed base models, generating content more aligned with human standards. Moreover, the BERT Classifier exhibited high precision (0.95) and recall (0.97) for identifying unsuitable content, further enhancing the reliability of content classification. These findings highlight the potential of advanced language models in generating age-appropriate stories and enhancing content moderation strategies. This research has broader implications for educational technology, content curation, and parental control systems, offering a scalable approach to ensuring children's exposure to safe and enriching narratives.

A guide to selecting high-performing antibodies for ADNP (UniProt ID: Q9H2P0) for use in western blot, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence

ADNP is a multifunctional protein involved in chromatin remodeling, transcription, and microtubule interaction, playing a critical role in brain development, with mutations linked to ADNP-Related Disorder. Here we have characterized seven ADNP commercial antibodies for western blot, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence using a standardized experimental protocol based on comparing read-outs in knockout cell lines and isogenic parental controls. These studies are part of a larger, collaborative initiative seeking to address antibody reproducibility issues by characterizing commercially available antibodies for human proteins and publishing the results openly as a resource for the scientific community. While use of antibodies and protocols vary between laboratories, we encourage readers to use this report as a guide to select the most appropriate antibodies for their specific needs.

Influence of Gender, Parental Control, Academic Performance and Physical Activity Level on the Characteristics of Video Game Use and Associated Psychosocial Problems in Adolescents.

Previous research has determined the relevance of video games for adolescents; however, it has not been possible to establish differences in usage patterns and certain psychological variables according to gender, parental control, academic performance, physical activity level or game type, nor the relationship between these variables. For this reason, the aims of this research were as follows: (a) to determine the differences in the gaming variables and the psychological variables related to video games according to gender, the closest environment, the academic performance and the level of physical activity; and (b) to determine which gaming variables and behavioral variables influence psychological variables in adolescents. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out involving 2567 adolescents (mean age: 15.06 ± 2.81 years). Participants completed eight questionnaires on the study variables. The results showed that males play more video games than females; play different types of games and on different platforms; and have more psychological problems than females. Having separated parents and having a greater parental control over video game use is associated with more time spent playing video games. Poorer academic performance is related to playing shooters and open-world games, as well as with a more negative emotional response. However, playing shooters and sport and racing games is related to more physical activity. Playing online games, mainly with strangers, is related to higher addictive and problematic uses. In addition, the times of use during the week and on weekends, especially on weekends, stand out as predictors of most psychological variables related to video games in adolescents. This study provides further scientific evidence on the role of certain behavioral and game-related variables in the relationship between video games and well-being. In addition, it highlights the importance of analyzing in the future those video game players who do not have a problematic or addictive use of video games, but who play frequently without any associated problem. From a practical perspective, the promotion of video games with social and cooperative components, or those that promote physical activity, could be related to social and psychological benefits.

Exploring Sociodemographic Correlates of Fathers' and Mothers' Behavioral Control.

Parental behavioral control is one of the most common parenting practices employed by parents in China. It is necessary to identify this practice and how it may be influenced by adolescents' and parents' sociodemographic factors in order to develop family intervention strategies. The present study examined whether fathers' and mothers' behavioral control was related to adolescents' gender, age, and sibling status and parents' age, education level, and income. A sample of 916 adolescents, aged 11-15 years, reported their fathers' and mothers' parental behavioral control. In terms of adolescents' gender, boys perceived higher level of fathers' behavioral control compared to girls. Regarding parents' sociodemographic factors, the level of mothers' behavioral control was higher compared to that of fathers. Mothers' education levels were reported to have a negative relationship with maternal behavioral control. Regarding adolescents' gender differences, there was a positive relationship between fathers' educational levels and behavioral control in adolescent boys. However, there was a positive relationship between fathers' monthly income and fathers' behavioral control in adolescent girls rather than boys. In addition, there was a negative relationship between mothers' age and behavioral control in adolescent girls but not in boys. These findings add to the literature on Chinese mothers' and fathers' parenting and offer practical implications for Chinese family interventions.

Consumer Protection of Girls from Cybercrime in a Gender Perspective

Cybercrime covers a wide range of illegal acts carried out through the Internet or other digital devices, including fraud, identity theft, hacking, the spread of malware, to sexual exploitation of children. Girls are often the primary targets of these various forms of cybercrime. This is due to several factors, such as higher emotional vulnerability, still strong gender stereotypes, as well as a lack of education and awareness about cybersecurity among girls. Therefore, special protection that takes into account a gender perspective is essential to reduce the risk and impact of cybercrime against girls. In addition to the above cases, there are many more cases of cybercrime against girls in Indonesia that have not been or received public attention. Cybercrime is a serious threat that needs to be addressed seriously and urgently. So it is necessary to study further the impact of cybercrime on girls and to analyze gender perspectives in protecting girls' consumers as vulnerable consumers. Education on cybersecurity should start early, with a special focus on girls. Strict regulations and policies are needed to protect girls from sexual exploitation and other cybercrimes. Using protective technologies such as antivirus software and parental monitoring apps can help reduce the risk of girls becoming victims of cybercrime. Psychological and social support is crucial in helping girls who are victims to cope with the negative impact of cybercrime. Collaboration between various institutions and communities is essential to creating a secure and supportive digital environment for girls.

Dyadic Resistance in Parent-Adolescent Interactions During the Transition to High School.

Although prior research has examined adolescents' resistance to parental control, the dyadic level of analysis has been overlooked. This study attended to how a Canadian sample of parents and adolescents engaged in resisting one another by observing moment-to-moment actions as they discussed the upcoming transition to high school. A secondary analysis of data collected from 2010 to 2012 using the Action-Project Method was conducted. The sample of 27 parent-adolescent dyads (23 mothers; 4 fathers); 13 boys, 14 girls (Mean youth age = 13.3) was recruited from two urban centers. Videorecorded self-directed conversations were immediately followed by open-ended video recall interviews. A novel way of analyzing data at the dyadic level of analysis was developed based on critical reflexive thematic analysis guided by social constructionist theory. Resistance was observed at least once in 23 of the 27 conversations (total = 97, range = 0-9, Mean = 3.63, SD = 2.69). Four distinct themes were developed: Reminding of and then defending the "constant battle" lines, Cautious avoidance, the Nudging match, and No point anymore and minimal responses. Dyads varied in frequency and number of themes in their conversations with 78.56% engaging in more than one theme. Most differences came to a trickling of resistance wherein members did not agree but continued to interact without extending the resistance further. A dyad-centric approach to analysis was useful for observing how parents and adolescents engaged in resistance together. Our findings suggest that resistance can be seen as a dyadic concept that reflects a personalized relationship history that has implications for parent and youth identity development.