Parental Work Research Articles

What it means to say, ‘a person is a person through other persons’: Ubuntu through humanistic-existential lenses of transactional analysis

ABSTRACT Ubuntu is a relational philosophy which is best known through the axiom, ‘umuntu ngubuntu ngabantu’ a person is a person through other persons. Transactional Analysis (TA) as a relational theory as well, is used in this paper, to expand on the understanding of the Ubuntu proverb. Existential life position, ‘I’m OK, You’re OK’ and constructs of TA such as transgenerational scripts, stroking and physis are utilized to expand on the meaning of ‘umuntu ngubuntu ngabantu.’ Based on the provisions of TA, the African axiom is connected to aspects of child development, parenting, communication, sustainable development, spirituality and ecological social work. Significantly, the discourse argues that ‘umuntu ngubuntu ngabantu’ should never be divorced from the values of the African philosophy which include kindness, forgiveness, hospitality, humanness, social justice, human rights, social solidarity, liberty and other positive virtues. Thus, this paper is a plea for a TA and ubuntu informed social work practice that can entangle humanity from the negative transactional scripts whilst reinforcing the positive ones. To its end, the paper questions what this generation will be remembered for when it becomes the living dead (ancestors).

A divided schooling system: the spatial nature of secondary education in Ladybrand, Free State, South Africa

ABSTRACT School choice and commuting in Ladybrand’s three high schools was explored. While all were numerically dominated by Black African children, only the fee-charging former whites-only public school, in the heart of Ladybrand, had a multiracial learner profile. Black African learners enrolled in this school hailed from mostly middle-class homes in the neighbouring Black African township of Lesotho. The homes are financially resourced. Parents are educated, married and employed in skilled or professional jobs. These learners passively commuted to school. The profile of the two no-fee schools, located in the former ‘black only’ designated peripheral townships, was different. Here learners are almost exclusively Black South Africans, living in poorly educated, single-parent homes. Household finances were weak with parents either unemployed or working in semi-skilled or unskilled jobs. These learners either used a subsidized government bus, mini-bus taxis or walked (in some cases long distances from neighbouring farms) to school. Parents said they selected no-fee schools on geographical proximity and low cost; whereas education quality drove choice for the former white school. The socio-economic and demographic profile of learners in no-fee versus fee-paying schools was statistically significant. Ladybrand’s high schools are segregated by class, a situation reflecting much of urban South Africa.

Adolescents’ problematic internet use in secondary school students in Lagos, Nigeria: A preliminary examination of individual and family-based predictors and consequences

With the rise of internet accessibility and usage among adolescents, we need to better understand the ways in which family experiences may be impacting problematic internet usage (PIU) for adolescents. Using data collected at two time points from a sample of adolescents (N = 741) enrolled in private secondary schools in Lagos, Nigeria, we examine the roles of family and parental work experience factors on adolescent PIU and the ways in which this PIU may be associated with negative adolescent and family outcomes. Results suggest that PIU is positively associated with increased adolescent aggression (p = .008) and serves as a mechanism for the indirect positive relationship between parental monitoring of online activity and family satisfaction (p < .05). In addition, there are a variety of individual (quantity of internet usage, p < .001), family (family satisfaction, p < .001, and familialism, p < .001) and parental (parent-child attachment, p < .001, parental monitoring of online activity, p = .007, and low parental work-family conflict, p < .05) factors that are negatively related to PIU behaviors for adolescents.

A Cross-Cultural Study of Organizational Work–Family Initiatives, Work Demands and Conflict, and Job-Related Outcomes among Working Parents across 24 Countries

To examine applicability of the work–family interface consisting of work–family initiatives, work demands, work–family conflict, and job-related outcomes developed in Western societies across countries with individualist and collectivist cultures, the present study used data collected by the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) in 2005 from 6878 parents in 24 countries through random sampling. Results from multigroup structural equation modeling analyses showed that parental work–family experiences are highly susceptible to cultural values and gender roles. These relationships among variables differed by gender across four groups ranging from high-individualism to high-collectivism. Fathers in highly individualist countries (e.g., Great Britain and the United States) were most affected by the work–family model, whereas mothers in highly collectivist countries (e.g., Mexico and the Philippines) were most influenced by the model. Findings of the present study highlight the importance of general and culture-specific practices for multinational organizations to help their employees address work–family issues.

The roles of parental and partner attachment working models in romantic relationships

Attachment theory suggests that romantic relationship dynamics are not only shaped by how people relate to their partners but also by the bonds they share with other important people in their lives. The present study investigated how parental and partner attachment representations work together to predict romantic relationship functioning. In addition, we examined how the associations between these working models and relationship functioning might differ in newer versus more established relationships. We measured attachment representations and relationship functioning in a sample of 1,469 adults involved in romantic relationships. Our results suggest that partner-specific attachment might mediate the associations between parental attachment working models and relationship satisfaction. Furthermore, it appears that the association between partner-specific attachment anxiety and relationship satisfaction is stronger in more established relationships, whereas partner-specific avoidance is associated with satisfaction to similar degrees across relationships of varying lengths.

Parental work hours and household income as determinants of unhealthy food and beverage intake in young Australian children.

This study examined parental work hours and household income as determinants of discretionary (energy dense, nutrient poor) food and beverage intake in young children, including differences by eating occasion. Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data. Three hierarchical regression models were conducted with percent energy from discretionary food and beverages across the day, at main meals, and at snack times being the outcomes. Dietary intake was assessed by 1x24-hour recall and 1-2x24-hour food record(s). Both maternal/paternal work hours were included, and total household income. Covariates included household, parent and child factors. Data from the NOURISH/SAIDI studies were collected between 2008-13. Participants included 526 mother-child dyads (median(IQR) child age 1.99(1.96,2.03) years). Forty-one percent of mothers did not work while 57% of fathers worked 35-40 hours/week. Most (85%) households had an income of ≥$50k AUD/year. Household income was consistently inversely associated with discretionary energy intake (β= -0.12 to -0.15). Maternal part-time employment (21-35 hours/week) predicted child consumption of discretionary energy at main meals (β=0.10, p=0.04). Paternal unemployment predicted a lower proportion of discretionary energy at snacks (β= -0.09, p=0.047). This work suggests that household income should be addressed as a key opportunity-related barrier to healthy food provision in families of young children. Strategies to reduce the time burden of healthy main meal provision may be required in families where mothers juggle longer part-time working hours with caregiving and domestic duties. The need to consider the role of fathers and other parents/caregivers in shaping children's intake was also highlighted.

Primary school reopenings and parental work.

In this paper, we exploit the geographical pattern of primary school reopenings during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Canada to estimate the impact of school reopenings on parental employment and work hours. We use a triple‐difference approach, in which we first compare parents of primary‐school children in regions where schools reopened to similar parents in regions where schools remained closed and add parents of older, secondary‐school children as an additional control group. We estimate the impact of school reopenings separately for mothers and fathers, and for single parents and parents living in dual‐parent households. We find a positive impact of school reopenings on employment and on actual hours worked. The effects tend to be stronger for single mothers, but are also present for mothers and fathers in dual‐parent households in the spring of 2020. Overall, single mothers experienced an 18 percentage point increase in their employment at work rate following school reopenings. We also split our sample according to whether the job can be done from home, and find stronger impacts for those whose jobs cannot easily be done from home.

Burnout across boundaries: Can parental burnout directly or indirectly influence work outcomes?

Burnout, while historically considered a work-related condition, can be associated with parenting where it can have direct impacts upon parental outcomes and one’s personal resources such as mental health. However, little is known about the domain-incongruent effects of burnout and thus whether parental burnout can manifest within the workplace. The current study uses longitudinal data collected from 499 parents over three intervals across an 8-month period to explore two possible mechanisms. Firstly, a direct relationship is explored by considering whether parental burnout provides incremental validity above job burnout in the prediction of three work outcomes: job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and counterproductive work behaviors. Secondly, it is explored whether depression mediates the relationship between parental burnout and work outcomes. Findings suggest parental burnout may have limited impacts upon work outcomes, providing the impetus for a new direction of research to better understand whether or how burnout in one domain of life can influence the outcomes in other life domains.

Employment, health visits, mental health, and mortality in parents with a chronically ill child: a Danish nationwide population-based cohort study.

Pediatric chronic diseases were negatively associated with parental employment, mental health, and mortality, and increased health care utilization. • Studies on the impact of pediatric chronic diseases on parental health are qualitative. • Knowledge is unavailable regarding the impact on parental work, health care utilization, and mortality. • Among 13,769 parents with a chronically ill child and 138,606 control parents, parents with a chronically ill child had 37% increased antidepressant drug redemptions, and these parents <50 years without comorbidities had 69% increased mortality hazard. • Medical doctors should consider the parental health condition and societal challenges related to having child with a chronic disease.

Parental Working Hours and Children's Sedentary Time: A Cross-sectional Analysis of the J-SHINE.

BackgroundSedentary behaviors are prevalent among children and can have a detrimental effect on their health. Little is known about the influence of parental time on children’s sedentary behavior. This study examined the association between parental working hours and children’s sedentary time.MethodsCross-sectional data were drawn from the Japanese Study on Stratification, Health, Income, and Neighborhood (J-SHINE) in 2010 and 2011. Participants were 886 children aged 7–18 years and their parents. The primary outcome was self-reported sedentary time after school that comprised screen time and non-screen time. The main explanatory variable was parental working hours. We used multiple regression analysis adjusting for sociodemographic factors.ResultsChildren’s mean sedentary time was 222 (standard deviation [SD], 123) min/day; 144 (SD, 108) min/day screen time and 78 (SD, 65) min/day non-screen time. Children whose mothers worked ≥20 hours/week had 28 (95% CI, 9 to 48) min/day longer sedentary time than children of homemakers (240 min/day vs 214 min/day). The longer maternal working hours, the longer sedentary time (P for trend <0.01). In contrast, children whose fathers worked ≥48 hours/week had 82 (95% CI, −156 to −7) min/day shorter sedentary time than children of non-working fathers (179 min/day vs 264 min/day). When limited to children whose fathers worked, there was no statistically significant association between children’s sedentary time and paternal working hours.ConclusionsChildren with mothers who work long hours or fathers not working tend to sit more. Supplementing the shortages in resources for childcare may be necessary among those families.

The Impact of Weekday-to-Weekend Sleep Differences on Health Outcomes among Adolescent Students

The sleep difference between weekdays and weekends can lead to negative physical and mental health outcomes in adolescents. Thus, this study has attempted to analyze the impact of sleep time differences on various health outcomes, using nationally representative panel data. Data from the junior high school student panel of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey were analyzed. The sleep difference was defined as the difference between the average sleep duration on weekdays and that on weekends in minutes. A series of mixed effect linear regression models for continuous variables or mixed effect logit regression for binary variables was utilized. Korean adolescent students reported from 96.8 min to 133.2 min of sleep duration difference between weekdays and weekends. After controlling for gender, parent work status, and type of housing, the weekday-to-weekend sleep differences were associated with various health-related outcomes including concentration difficulty, aggression, somatic symptoms, and withdrawal. Additionally, adolescent student life satisfaction was associated with sleep difference. The sleep differences among adolescent students were more associated with mental health-related outcomes and emotional symptoms than with physical health-related outcomes. The appropriate intervention to reduce the sleep difference gap is an important key to improve health in the adolescence period.

‘I caught you!’ Part 2: enriching the external reality

ABSTRACT This paper describes and explores the second part of the therapeutic treatment of a young boy who was diagnosed with autism, aged two. In the previous paper, his intensive psychoanalytic psychotherapy and his mind’s growth were covered. In this paper, his non-intensive psychotherapy, parent work, a home-enrichment programme, a structured personality assessment (including use of the WISC-III UK), and mainstream integration will be reported on. The aim of this account is to argue that differential diagnosis is essential for complex cases where there is early neglect and abuse in the child’s developmental history. A psychoanalytic approach that includes personality assessment is suggested to accompany, and even at times replace, the more widely used medical and behavioural assessment methods. It is argued that this can be more comprehensive and helpful in getting to the bottom of the child’s psychological and developmental difficulties, and so can aid in planning effective treatment and support.

Peacekeeping masculinities, intersectionality, and gender equality – negotiations of military life and civilian life by Danish soldier/veteran-parents

ABSTRACT Combining the work of peacekeeping and parenting can lead to dilemmas in the work/life balance of individual soldier/parents. Simultaneously, ideals of ‘peacekeeping masculinities’ can potentially be used in struggles for gender equality in peacekeeping. Our aim is to discuss whether and how ‘peacekeeping masculinities’ is a useful concept and tool to increase our thinking on what it means to be both a ‘good soldier’ and a ‘good parent’. We ask two questions: (1) (How) can the notion of ‘peacekeeping masculinities’ help us analyse the relations between bodies and binaries in peacekeeping and parenting? (2) (How) can an intersectional approach to ‘peacekeeping masculinities’ help us analyse dilemmas in gendered negotiations between peacekeeping and parenting? We argue that peacekeeping masculinities and intersectionality often are used as buzzwords instead of directly related to clearly identified struggles for gender equality. This provides limits to their usefulness. Since military life and civilian life are both separate and related fields, it is useful to combine a focus on peacekeeping and parenting to make better use of the notion of peacekeeping masculinities. We illustrate the argument with interviews with male and female soldier/veteran-parents from the Royal Danish Air Force (RDAF), who have been on international peacekeeping missions.

Protection and Empowering Children in India: Special Reference to COVID-19 Crisis

The study pertains to all children, regardless of their age or location, who are impacted, especially by socioeconomic factors. Child protection is the discipline of avoiding and responding to all forms of abuse, exploitation, and violence. Education and health are the two areas that are affected most immediately (as a result of the immediate impact of school closures due to the disruption of health services). This entails helping adolescents who are most at risk for such dangers, such as those who are abandoned by young families, living on the streets, or who are impacted by military confrontation or natural disasters. The COVID 19 pandemic, which is harming children’s health, social, and material well-being worldwide and is especially difficult on the poorest children, such as those who are homeless and those who held in custody, will be the subject of this study, which will investigate how to protect and empower children both during and after the pandemic. Children are more likely to suffer from poor nutrition, be exposed to domestic violence, suffer more stress and anxiety and have less access to crucial family and care services when schools are closed, isolated, or socially isolated. The research is descriptive and qualitative in character. This study is indeed very inventive and provides a bird’s-eye view of the laws and policies relating to the role responsibility and immediate government measures that need to be taken to ensure that children have access to nutritious meals, are shielded from child abuse and neglect, continue to receive services for their physical and mental health, are educated, and can use the internet safely. Additionally, as parental work is essential to battling child poverty, policies must promote it.

Parental Time Poverty, Child Work and School Attendance in Ghana

Parental Time Poverty, Child Work and School Attendance in Ghana

Supplemental Material for Parent Work–Life Conflict and Adolescent Adjustment During COVID-19: Mental Health and Parenting as Mediators

Supplemental Material for Parent Work–Life Conflict and Adolescent Adjustment During COVID-19: Mental Health and Parenting as Mediators

Persepsi dan Pendampingan Belajar Anak Oleh Orang Tua Di Masa Pandemi Covid- 19

The purpose of this study was to (1) Describe the parents' perceptions of the implementation of learning from home by students, (2) To analyze the role of parents in learning assistance for students, (3) To analyze the factors that support and hinder parents in learning assistance for fifth-grade students of SDN Tegalarum 1 during the Covid-19 pandemic.Supporting factors for learning assistance by parents for learning from home: (1) the use of WhatsApp as a communication medium and a learning medium (2) The role of schools in providing guidance and consultation services for students and parents. As for the obstacles faced by parents during learning assistance at home: (1) cellphones are often brought to work while children at home do not have cell phones; (2) some parents don't have Android phones; (3) Many parents find it difficult about learning materials when accompanying children to learn; (3) additional internet quota fees; and (4) additional work for parents in accompanying children to learn.

Pola asuh keluarga desa mengantisipasi resiko penggunaan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi

The risk of using information technology and communication (ICT) in children depends on how parents oversee and direct them. Need a relevant parenting in facing the risk of typing ICT. The purpose of this study is to find out how the family custody is right in anticipating the risk of information technology and communication. Data was obtained through observation and in-depth interviews in randomly selected parents sampling. Data analysis techniques in descriptive qualitative way with phenomenological approaches. The results showed that there were several parenting applied, namely permissive, authoritarian and democratic custody. The variations of the custody are influenced by several factors including the level of education of parents, the type of work of parents, social economic status of the family, the level of religiosity of parents, and the age of the child's age. Meanwhile the obstacles of parents in anticipating the negative impact of the use of information technology and communication include time limitations of overseeing children because both parents both work, the playing environment that average uses smart phones, parents do not have the ability to operate media information and communication so it is difficult Control what children do in the use of ICT.

SOCIO-CULTURAL AND SOCIAL-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PARENTS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON LEARNING OUTCOMES OF CLASS VII STUDENTS OF SMP NEGERI 11 TANJUNGBALAI SCHOOL YEAR 2020/2021

Many factors can affect a student's success in learning, both internal and external factors, such as socio-cultural and economic parents of students. The study aims to analyze the socio-cultural conditions (family environment) and socio-economic conditions of parents (education, employment and parental income) and their effect on students' social study learning outcomes. From most of the socio-cultural conditions of students (family environments) are categorized well. The socio-cultural conditions of students have a significant effect on the learning outcomes of students' social studies with a value of p = 0.004, in socio-economic conditions of the student's parents, most of whom have a low education, work as non-civil servants and the majority of the student's parents' income is relatively low. The education of the student's parents has a significant effect on the student's social studies learning outcomes. The work of the student's parents had a significant effect on the student's social study learning outcomes with a score of p = 0.016. The income of the parents of students had a significant effect on the learning outcomes of social studies of students with a value of p = 0.017, the results of a double logistic regression analysis concluded that the socio-cultural and educational conditions of parents were simultaneously a significant and dominant (strong) influence on social study learning outcomes for students of class VII of Tanjungbalai State Junior High School 11 Tanjungbalai school year 2020/2021.

Challanging Globalization Era by Reconstruction And Reposition of Islamic Education System

There are many issues related to the progress of islamic education especially in Indonesia. This paper tried to explore the strategies in improving the quality of islamic education by reconstruction of elamic education institute. The qualitative approach was used in collecting the data from various resources. The findings showed that in order to optimize quality of education and facing the globalization challanges, Islamic leaders need to emigrate, mainly in terms of the reconstruction of a more professional managerial aspects and the improvement of quality of education, providing quality assurance, excellent service, and responsibility for its work for students, parents, and community as the stakeholdersmoreover, the implementation of Islamic education in school, the required move is related to the reconstruction of the methodological aspect, from a doctrinaire and dogmatic-traditional learning leads to a more dynamic and contextual-actual one. To implement the contextual approach requires some basic principals, among others: philosophical approaches to understandreligious texts in order not to lose actual, contextual, and fresh ideas, as well as the need to understand and willingness to accept different religious mindset.