Parental Home Research Articles

Housing advantage, hidden curriculum, habitus: students’ past and future housing pathways revisited

ABSTRACT While past research into young people’s transitions out of the parental home identified a distinct student housing pathway offering an institutionally supported ‘housing advantage’, more recently scholars have pointed to widespread housing precarity among university students, reconceptualising the housing challenges students face as a ‘hidden curriculum’ that reinforces inequalities. Meanwhile, time spent navigating this hidden curriculum in increasingly widespread purpose-built student accommodations (PBSA) has the potential to reshape the student habitus, fostering future preferences for the high-density, privatized urban space PBSA represents. This paper re-examines these notions, drawing on interviews with 27 students in Waterloo, Canada, regarding their past experiences and future expectations of housing. While the interviews reveal a multitude of pathways, concepts of housing advantage and hidden curriculum are not as contradictory as they may appear, with many students benefitting from supports offered by university residences before facing an expensive, discriminatory and predatory rental market. Although students’ experiences normalized high-density living, they did not necessarily supersede long-term preferences for detached home ownership, and access to amenities was more important than private space as such.

PATTERN AND BURDEN OF VARIOUS MYTHS REGARDING POLIO VACCINE AMONG THE PARENTS OR LEGAL GUARDIANS WHO REFUSED POLIO VACCINATION TO THEIR CHILD

Polio is still prevalent worldwide and is yet to be eradicated from Pakistan despite the best efforts of various national and international organizations such as WHO, UNICEF, and UNESCO. A study was conducted to determine the different myths surrounding polio vaccination among parents or legal guardians who refused to vaccinate their children. The study aimed to identify the pattern and burden of various myths regarding the polio vaccine among the parents or legal guardians who refused polio vaccination to their children. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Community Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, in major areas of Multan City from June 25, 2022, to June 24, 2023. Field visits were made to the homes of parents or legal guardians of households who refused polio vaccination on the last 2 consecutive campaigns by EPI. Of the 241 respondents, 154 (63.9%) were males, and 87 (36.1%) were female respondents. The mean age of the study cases was 31.12 ± 4.59 years. The mean number of children was 4.12 ± 1.02, ranging from a minimum of 2 to a maximum of 7. Most of the study participants were illiterate, with only 12 % having education up to the matriculation level, and none having educational level more than matriculation. Of the 241 study cases, 87 (36.1 %) were jobless, 32% were laborers, 12.4% were shopkeepers, 3.7 % had their own business, 11.6 % were farmers, and 4.1 % had private jobs. Of the 241 study participants, 4.1% were Urdu speaking, 23.7% were Punjabi, 44 % were Saraiki, 15.8% were Baloch, and 12.4% were Pathans. The study results showed that 16.6% of the participants reported that the vaccine was unnecessary, and 52.3% reported that the vaccine was harmful. Most parents or guardians who refused to vaccinate their children against the polio virus believed that the vaccine was harmful and unnecessary. The myth that the vaccine is harmful and will make their child sterile was more prevalent. In contrast, the myth that the vaccine is unnecessary was significantly associated with the gender of respondents, education, socioeconomic status, occupation, and ethnicity. On the other hand, the myth that the vaccine is harmful was significantly associated with increasing age, socioeconomic status, education, occupation, and ethnicity.

The negative association of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic with the health of mother and child considering maternal childhood maltreatment

BackgroundSocial distancing strategies during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic have left families facing a variety of different constraints. Especially in this stressful time, children need a stable parental home to prevent developmental consequences. Additional risk factors such as maternal childhood maltreatment (CM) may affect mother’s psychosomatic health and children’s physical well-being in this period.ObjectiveIt was aimed to analyze the associations between maternal CM, mother’s mental health, and children’s physical complaints during the SARS-CoV-2-pandemic.MethodMothers of a well-documented birth cohort from a longitudinal study were included in this study. Psychosomatic health was assessed with the PHQ-D and children’s physical health with the GBB-KJ during the pandemic. N = 159 mothers completed the online survey. To describe the maternal CM, data from a longitudinal survey were used.ResultsThe calculation of three mediation analyses demonstrate that maternal depression symptoms (c-path: β = 0.10, p = .02; c’-path: β = 0.07, p = .13), somatic symptoms (c-path: β = 0.10, p = .02; c’-path: β = 0.07, p = .13) and psychosomatic symptoms (c-path: β = 0.10, p = .02; c’-path: β = 0.06, p = .19) fully mediate the relationship between CM and children’s physical health complaints.ConclusionsMaternal CM experiences seem to be one relevant risk factor during the pandemic and seem to influence the way in which parents deal with stressful situations and increase the risk for depressive symptoms. The present results highlight the importance to provide individually adjusted assistance to help the families to get through the pandemic.

Math intervention targeting family routines increases parental math talk and math activities

Previous interventions have seldom promoted family math engagement across family routines, tailored the intervention content to each family's typical routines, or provided videos of real families doing math. This feasibility study examines the effects of Math Made for Me (MM4M), a six-week program fostering math engagement across family routines via videos tailored to each family's typical routines. Participants were 76 parents and their 4-year-old children (M = 53.26 months; 47% female) from mostly middle-income, White backgrounds. Families were randomized into MM4M or a business-as-usual control condition. Parents' math talk, home math activities, and children's math skills were assessed at pre- and post-test. MM4M had positive, moderate-to-large effects on parents' math talk (d = 0.95) and home math activities (d = 0.55) but no effects on children's math skills. Promoting math across routines and tailoring the intervention content is a promising way through which family math engagement can be increased.

Yuvadan Ayrılmak: Türkiye'de Gençlerin Ebeveynlerinden Ayrı Yaşamalarını Belirleyen Faktörler Üzerine Bir İnceleme

This paper examines the determinants of young individuals' decision to leave their parental home in Turkey in the last decade. Using data from the Household Income and Living Conditions Survey (HILCS) from 2011 to 2021, we conduct a logit regression analysis to estimate the probability of young people leaving their parental home for reasons other than marriage. In this regard, we examine the household composition in the data, and we take the situation of living away from parental home as the dependent variable. We observe that the tendency to live independently of parents has increased slightly among young people over the past decade. We examine this new household trend at its outset, and our goal is to identify the factors that lead to the decision of young individuals to live independently. The results show the importance of income, education, gender, age, employment status, and regional differences in young individuals' residential choices. In particular, we show that personal income is a determining factor from mid-youth forward, while other factors predominate in early youth, and, for women, income and occupational status appear to be the dominant factors.

The trifecta of adulthood: Housing, partnering and childbearing trajectories

Substantial changes in residential transitions and family formation patterns have been observed in Western societies, but less attention has been paid to the de-standardisation of adulthood pathways in East Asian contexts, where unique social, economic and cultural circumstances may produce diverse trajectories that are less explored in existing theoretical and empirical frameworks. Adopting a life course perspective, this study identifies the multi-trajectories of housing, partnering and childbearing across adulthood in Taiwan, a setting marked by high housing costs and low fertility rates. Data from the Taiwanese Panel Study of Family Dynamics 2000–2020 (N = 6,931) were used for group-based trajectory modelling, and mixed-effects multinomial regression was employed to examine the likelihood of group membership given early-life resources and social origin. Six common housing–partnering–childbearing trajectories were identified. The most prevalent living arrangement was living in parental homes (50.7%), followed by rental homes (25%), self-owned homes (15.5%) and dorms or other (8.8%). Union formation generally precedes childbearing, whereas housing transitions may occur at various time points. Young adults’ home-leaving and homeownership access appear to be closely related to their parental backgrounds, such as their parents’ educational attainment and occupational status. Overall, the findings are consistent with the de-standardisation of pathways to adulthood, demonstrating the diversity in adult trajectories and the lack of a single dominant pattern.

EVALUATION OF SELF-HARM AND SUICIDAL ATTEMPTS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Self–harm and suicidal attempts are very important public health concerns and emerging issues affecting millions globally, especially young and adults. Suicidal attempts and self–harm are essential predictors of suicide in future and intolerable suffering. Assessment in this domain is challenging as no agreement is observed to conceptualize the behaviors. Our study aims to assess the prevalence rate of suicidal attempts and thoughts and self–harm thoughts in young adults. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University for 6 months. An online questionnaire was prepared and circulated among young adults. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The questionnaire included many demographic questions, including age, gender, living status, and relationship status. The data was analyzed using SPSS 24.0. For all qualitative variables, frequencies and percentages were measured. A total of 401 responses were collected. The number of female participants was more (66.6%) than male participants (33.4%). The majority of participants (70.3%) were aged between 18-23 years, followed by 24-29 years (23.7%) and 30-35 years (6%). In questions regarding self–harm and suicidal thoughts, 27.2% of respondents said that they had serious thoughts about suicide but never attempted it, 17.2% responded that they had such thoughts before attending university, and 11.7% said that they tried to attempt suicide in some manner. Thoughts of suicide and self–harm were observed among university students. Various factors influence students' mental health, including parental help, home environment, and university workload. Stress–free environment and social support to students may decrease the prevalence of suicidal tendencies among students.

Taking the perspective of the child in the light of micro-ethical issues: Reflections from a home-based ethnographic research

This article draws from ongoing PhD research investigating an innovative child protection practice in France called “at-home placements.” While the researcher conducted ethnographic field research, she shadowed social workers during home visits at the parental homes where the children lived. Based on her experience of observing intimate elements of family lives and families' interactions with social workers, this paper describes and addresses some ethical gaps she encountered. The authors describe two case studies to illustrate her work on interpreting the children’s perspective and including it in her research design. The case is made to leave some space for 'micro-ethics' to adapt the research process to the perspective children express during the ethnographic data collection.

Relationship between Parenting Styles and Socio-Emotional and Character Development among School Students

This study examines the relationship between parental styles and students' socio-emotional and character development in schools. The study also examines gender and school system effects on parenting styles and socio-emotional and character development in students. The correlational study focused on school children in Islamabad/Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The Social-emotional and character development scale (SECDS) and Parenting style Scale by Ghafoor and Kurukkan (2014) were used to assess social-emotional and character development and parenting styles. The study included 400 schoolchildren, 200 of whom were male and 200 females. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20. Results indicated that parents' attentiveness is positively correlated with pro-social conduct, honesty, self-control, self-development, school respect, and home respect. These qualities are negatively correlated with parental control. Female participants had more parental attentiveness, pro-social behavior, honesty, self-control, self-development, and respect in school and at home than male participants. Males scored higher on parental control. The study found that private school students had higher levels of parental responsiveness, pro-social conduct, honesty, self-control, self-development, school respect, and home respect than government school students. However, government school students had more parental control. Parenting methods affect children's behavior. School-aged children benefit from parental attention in socio-emotional and character development. Parental control, however, hinders such development. Female participants reported more parental attention, socio-emotional, and character development. Private school students develop socio-emotionally and character more than government school students.

Enzymotherapy infusion in home hospital care

The six pediatric care units of the Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris home hospitalization service provide daily care for 150 children. A small proportion are treated for enzyme-deficiency diseases at the reference centers of the Necker-Enfants malades and Armand-Trousseau hospitals. Treatment consists of a weekly injection of enzyme therapy, lasting from three to five hours. In order to reduce the time spent by the nursery nurse, while guaranteeing the quality and safety of care, a team discussion led to the drafting of a procedure for harmonizing practices and empowering families to carry out this enzymotherapy injection.

Oral health status treatment needs among 12 years old children living in orphanages and parental homes in Bangalore city: a cross sectional study

Background: Enjoying good oral health includes more than just having healthy teeth. Many children have inadequate oral and general health because of active and uncontrolled caries. In orphans the oral hygiene practices are usually neglected which may affect various aspects of life, including function, appearance, interpersonal relationships and even career opportunities. Aim of study was to assess oral health status, treatment needs among 12 years old children living in orphanages and compare with that of children living in parental homes and attending government school. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional comparative study was carried out among 460 twelve year old children living in orphanages and parental home. Oral health status and treatment needs was assessed using the World health Organization’s oral health assessment (tooth surface) form for children- 2013. Proportion was calculated using chi-square test and T-test. Results: Present study found mean decayed surface, mean missing surface and mean filled surface was higher in orphanage children (4.57±3.9), (0.17±0.91) and (3.2±0.37) and as compared to school children i.e. (3.88±3.91), (0.16±0.370) and (2.3±0.14). 68.7% school children required prompt treatment (including scaling) 24.3% required immediate treatment due to pain or infection of dental and oral origin, 5.7% required preventive or routine treatment. Conclusions: The study highlighted untreated caries, less filled component and high missing component among orphanage children compared to school children. There is need for dental care, primary prevention such as oral health education programmes in schools.

A gender story of institutional disengagement of young adults in Latin America

AbstractLatin America is home to many young adults who are neither engaged in formal education nor work, controversially dubbed as “nini” (“ni” trabajan “ni” estudian, denoting neither working nor studying). At the same time, early union formation and parenthood are pervasive in the region. Theories pertaining to the linkage between parenthood and female labor force participation are heavily based on evidence found in the Global North, with limited research on the topic in settings with less stable family structures, such as Latin American countries. This study tests the role household structure and family formation play on institutional disengagement of young adults in 12 Latin American countries. We explore the gender dynamic of human capital stagnation by focusing on early parenthood and conjugal partnership for women and men aged 20–25. We use censuses from the Integrated Public‐Use Microdata Series and country‐specific linear regression models. Our results reveal that the intersection of class and gender is a major determinant of institutional disengagement in the region. Women from lower social origins who leave parental home to enter conjugal union and parenthood at younger ages are particularly at risk. This study highlights the urgency of contextualizing the interplay between work and family within the framework of regional family norms, prompting further dialogues concerning the social implications of perceived inactivity.

Leaving the parental home in post‐apartheid South Africa

AbstractThe process by which young people leave home in South Africa is central for understanding the lives of the country's young adult population, as well as, their role in the structural household change that has occurred over the post‐apartheid period. However, hardly any quantitative work has been conducted on this process and no work exists on trends. This study provides nationally representative trends of home‐leaving for young adults in South Africa for the first time using a stacked series of annual cross‐sections between 1995 and 2011. Different home‐leaving rates by race converged in the late 90s and steadied in the 2000s. Most South Africans only left home by age 25—but whether this can be interpreted as ‘delayed’ or not is complicated by diverse family patterns and the presence of stretched households. Home‐leavers are especially dependent on labour market income in the absence of social grants targeted at the large unemployed young adult population. Since young women face higher unemployment rates than young men, women were notably more reliant than men on marriage as a pathway out of the parental home. Over time, young male home‐leavers are living alone at higher rates, meaning they have contributed to general household proliferation.

Food insecurity in international and domestic students at an Australian university 2 years into the global COVID-19 pandemic

ObjectivesThe aim of this article is to explore the differences in the prevalence, sociodemographic determinants, and effects of food insecurity between international and domestic students in an Australian university during the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodsThis study uses a cross-sectional online survey. The questionnaire contained the 18-item Household Food Security Survey Module to assess food security status. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the associations between student characteristics and food insecurity. A total of 467 students (376 domestic and 91 international) attending a large university in Sydney completed the survey between October 2021 and May 2022. ResultsCompared with domestic students (13.0% food insecure), international students (18.7% food insecure) had higher odds of being food insecure in our sample (odds ratio = 2.02; 95% CI, 1.01–4.07; P = 0.013). Different risk factors for food insecurity were identified in these two student groups (e.g., being undergraduates and living outside the parental home, for domestic students, and, for international students, living in accommodation that provided meals that did not suit their preferences and experiencing changes in living arrangements due to the pandemic). Lower fruit intake was reported by food-insecure domestic students. Poor well-being was reported by both food-insecure domestic and international students. International students with food insecurity were more likely to use food assistance services than food-insecure domestic students. ConclusionsInternational students experienced a higher risk of food insecurity than domestic students during the pandemic in Australia. More tailored interventions to address food insecurity need to be developed for international and domestic students by considering their different experiences.

Therapeutic exposures and pubertal testicular dysfunction are associated with adulthood milestones and paternity after childhood cancer.

Childhood cancer therapy may cause long-term effects. This cross-sectional study evaluated adulthood milestones in male childhood cancer survivors (CCS). The study population comprised 252 male CCS with 6 to 42years of survival diagnosed at the Children's Hospital in Helsinki (1964-2000) at the age of 0 to 17years. Sex-, age-, and area of residence-matched population controls were randomly selected from the Finnish national registries. Data on moving away from the parental home, marital status, offspring, and adoption in CCS were compared with the population controls. We analyzed the influence of chemotherapy and radiation exposures and testicular dysfunction (ever nontestosterone-substituted serum follicle stimulating hormone>15 IU/L, luteinizing hormone >15 IU/L, testosterone <2ng/mL (5nmol/L), need of testosterone replacement therapy, or testicular volume <12mL at the end of puberty) during pubertal maturation on long-term social outcomes. CCS moved away from their parental home as frequently as population controls (97.8% vs. 98.5%, p=.45). CCS were less likely to marry or live in a registered relationship (46.4% vs. 57.5%, p<.001), especially when diagnosed at a young age (<4years). Among those married, the probability of divorce was similar between CCS and population controls (27.4% vs. 23.8%, p=.41). Survivors were less likely to sire a child (38.5% vs. 59.1%, p<.001) and more likely to adopt (2% vs. 0.4%, p=.015). Lower probability of paternity was associated with hematopoietic stem cell therapy, testicular radiation dose >6Gy, pubertal signs of testicular dysfunction (nontestosterone-substituted serum follicle stimulating hormone>15 IU/L, luteinizing hormone >15 IU/L, testosterone <2ng/mL (5nmol/L), or need of testosterone replacement therapy during puberty, or testicular volume <12mL at the end of puberty) or azoospermia after puberty. This study emphasizes the value of pubertal monitoring of testicular function to estimate future probability of paternity. If no signs of dysfunction occurred during pubertal follow-up, paternity was comparable to population controls. Testicular radiation dose >6Gy appeared to be the strongest risk factor for decreased paternity. Treatment with intensive therapies, including hematopoietic stem cell therapy, testicular radiation dose >6Gy, and signs of testicular dysfunction, during puberty are important risk factors for lower rates of fertility. Intensive therapies and testicular dysfunction itself do not similarly hamper psychosocial milestones in adulthood; cancer diagnosis at a very young age (<4years) lower the probability of marriage. This study accentuates the importance of monitoring of pubertal development, emphasizing on testicular function, not only sperm analysis, to estimate future fertility among male childhood cancer survivors.

Timing of transitions, their patterns, and antecedents from emerging to established adulthood in the context of a changing society

This study focuses on life transition patterns and their psychosocial antecedents in a cohort of established adults who grew up during major macrosocial changes in the Czech society. The Generation 2020 longitudinal study followed former university students since 2007. The first wave occurred when the students were 18-32 years old; the second wave occurred when they were 29-43 years old. In the first wave, they completed questionnaires on identity styles, emotional control, and self-efficacy (in terms of perceived control). In the second wave, they completed the Life History Calendar, focusing on the timing of major life transitions: moving from the parental home, entry into cohabitation, marriage, parenthood, and regular employment. Latent class analysis revealed four patterns of life transitions: work-oriented singles, normative timing, family-oriented, and work-oriented group with delayed partnership and family. Further analysis showed that emotional control and self-efficacy were not related to any pattern of life transitions, but several identity styles were significant predictors, particularly for patterns related to the early timing of marriage and family. The results indicate a certain change in the patterns of life transitions compared to older age cohorts and the importance of self-concept for later psychosocial functioning.

Mobile applications to support parents in the transition from neonatal intensive care unit to home: a narrative review.

Among the unique challenges for parents in the transition of infant care from neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to home are the medical complexity of their babies and the psychological burden of caring for this special patient population. Despite the increased use and accessibility of smartphones, mobile applications (apps) intended for use by families during this transition remain underdeveloped and understudied. Apps to support parents of infants in the NICU represent an accessible potential solution to mitigate existing disparities in follow up. Through this Narrative Review, we intend to describe the characteristics of and development process for apps intended to address the challenges parents with NICU babies may face, and to provide recommendations for further development of apps for this purpose. We conducted a review of articles published between November 2012 to November 2022. This search spanned three major databases, PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL, using a controlled vocabulary and keywords for mobile apps and the NICU. These three databases generated 473 articles for review. Utilizing the online primary screening and data extraction tool Covidence, we ultimately included eight articles in this narrative review. There are few existing mobile apps intended to ease the transition home for parents of babies in the NICU. There are even fewer apps that have been critically evaluated using acceptable methods and produced with contribution from healthcare practitioners. Among the existing articles on app solutions to benefit education and socioemotional support for parents, many emphasized the importance of including key stakeholders during the app development process and highlighted both qualitative and quantitative measures for assessing relative success of these apps in a clinical setting. Although the experiences of parents with infants admitted to the NICU have been well-studied, there remain relatively few existing apps to provide educational and socioemotional support to this population. Future studies should focus on an iterative process of app development whereby both parents and providers are closely involved, in combination with critical appraisal of the app to assess for appropriate support and education of caregivers.

THREE TYPES OF NOSTALGIA IN COMPUTER GAMES

THREE TYPES OF NOSTALGIA IN COMPUTER GAMES

Home stimulation, development, and nutritional status of children under 2 years of age in the highlands of Madagascar

BackgroundThe Vakinankaratra region of Madagascar has a high burden of child undernutrition which, in addition to poor psychosocial stimulation, is a strong risk factor of poor child development. However, there are limited studies evaluating the relations between developmental deficits, child nutrition outcomes, and home stimulation in the region. The purpose of this study was to assess the development of children aged 11–13 months in relation to their nutritional status and to examine parental home stimulation attitudes and practices in the Vakinankaratra region.MethodsCognitive (n = 36), language (n = 36), motor (n = 36), and socioemotional (n = 76) development were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III. Household stimulation environment was evaluated using the family care indicators survey. Stunting (length-for-age z-score < − 2) and underweight (weight-for-age z-score < − 2) were determined using the 2006 WHO growth standards. Perceptions of and barriers to greater home stimulation for children were collected using focus group discussions among parents and in-depth interviews with community nutrition agents.ResultsAlmost all mothers reported that parent–child interaction with talk and play was very important. Alarmingly high stunting rates (> 69%) were observed in this subsample. Limited time and tiredness were the major barriers to home stimulation mentioned by parents and confirmed by key informants. Children had a very limited variety of play materials, and most of the mothers used household objects (75%) and materials from outside the house (71%) as children’s toys. Composite cognitive [mean (SD): 60 (10.3)], motor [61.9 (13.4)], language [62 (13.2)], and socioemotional [85.1 (17.9]) scores were low. Fine motor, cognitive, and receptive and expressive language scores were correlated [0.4 < r < 0.7, p < 0.05].ConclusionsThe very high stunting rates and very low performance on cognitive, motor, language, and socioemotional development assessments of children in the Vakinankaratra region require urgent attention.

ФУНКЦІЇ ГЕТЕРОТОПІЙ В СУЧАСНІЙ УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ ДРАМАТУРГІЇ

The article reveals the specificity of the heterotopic approach in the analysis of artistic texts and characterizes the functions of heterotopias in modern Ukrainian drama. Examining artistic dramatic texts as «other space» it was found that modern Ukrainian playwrights at the liminal stage resorted to creating the image of a parental house, a village, a provincial town, which realize in the texts the heterotopia function of a prison that breaks time; the heterotopia of the Maidan, Donbass as a museum and archive that accumulates time, and interpreted the current state of the country through the function of the heterotopia of the library in intertextual images, motifs and plots. At the postliminal stage, the heterotopia of the parental house, the town, changed its function to that of a museum. By resorting to heterotopia as an artistic image in dramas, playwrights have the opportunity to highlight the collision of a private and public character, which strengthens the dramaturgical conflict, to demonstrate how the personal spaces of the characters are presented in «other spaces», which helps to realize the specificity of the character of the heroes, they have the opportunity to embody «rituals of transition» between topos and images of “ritual sacrifices” that the characters are ready for in order to go beyond heterotopia. Heterotopias of the subject of broadcasting in modern Ukrainian drama are manifested primarily by the time-spaces of captivity, prison, hospital, educational institution, train, ship. Ukrainian dramaturgy of the post-liminal period, in addition to changing the function of the heterotopia of the parental home, village, town, train, represents the heterotopia of the shelter (bomb shelter). Playwrights actively involve heterotopic images that realize the author's idea of an artistic return of a character to his own past in order to find and reflect on mistakes, to get answers to questions or strength to fight from the past. The hero's past, recorded in memories, has signs of a hermetic space with its internal laws, rituals, interrupts, stops or accumulates time.