Parental Goals Research Articles

Parental Preferences and Goals Regarding ADHD Treatment

Parental Preferences and Goals Regarding ADHD Treatment

Extrinsic relative to intrinsic goal pursuits and peer dynamics: Selection and influence processes among adolescents

Self-Determination Theory discerns goals and values in terms of whether they are intrinsic or extrinsic in nature. Although research substantiates the importance of goal preferences for a host of outcomes, few studies examined how such preferences develop, and studies that did pay attention to this focused on parental influence processes. The present study focuses on the role of peers. Social network analyses on longitudinal data gathered among senior high-school students (N = 695) confirm that peer similarity in goal pursuit exists, and that, although this similarity partly originates from adolescents selecting friends on the basis of perceived goal pursuit similarity, it also results from peers actively influencing each other. Hence, friends tend to become more alike in terms of goal pursuit over time. Data also suggest that, although changes in goal pursuit at this age can be predicted from peer dynamics, they cannot be attributed to parental goal promotion efforts.

Linguistic Ideology and State Power: German and English Education in Ontario, 1880–1912

Abstract: This article analyzes the relationship between German and English in Ontario's educational system between 1880 and 1912. It examines textbooks, curriculum, and the linguistic ideology of the Education Department. It charts the transition of German from one of three languages of instruction alongside English and French to an elective subject. By connecting German to other language debates in the period, this study expands our view of English–French relations in Ontario. The analysis of several languages also contributes new perspectives on bilingual education in North America. In addition, the focus on linguistic and cultural policies reassesses the layers of state power and the rising authority of the provincial education bureaucracy. Finally, by situating the educational experience of German-speaking children and the goals of German-speaking parents within the broader context of projects of standardization in the late nineteenth century, the author challenges the assumption about the singular importance of the First World War on German language and culture in Ontario and more broadly in Canada and the United States.

THE ACHIEVEMENT GOAL ORIENTATION OF DISADVANTAGED PHYSICAL SCIENCES STUDENTS FROM SOUTH AFRICA

This study attempted to identify the achievement goal orientation of grade 12 Physical Sciences students from disadvantaged communities, and thereafter explain goal orientation by investigating its interaction with teacher, school and parent goal emphasis. The research adopted a mixed methods design involving first a quantitative survey of 300 students from 6 schools using an achievement goal questionnaire developed by Vedder-Weiss and Fortus (2010), followed by interviews with 12 students that served to explicate the trends revealed from the survey. A finding of this study was that disadvantaged Black students have a much stronger performance goal orientation in comparison to a mastery goal orientation. Students perceive the teacher, school and their parent to emphasize such a goal orientation. Despite disadvantaged students being motivated to perform well and achieve high marks in science, the dismal grade 12 results in the national Physical Sciences examination does suggest that a performance goal orientation of students may not be ideal. Key words: achievement goal orientation, mastery goal, performance goal, science learning.

Goal setting within family care planning: families with complex needs.

To identify the key goals that are established by children and parents from families in which parents have substance use and/or mental health problems, and the level of progress achieved towards goals over 1 year of case management. Participants from three rural sites of a New South Wales non-government agency completed family care plans between 2008 and 2010. They included 44 parents and 41 children from 37 families where at least one parent had a dual diagnosis or mental illness. Family care plans were analysed to identify the frequency and progress of child and parent goals across 11 domains. Goals identified by parents and children, and change scores over a 12-month period. Children most frequently set goals to enhance their knowledge of mental illness, schooling, family connectedness and interpersonal skills. Parents most frequently set goals to improve their knowledge of mental health. Children recorded greatest goal achievement: in enhancing their mental health knowledge, community/social connectedness and accommodation needs. Parents recorded most goal progress in understanding developmental milestones of their children. Goal setting appears to be an important mechanism for assisting families with complex needs. Clinicians need to address the mental health literacy of families where a parent has a substance use problem and/or mental illness.

Goal Setting During Early Childhood Parent-Teacher Conferences: A Comparison of Three Groups of Parents

Parent–teacher communication and partnerships are important in children's early years. This study compared goal setting, conducted in English, during Head Start parent–teacher conferences with native Spanish speaking, Latino bilingual, and native English speaking parents and their children's teachers. To understand conference goal-setting partnerships, a mixed-methods research design was implemented, which incorporated (1) qualitative analysis of interviews, (2) quantitative analysis of conference utterances and goal-setting talk, and (3) qualitative analysis of goal-setting talk. Results indicated that teachers' conference expectations were at times different from native Spanish speaking parents and those of native English speaking parents. Teachers spoke the most with and asked least often for parent goals during conferences with native Spanish speaking parents. When asked for goals, teachers provided native Spanish speaking parents with the fewest opportunities to respond compared to the other two groups of parents. Teachers' goal-setting talk resulted in control of children's goals, particularly with native Spanish speaking parents. Results illustrate early educators' and families' challenges to goal-setting partnerships. This study has implications for early education programs as they develop partnerships with families from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds.

Collectivist and individualist values traits in Finnish and Italian adolescents' alcohol norms

PurposeThe study aims to investigate a possible application of the concepts of individualist and collectivist (I‐C) value traits in inquiries on alcohol drinking norms in different alcohol cultures.Design/methodology/approachData from focus group discussions (n=16) with Italian and Finnish adolescents (aged 13‐16) is trialled against some typical dissimilarities featured in the literature on I‐C cultures.FindingsThe study shows that the features identified in the I‐C dichotomy regarding personality traits and parental goal for children correlate with some culturally anchored meaning‐making of agency and autonomy emphasized in judgements of correct ways of drinking.Originality/valueThe authors conclude that with certain caveats I‐C dichotomy could indeed be applied more in the cross‐cultural alcohol research.

More Is More or More Is Less? Parental Financial Investments during College

Evidence shows that parental financial investments increase college attendance, but we know little about how these investments shape postsecondary achievement. Two theoretical frameworks suggest diametric conclusions. Some studies operate from a more-is-more perspective in which children use calculated parental allocations to make academic progress. In contrast, a more-is-less perspective, rooted in a different model of rational behavior, suggests that parental investments create a disincentive for student achievement. I adjudicate between these frameworks, using data from nationally representative postsecondary datasets to determine what effect financial parental investments have on student GPA and degree completion. The findings suggest seemingly contradictory processes. Parental aid decreases student GPA, but it increases the odds of graduating—net of explanatory variables and accounting for alternative funding. Rather than strategically using resources in accordance with parental goals, or maximizing on their ability to avoid academic work, students are satisficing: they meet the criteria for adequacy on multiple fronts, rather than optimizing their chances for a particular outcome. As a result, students with parental funding often perform well enough to stay in school but dial down their academic efforts. I conclude by highlighting the importance of life stage and institutional context for parental investment.

Sleep disorders in infants and children

Sleep disorders in infants and children are common and often behavioural in origin. Problems include difficulties going to sleep and/or maintaining sleep. History taking should focus on the bedtime routine, consistency of caregiver approach to settling, sleep cues and exclusion of medical problems including atopy and obstructive sleep apnoea. Management includes ascertaining parent goals, ensuring these are realistic and then offering parents a choice of evidence-based strategies, tailored to family need and capacity. Sleep diaries and parent education materials from evidence-based web sites complement the consultation.

Socialization goals of first-generation immigrant Indian parents: A Q-methodological study.

This research utilized Q methodology (Stephenson, 1953) to uncover first-generation immigrant Indian parents’ (N 18) socialization goals for their children. Participants carried out the Q-sort task in response to two questions. Through the first question, we explored participants’ socialization goals for their children in the United States, whereas through the second question, we explored participants’ perception of the socialization goals of parents raising children in India. We also conducted follow-up semistructured interviews with a representative set of participants. Factor analyses of the participants’ Q-sorts yielded two dominant patterns. The first pattern—blended— was a combination of autonomy and family-centered socialization goals, whereas the second pattern—traditional—emphasized ethnic behaviors and family-centered values. Taking the combinations of ways that the parents could sort in response to the two questions, there were four viewpoints among the Indian immigrant community. Parents in the first group integrated children’s autonomy and family-centered behaviors in their goals and believed that parents in India did the same. Parents holding the second and third viewpoint endorsed ethnic behaviors and family-centered values for their own children. Whereas parents in the second group perceived parents in India to have goals similar to their own, parents in the third group perceived Indian parents’ goals as blended. Participants holding the fourth viewpoint emphasized their children’s autonomy and family-centered behaviors, but believed that parents in India put greater emphasis only on family-centered values and ethnic behaviors. The discussion includes the implications of the four viewpoints for parental and child well-being.

Goal Orientations and Tendency to Neutralize Academic Cheating: An Ecological Perspective

This study examined the phenomenon of academic cheating while focusing on the unique and interactive effects of sociocultural variables on academic motivation, goal orientation and self-efficacy perception of 221 Muslim and Jewish female students. A mixed quantitative and qualitative research design with Multivariate-Analysis of Covariance, Step-wise Discriminant Function Analysis, Path Analysis and semi-structured interviews have been used to clarify the data obtained in various scales. Path Analysis indicated that the main factor predicting the tendency to neutralize academic cheating was the performance goal of pleasing parents mediated by extrinsic motivation. Further analysis showed between-ethnic-groups differences with Muslim students being more extrinsically motivated by the performance goal of pleasing the parents. Content analysis of the interviews conducted with 22 students showed that, in contrast to the Jewish students’ individualistic perspective, Muslim students' collective perspective put them under tremendous pressure to succeed due to the rippling effect of success on all spheres of life e.g., family’s honor, community standing, and future marriage prospects.

Parent Socialization Effects in Different Cultures: Significance of Directive Parenting

In this article, the controversy of divergent findings in research on parental socialization effects in different cultures is addressed. Three explanations intended to address divergent findings of socialization effects in different cultures, as advanced by researchers who emphasize cultural differences, are discussed. These include cultural differences in socialization values and goals of parents, parental emotional and cognitive characteristics associated with parenting styles, and adolescents' interpretations or evaluations of their parents' parenting styles. The empirical evidence for and against each of these arguments is examined and an alternative paradigm for understanding and empirical study of developmental outcomes associated with parenting styles in different cultures is suggested. Baumrind's directive parenting style is presented as an alternative to the authoritarian parenting style in understanding the positive developmental effects associated with "strict" parenting in cultures said to have a collectivist orientation. Directions for research on the three explanations are mentioned.

Parents who catastrophize about their child’s pain prioritize attempts to control pain

How parents respond to their child in pain is critically important to how both parent and child attempt to cope with pain. We examined the influence of parental catastrophic thinking about child pain on their prioritization for pain control. Using a vignette methodology, parents reported, in response to different pain scenarios, on their imagined motivation for 2 competing goals: to control their child’s pain (ie, pain control) or to encourage their child’s participation in daily activities (ie, activity engagement). The effects of parent gender, pain intensity, and duration on parental goal priority were also explored. Findings indicated that higher levels of parental catastrophic thoughts were associated with the parents prioritizing child pain control over activity engagement. This effect was significantly moderated by pain duration. Specifically, pain control was more of a priority for those high in catastrophic thinking when the pain was more acute. In contrast, parental catastrophic thoughts had no effect on the pain control strategy favored by parents in situations with longer-lasting pain. Furthermore, independently of parental catastrophic thoughts, heightened priority for pain control was observed in highly intense and chronic pain situations. Moreover, in highly intense pain, priority for pain control was stronger for mothers compared with fathers. Theoretical and clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Parent goals as outcome measures for children receiving treadmill training: A series of case reports

Background: This series of case reports examined attainment of parents’ goals for children receiving treadmill training and parents’ satisfaction with goal attainment.Methods: Four children with cerebral palsy completed 5–8 weeks of standardized training while wearing a body weight support harness. Outcome measures were family goals using goal attainment scaling (GAS): a score of 0 equaled goal attainment, scores of −2 and −1 represented lower-than-expected performance and +1 and +2 exceeded expected performance. Parent satisfaction with goal attainment was assessed on a Likert scale from 1 (very satisfied) to 5 (very unsatisfied).Results: All participants achieved GAS levels of ≥0, indicating all goals were met. All parents rated their satisfaction with goal attainment as ‘very satisfied’.Conclusion: This is the first report using family goals as outcome measures to assess effects of treadmill training. Future studies of treadmill training should include family- and child-centred goals as potential outcomes.

Young Adolescents' Perceptions of Teachers' and Peers' Goals as Predictors of Social and Academic Goal Pursuit

Young Mexican American adolescents' perceptions of socially derived goals of teachers and peers were examined as predictors of their pursuit of social goals (to be prosocial and responsible) and academic goals (to learn and to perform well), while controlling for perceived parental goals. The role of perceived emotional caring in mediating relations between socially derived goals and goal pursuit also was examined. Results of multiple regression analyses indicated that social and academic expectations from peers were the most consistent positive predictors of students' social and academic goals; findings indicated significant relations within‐domain (e.g. social expectations predicted social goal pursuit) as well as across‐domain (e.g. social expectations predicted academic goal pursuit). Mediating effects were also found such that perceived caring from teachers and peers partly explained relations between socially derived goals and students' academic and social goal pursuits.

Always aware (Siempre pendiente): Latina mothers' parenting in high-risk neighborhoods.

Poor mothers contend with numerous economic and environmental stressors that may severely tax their resources for parenting. This study relied on qualitative interviews with 49 low-income Latina mothers to examine how parenting practices are used when facing neighborhood poverty and the threat of community violence. Several themes emerged in the interviews regarding mothers' approaches to parenting. First, Latina mothers in our sample relied on three strategies previously identified in the literature: (a) strict monitoring, (b) physical and/or social withdrawal from the neighborhood, and (c) engagement in positive, enriching activities for children. In concert with these strategies, these mothers also emphasized the importance of (d) establishing strong parent-child communication as essential to effective parenting in challenging environments. Furthermore, two overarching, culturally salient parental goals were identified: (a) fostering principles of educación in their children and (b) maintaining astute parental awareness (estar pendiente) of children's physical as well as emotional states. Our findings illuminated culturally specific meanings that accompany parenting practices for low-income Latina mothers and underscored the importance of adapting culturally sensitive interventions for parents.

The role of family orientation in predicting Korean boys' and girls' achievement motivation to learn mathematics

Informed by achievement goal orientation and self-determination theories, we explored the role of cultural/contextual factors on Korean students' achievement motivation. Specifically, we examined the role of the Korean middle school students' family orientation as a mediator between their perceptions of parent goals or motivating styles and their achievement motivations in learning math, when their perceptions of classroom goal structures were controlled. We also investigated gender differences in the role of the students' family orientation and of their perceptions of their parents and classroom variables in predicting their own achievement motivations. Multi-sample path analyses indicated that both Korean boys' and girls' family orientation mediated between their perceptions of parent variables and their own achievement motivations. Korean students' family orientation predicted mainly controlled forms of motivation and ego-focused goals. In addition, the relationships between students' perceptions of parent variables and their achievement motivations statistically varied across gender.

A family-centred model of care in paediatric speech-language pathology

Developments in paediatric models of care support family-centred practice (FCP); however, there is limited evidence for its use in speech-language pathology. This randomized controlled study examined whether parent satisfaction with FCP (n = 10) was greater than with usual practice (UP; n = 10) over 14 weeks for children with mild–moderate speech and/or language disorders. The FCP included parental goal decision-making; greater parent responsibility for clinic therapy tasks; and two home visits. There was a non-significant trend for the FCP group to have a higher mean score for the “Providing specific information” scale of the Measures of Process of Care. Goals for the FCP and UP groups were respectively targeted towards the Activities and Participation or the Body Function components of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health–Children and Youth. While there were no significant differences between groups for speech/language outcomes post-intervention; it is clinically interesting that more children in the FCP group improved on the Renfrew Action Picture Test than the UP group. This study did not demonstrate a significant benefit for FCP over a relatively short timeframe in a small sample of children. Further research is warranted to determine if there is evidence for the use of FCP in speech-language pathology.

Parenting goals: Predictors of parent involvement in disease management of children with type 1 diabetes

The purpose of this study was to develop a measure of diabetes-specific parenting goals for parents of children with type 1 diabetes and to examine whether parenting goals predict a change in parenting involvement in disease management. An independent sample of primary caretakers of 87 children aged 10 to 16 years with type 1 diabetes completed the measure of parenting goals (diabetes-specific and general goals); both parent and child completed measures of parent responsibility for diabetes management at baseline and 6 months. Parents ranked diabetes-specific parenting goals as more important than general parenting goals, and rankings were moderately stable over time. Parenting goals were related to parent responsibility for diabetes management. The relative ranking of diabetes-specific parenting goals predicted changes in parent involvement over 6 months, with baseline ranking of goals predicting more parental involvement at follow-up. Parenting goals may play an important role in family management of type 1 diabetes.

Qualitative and Quantitative Representing and Reasoning for Goals Satisfiability

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 一种目标可满足性定性、定量表示与推理方法 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1001.2011.03736 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点基础研究发展计划(973)(2007CB310803); 国家重大研究计划“可信软件基础研究”(90818017) Qualitative and Quantitative Representing and Reasoning for Goals Satisfiability Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:可满足性表示和推理方法是面向目标需求工程领域的重要研究内容.根据从连续定量论域抽取定性概念过程中的主观认知的不确定性特点,提出了一种基于云模型的目标可满足性表示模型.作为定性概念与其定量论域间的不确定性转换模型,云模型能够把主观认知的模糊性和随机性集成在一起,兼顾可满足性定性表示的语义明确性和定量表示的精确性,较好地实现可满足性定性、定量统一表示.在此基础上,设计了一种基于OWA(ordered weighted aggregation)算子核心思想的目标可满足性推理方法,该方法避免了纯逻辑推理过于“偏执”的推理结果.同时,父目标满足程度介于子目标可满足性的最小和最大值之间,较好地反映出了人类一般思维的特点.采用定理证明和对比实验的方式,对推理方法的特点进行分析.最后进行总结,并指出进一步的研究方向. Abstract:Satisfiability representation and reasoning are important issues in goal-oriented requirements engineering. According to the uncertainty of subjective cognition during abstract qualitative concepts from quantitative universal set, this paper proposes a representation model based on the cloud model for goals satisfiability. The proposed model integrates randomness and fuzziness of subjective perception of goals satisfiability. It has qualitative semantic clarity as well as quantitative accuracy of goals satisfiability. On the basis of the model, the paper presents a reasoning approach based on the core idea of ordered weighted aggregation operators. This approach deduces satisfiability of parent goals between the minimal and maximal satisfiability of sub-goals which reflects the pecularity of human thinking and avoids absolute reasoning results based on pure logic “and” and “or”. The main characteristics are analyzed through theorem proving and comparison experiments. Finally, conclusions are drawn and research directions are pointed out. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献