Parenteral Nutrition Population Research Articles

Increased risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection in the home parenteral nutrition population who received monoclonal antibodies

Increased risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection in the home parenteral nutrition population who received monoclonal antibodies

Utilization of a standardized discharge checklist to improve the transition of care for patients receiving parenteral nutrition.

Guidelines recommend using discharge checklists to discharge patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN). Transition-of-care (TOC) tools have not been extensively studied in the PN population. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of a standardized PN discharge checklist on TOC for PN patients. This is an Institutional Review Board-approved, retrospective quasi-experimental study of patients discharged receiving PN between January 1, 2014, and May 31, 2018. The primary end point was the completion of a PN discharge bundle (identification of a responsible provider to monitor PN after discharge, meeting daily caloric requirement of 20-35 kcal/kg/d, cycling PN prior to discharge). Secondary end points included documentation of PN discharge checklist components, hospital length of stay, frequency of 30-day hospital encounters, cause of hospital encounters, and time to readmission. Fifty encounters were included in the pregroup and postgroup each (n= 100). There was a significant increase in completion of the TOC bundle in the postgroup (54% vs 76%, P = .035), driven by identification of a responsible provider for outpatient PN management (54% vs 82%, P = .005). Other PN discharge checklist components impacted included the following: case manager had the PN prescription for home infusion (50% vs 80%, P = .003), assessment for home glucometer (40% vs 90%, P < .001), and PN plan-of-care note documentation at discharge (18% vs 82%, P < .001). A standardized PN discharge checklist improved completion of discharge bundle.

Standardized and Individualized Parenteral Nutrition Mixtures in a Pediatric Home Parenteral Nutrition Population.

Studies evaluating efficacy or safety of standardized parenteral nutrition (PN) versus individualized PN are lacking. We aimed to assess effects on growth and safety of standardized PN compared with individualized PN in our Home PN group. Descriptive cohort study in Dutch children on Home PN, in which standardized PN was compared with individualized PN. Both groups received similar micronutrient-supplementation. Primary outcome was growth over 2 years, secondary outcomes were electrolyte disturbances and biochemical abnormalities. Additionally, patients were matched for age to control for potential confounding characteristics. Fifty patients (50% girls, median age 6.5 years) were included, 16 (32%) received standardized PN mixtures. Age (11 vs 5 years), gestational age (39.2 vs 36.2 weeks) and PN duration (97 vs 39 months) were significantly higher in the group receiving standardized PN (P: ≤0.001; 0.027; 0.013 respectively). The standardized PN group showed an increase in weight-for-age (WFA), compared with a decrease in the individualized PN group (+0.38 SD vs -0.55 SD, P: 0.003). Electrolyte disturbances and biochemical abnormalities did not differ. After matching for age, resulting in comparable groups, no significant differences were demonstrated in WFA, height-for-age, or weight-for-height SD change. In children with chronic IF, over 2,5 years of age, standardized PN mixtures show a comparable effect on weight, height, and weight for height when compared with individualized PN mixtures. Also, standardized PN mixtures (with added micronutrients) seem noninferior to individualized PN mixtures in terms of electrolyte disturbances and basic biochemical abnormalities. Larger studies are needed to confirm these conclusions. Academical Medical Center medical ethics committee number W18_079 #18.103.

P3.32: Safety and efficacy of standardized versus individualized parenteral nutrition mixtures in a pediatric home parenteral nutrition population

P3.32: Safety and efficacy of standardized versus individualized parenteral nutrition mixtures in a pediatric home parenteral nutrition population

Epidemiology of Infectious and Noninfectious Catheter Complications in Patients Receiving Home Parenteral Nutrition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) as their primary source of nutrition are at high risk for both infectious and noninfectious catheter complications (catheter-related infections, catheter occlusion, and venous thrombosis). The aim of this review was to synthesize and evaluate what is known about catheter complications and prevention strategies in the PN population. Three electronic databases (Medline, Embase, and CINAHL) were screened for studies published between January 2012 and February 2019 regarding infectious and noninfectious catheter complications in patients receiving PN. Rates of infectious and noninfectious catheter complications, prevalence of causative pathogens, potential risk factors, and prevention strategies via the use of antimicrobial lock therapy (ALT) were assessed. Fifty-three catheter complication studies and 12 ALT studies were included. Studies were grouped by definition of complication: catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) or central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI). Random effects summary rates per 1000 catheter days were 0.85 CRBSI episodes (95% CI 0.27-2.64) and 1.65 CLABSI episodes (95% CI 1.09-2.48). Use of taurolidine or ethanol ALT was efficacious in reducing infectious catheter complications; however, several studies had concerns for adverse mechanical complications. Potential risk factors for catheter complications were highly varied and often contradictory between studies. The rates of catheter complications were higher among catheterized patients receiving PN compared with nationally reported rates of complications in all catheterized patients. Risk factors for catheter complications need to be better understood for targeted prophylactic use of ALT. Future studies are warranted; however, they should be conducted using more standardized definitions and criteria.

Using Telemedicine to Identify Depressive Symptomatology Rating Scale in a Home Parenteral Nutrition Population.

Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is a life-long daily 12-h intravenous nutrition infusion therapy that corrects for nutrient imbalances caused by a malfunctioning gastrointestinal tract outside a medical inpatient setting. Patients utilizing HPN face psychosocial challenges, particularly depression, that often goes undetected due to the lack of daily interactions with health care professionals. Telemedicine, as a mode of treatment, can assist health care professionals in the detection of depression by increasing accessibility to patients. Therefore, in the current study, we investigate the feasibility in assessing depressive symptomatology using telemedicine within a long-term HPN population. We hypothesized that telemedicine would be a viable mechanism by which trained health care professionals could monitor and identify depressive symptomatology within the long-term HPN population. Raters coded 25 facilitated group discussions with the modified Raskin scale (a 21-item observer rating scale; M = 3.28, SD = 3.46) and compared it to the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) at baseline (M = 7.88, SD = 5.46) and 4 months (M = 7.76, SD = 5.64). Our results suggest that the modified Raskin scale demonstrated evidence of poor concurrent validity the scale displayed strong predictive validity. Thus, the modified Raskin scale showed promise as a tool for health care professionals, who wish to use telemedicine as a treatment avenue to detect and monitor depression among long-term HPN patients.

Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter Experience in a Home Parenteral Nutrition Population

Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter Experience in a Home Parenteral Nutrition Population

A Descriptive Study of the Risk Factors Associated With Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections in the Home Parenteral Nutrition Population.

Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is increasingly used for nutrition support after patients are discharged from the hospital. Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CR-BSI) are a common and potentially fatal complication of HPN. The risk factors for development of CR-BSI in the outpatient setting are poorly understood. We conducted an observational, retrospective study of 225 patients discharged from Barnes-Jewish Hospital on HPN between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2009. HPN complications were defined as any cause that led to either premature discontinuation of HPN therapy or catheter replacement. CR-BSI events were identified by provider documentation. We calculated the overall complication rate and the complication rate specifically due to CR-BSI. Backward stepwise Cox regression analyses were used to assess for independent predictors of catheter-related complications. In total, 111 of 225 patients (49%) developed complications while receiving HPN (incidence = 5.06 episodes/1000 catheter days). Sixty-eight of 225 patients (30%) required catheter removal for CR-BSI (incidence = 3.10 episodes/1000 catheter days). Independent predictors of line removal specifically due to infection included anticoagulant use, ulcer or open wound, and Medicare or Medicaid insurance. The following risk factors were associated with catheter-associated complications and/or CR-BSI: the presence of ulcers, the use of systemic anticoagulants, public insurance (Medicare or Medicaid), and patient age. Independent predictors of line removal for any complication included age and anticoagulant use. Catheter-related complications were extremely common in patients receiving HPN. Healthcare providers caring for individuals who require HPN should be aware of risk factors for complications.

Analysis of risk factors for catheter-related bloodstream infection in a parenteral nutrition population

Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is a complication of central venous catheters (CVCs) with an attributable morbidity, mortality and cost [1]. We examined patient risk factors for CRBSI in an adult parenteral nutrition (PN) population.

Inappropriate line use within the in-patient parenteral nutrition population: frequency & usage

IntroductionIn June 2010, the National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death published ‘A Mixed Bag: an enquiry into the care of in-patients receiving parenteral nutrition’ (PN). This study found...

Diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infection in a total parenteral nutrition population: inclusion of sepsis defervescence after removal of culture-positive central venous catheter

Defervescence of sepsis after removal of culture-positive central venous catheters (CVCs) has been advocated for diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) even without positive blood culture. However, most studies report CRBSI incidence only when blood cultures, and CVC tip, are positive (standard definition). We examined the effect of inclusion of defervescence criteria on CRBSI incidence in a total parenteral nutrition (TPN) population. The study was carried out in a 525 bed tertiary referral hospital for a period of 12 years. CRBSI incidence was compared between standard definition (positive CVC tip culture and positive blood culture) and when 'defervescence criteria' were included. Sepsis defervescence was defined as a fall in temperature, white cell count and sepsis resolution after CVC removal, with positive CVC tip culture, but negative blood cultures. CRBSI episodes in which a blood culture was omitted were excluded. The study population included 1365 patients in whom 2536 CVCs were used over a period of 15 234 CVC-days. There were 192 CRBSI episodes in 165 patients. In all, 152 CRBSI episodes met only the standard criteria for CRBSI whereas 40 episodes met the defervescence criteria. The standard definition alone resulted in a mean (+/- SD) incidence of 10.6+/-5.8 per 1000 CVC-days. This increased to 13+/-6.4 per 1000 CVC-days when defervescence criteria were included. Inclusion of defervescence criteria increased CRBSI incidence by a mean of 2.5+/-1.4 episodes per 1000 days or 27% (95% CI: 1.61-3.339; P<0.001). This study implies that the scale of CRBSI may be higher than is currently recognised and that the blood culture positivity rate for CRBSI is 79% (152/192).

Zinc: An Essential Trace Element for Parenteral Nutrition

Zinc is an essential trace element for human nutrition that is an integral part of many enzyme systems, including DNA polymerase complex. Zinc deficiency has been associated with stunting of growth and sexual immaturity. In children, deficiency causes a fatal condition called acrodermatitis enteropathica. The same syndrome has been observed in patients on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) who do not receive zinc. In TPN the requirements have been estimated by balance studies to be 3 mg/d in patients without gastrointestinal losses and a mean of 12 mg/d in patients with diarrhea and fistula losses.

Epidemiology of bloodstream infection associated with parenteral nutrition

Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CR-BSIs) occur in 1.3% to 26.2% of patients with central venous catheters used to administer parenteral nutrition (PN). Because of their nutritional components, PN solutions can support microbial growth. Contamination during preparation and handling is rare in hospitals and home-infusion pharmacies but may be difficult to control in a home setting. The risk of infection is increased in hospitalized patients because of malnutrition-associated immunosuppression, hyperglycemia exacerbated by dextrose infusion, microbial colonization/contamination of catheter hubs and the skin surrounding insertion site, and poor nursing care. During long-term catheter use for PN, an intraluminal biofilm, catheter-tip fibrin sheath or tail, or central venous thrombosis creates sites for microbial seeding and infection. Chronic conditions and psychosocial issues also increase the risk of infection. In hospitalized patients with BSIs, the most common organisms are coagulase-negative staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus, Candida spp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the long-term PN population, approximately 60% of CR-BSIs are caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. The best plan of care for a suspected or known infected catheter in a hospitalized patient is to reinsert a new central line after 48 hours of antibiotic treatment and negative blood cultures. In patients who receive long-term PN, hospitalization increases the risk of a nosocomial infection because the catheter can be contaminated by staff. A patient with fungemia must always be admitted and catheter removed. With gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, the catheter may not need to be removed. In most patients receiving PN at home, removing a long-term venous-access device is challenging. Peripheral vein access or peripherally inserted central catheters are needed until a new permanent device can be inserted after negative blood cultures are obtained. Evaluation of remote site infection also is necessary. Strategies to reduce or prevent infection include catheter lock therapy, daily evaluation of continued need for PN, enteral rather than PN support, and avoiding overfeeding. More studies are needed to demonstrate conclusively the benefits of immunonutrition, such as the use of omega-3 or glutamine supplements to reduce CR-BSIs in patients receiving PN.

Liver Failure Is Uncommon in Adults Receiving Long‐Term Parenteral Nutrition

Abnormal liver enzymes and endstage liver disease are reported to occur in 25%-100% and 15%-40% of adult patients receiving long-term parenteral nutrition (PN), respectively. The purpose of this historic cohort study was to investigate the incidence of and possible factors leading to the development of liver disease in our large home PN population. All patients on home PN for at least 6 months from July 1991 through June 2002 were eligible. Patients were excluded if they had active malignancy, underlying liver disease, or exposure to a hepatotoxin. The presence of PN-associated liver disease was only considered if test results were elevated on more than 1 occasion over at least 6 or more months. The severity of liver-associated enzymes was based on the degree of elevation and was stratified as mild (<2 times normal), moderate (2-5 times normal), and severe (>5 times normal). Severe liver dysfunction was defined as having all of the following criteria: total bilirubin >3 mg/dL; albumin <3.2 g/dL; and prothrombin time >3 seconds prolonged. A cumulative logit model was used to compare age, gender, underlying disease, PN indication, and PN formulas in patients with normal vs abnormal laboratory test results. Two hundred eight patients received PN for more than 6 months, 36 had exclusion criteria, and 10 could not be analyzed, because of incomplete laboratory test results, leaving 162 in the study group. The average PN duration was 2.14 +/- 2.19 years (maximum, 10.28 years). Abnormal liver tests occurred in 154 patients, with most having a moderate elevation of alkaline phosphatase or aspartate aminotransferase; severe liver dysfunction occurred in 7 patients; 1 patient had completely normal liver enzymes. On average, patients received a PN formula that was high in amino acids (1.45 +/- 0.65 g/kg/d), modest in energy (24.7 +/- 13.4 kcal/kg/d), and in most cases with enough lipid emulsion to meet essential fatty acid requirements (0.28 +/- 0.25 g/kg/d). Only female gender was found to be associated with a greater likelihood of liver failure (p = .02). There was a trend toward a greater amount of total calories, dextrose calories, and duration of PN exposure leading to the development of severe liver dysfunction. When long-term PN is given with a modest amount of total energy and a minimal amount of lipid emulsion, abnormal liver enzymes are common, but severe liver dysfunction is unusual.

Central Venous Access in the Home Parenteral Nutrition Population–You PICC

Central venous access is imperative for the delivery of home parenteral nutrition (HPN). Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) are being used more frequently for the delivery of HPN. There is an abundance of short-term information on the use of PICC in the hospitalized patient. However, there are no data comparing the use of PICC to other central venous access devices (OCVAD; Hickman, port) for the delivery of HPN. Catheter-related infections (CRI) are the most common cause of hospital readmission for the HPN patients. A retrospective analysis was performed from the Digestive Disease Center HPN database at the Medical University of South Carolina and the open architecture clinical information system (OACIS) hospital and clinic reporting system. All CRI were analyzed and compared between patients with PICC and OCVAD. The PICC group and the OCVAD group were further broken down into diabetic patients and nondiabetic patients, and the incidence of CRI was compared within those groups. HPN patients with PICC had a statistically significant increase (p < .01) of CRI as compared with OCVAD within our HPN patients. There was no statistically significant increase in CRI between diabetic and nondiabetic patients. The use of PICC for HPN may be associated with an increase in CRI. A prospective, randomized trial in the HPN population between PICC and OCVAD must be performed.

An Integrated Approach to Intestinal Failure: Results of a New Program With Total Parenteral Nutrition, Bowel Rehabilitation, and Transplantation

Intestinal failure can be treated with bowel rehabilitation, total parenteral nutrition, or intestinal transplantation. Little has been done to integrate these therapies for patients with intestinal insufficiency or failure and to develop an algorithm for appropriate use and timing. We established a multidisciplinary program using bowel rehabilitation, total parenteral nutrition, or intestinal transplantation as appropriate in a large population. Evaluation included clinical, pathlogic, and psychosocial assessments and assignment to therapy based on the results of this evaluation. Of 59 patients evaluated for life-threatening complications of intestinal failure, 68% were considered appropriate candidates for transplantation, 10% were managed with rehabilitation, and 17% were maintained on optimized long-term parenteral nutrition. Nineteen transplants were performed, with 78% patient survival and 66% graft survival. Patient survival among isolated intestine recipients was 90%. All patients managed with rehabilitation were weaned from parenteral nutrition within 6 months. Long-term management with parenteral nutrition resulted in a significant number of deaths both among patients waiting for a transplant and those who were poor candidates for transplant. Intestinal rehabilitation, when successful, is optimal. For patients with irreversible intestinal failure, isolated intestinal transplantation holds particular promise. Parenteral nutrition is plagued by high failure rates among this population of debilitated patients compared with the general parenteral nutrition population. Integration of these therapies, with individualization of care based on a multidisciplinary approach and perhaps with earlier isolated intestinal transplantation for patients with irreversible intestinal failure, should optimize survival. ( J Gastrointest Surg 2002;6:554–562)