Parental Values Research Articles

Family financial socialization during emerging adulthood: Insights from a cross-lagged panel model.

The present study tested the Gudmunson and Danes (2011) family financial socialization model (FFSM) using three waves of longitudinal data gathered from a college cohort of emerging adults in the United States. Specifically, we aimed to test the validity of this model in emerging adulthood (Aim 1), to verify whether the effect of the parent's socialization on a child's end financial outcome is mediated by intermediary financial outcomes (Aim 2), and to verify whether the effects found when testing the FFSM are stable across time points (Aim 3). Our findings indicate that of eight paths in the model between family socialization processes and financial socialization outcomes, seven paths were significant, thereby lending support for the validity of FFSM in emerging adulthood (Aim 1). Second, we found no mediation effects of parental financial socialization on emerging adult financial behavior and well-being via the internalization of parents' beliefs, values, and practices (Aim 2). We offer plausible explanations for this result. Last, we verified that the financial socialization processes and their effects are generally invariant across the beginning, the middle, and the end of the emerging adulthood (Aim 3). We interpret our findings in the context of the extant literature on emerging adults' transition to adult independence and provide insights for practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

A comparison of the parental values of children's extracurricular music learning in Guilin, China and in Tampa, United States.

Many parents enroll their children in extracurricular music activities. However, cultural differences may contribute to parents' different values that ultimately influence their behaviors and attitudes. This cross-cultural study aimed to compare the value parents have on their children's private music education by examining four cases in Guilin, Guangxi (China) and Tampa, Florida (United States). Two main research questions guided this study: (1) How do parents in Guilin and Tampa perceive and value their children's music learning? (2) Does the value parents hold for their children's extracurricular music activities differ across different cultural contexts? If so, how do parents' values and perceptions of their children's involvement in extracurricular music activities differ between the contexts of Guilin and Tampa? We purposefully selected participants from two regions based on these criteria: (a) the participants included a single-child family and a two-child family in each of the two regions; (b) children's age ranged from 5 to 12 years and lived with their biological parents (c) children were currently taking music lessons after school. We interviewed both children and parents during the data collection. The key findings reveal that parental values transcend two cultural contexts, specifically in (1) motivations for music learning, (2) expectations of music learning, (3) utilizing personal background, and (4) strategies for success. The findings suggest that several factors, such as children's autonomy, musical joy, pursuit of musical career, "beauty development" and achievements, may have contributed to parents' values. The implication for parents, psychologists, and policymakers is to understand the diverse needs and values within different cultural backgrounds, to promote the children's development, to design curricula, and to use effective teaching methods in music education. In conclusion, both Guilin's and Tampa's parents' values varied due to cultural differences, which further influenced their behaviors, attitudes and perceptions toward their children's musical experiences.

MAGE: metafounders-assisted genomic estimation of breeding value, a novel additive-dominance single-step model in crossbreeding systems.

Utilizing both purebred and crossbred data in animal genetics is widely recognized as an optimal strategy for enhancing the predictive accuracy of breeding values. Practically, the different genetic background among several purebred populations and their crossbred offspring populations limits the application of traditional prediction methods. Several studies endeavor to predict the crossbred performance via the partial relationship, which divides the data into distinct sub-populations based on the common genetic background, such as one single purebred population and its corresponding crossbred descendant. However, this strategy makes prediction inaccurate due to ignoring half of the parental information of crossbreed animals. Furthermore, dominance effects, although playing a significant role in crossbreeding systems, cannot be modeled under such a prediction model. To overcome this weakness, we developed a novel multi-breed single-step model using metafounders to assess ancestral relationships across diverse breeds under a unified framework. We proposed to use multi-breed dominance combined relationship matrices to model additive and dominance effects simultaneously. Our method provides a straightforward way to evaluate the heterosis of crossbreeds and the breeding values of purebred parents efficiently and accurately. We performed simulation and real data analyses to verify the potential of our proposed method. Our proposed model improved prediction accuracy under all scenarios considered compared to commonly used methods. The software for implementing our method is available at https://github.com/CAU-TeamLiuJF/MAGE.

Parenting and family life experiences of mothers diagnosed with schizophrenia within Chinese cultural context.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Parenting experiences are a great challenge but also a meaningful achievement for mothers diagnosed with schizophrenia (MDWSs). Most previous studies focused on the parenting experiences of Chinese mothers diagnosed with depression rather than those diagnosed with schizophrenia, who usually experience psychiatric symptoms. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: Unlike in Western society, Chinese society is characterised by a family-centred culture. This study insightfully explores MDWSs' parenting and family life experiences addressing their intrapersonal mindsets, interpersonal connections with family members across generations and extrapersonal roles such as traditional social expectations as a mother, wife and daughter-in-law. While Western studies have mainly focused on MDWSs' personal resilience, this study insightfully explored MDWSs' resilient dimensions including their personal, familial and cultural issues within the Chinese society. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: This study develops a comprehensive and professional understanding of the parenting experiences and family interactions of MDWSs who struggle to achieve their motherly role and re-establish connections with intimate family members. The findings highlight the following important considerations when offering family-based nursing cares: (1) assess power relationships, familial dynamics and cultural influences between MDWSs and their family members; (2) extend family members' involvement, such as parents-in-law, while offering psychoeducation to MDWSs and their family members. ABSTRACT: Introduction In Chinese culture, raising the next generation is recognised as a crucial family matter involving intergenerational participation. Mothers diagnosed with schizophrenia (MDWSs) usually experience high stress due to psychiatric symptoms, different parenting values across generations and traditional expectations associated with motherly roles. MDWSs need urgent professional assistance. Aim To explore MDWSs' parenting experiences and family life in Chinese cultural contexts. Method In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 MDWSs. Data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analyses. Results The superordinate theme was identified as 'You are not a qualified mother'. Three major themes were elicited: experiencing crises in parenting, family life and self-stability; striving to be a good mother and wife under humiliation; and developing wisdom and courage to move forward. Discussion A dehumanised attitude of family members in a paternalistic culture was found. While Western society focuses on personal resilience and family-based nursing care for nuclear families, Chinese society intensively focuses on MDWSs' relationship with nuclear family members as well as extended family members such as parents-in-law. Implications for Practice The results highlighted the significance of culturally sensitive nursing care for MDWSs and family-centred psychoeducation that clarifies familial dynamics and improves effective communication between MDWSs and their family members.

Lifecycle model-based evaluation of infant 4CMenB vaccination in the UK

ObjectivesInvasive meningococcal disease, an uncommon but severe disease, imposes catastrophic health and economic burdens. Cost–utility analysis (CUA) assumes separability in lifetime health and economic variables and cannot capture the full value of preventing such burdens. We overcome these limitations with a retrospective societal perspective cost–benefit analysis (CBA) of meningococcal serogroup B vaccination (4CMenB) of one infant cohort in the United Kingdom using a health-augmented lifecycle model (HALM) incorporating health’s interactions with consumption, earnings, non-market time and financial risk.MethodsWe used a static Markov model of vaccination’s health impact and an HALM to estimate the private willingness to pay (PWTP) for the intrinsic and instrumental value of health under perfect capital markets, financial risk protection in the absence of insurance against permanent disability, parental spillovers, and acute phase disability. We estimated social WTP (SWTP) incorporating social severity preferences. We estimated rates of return that inform health payer reimbursement decisions, finance ministry budgeting decisions, and legislature taxation decisions. An expert Advisory Board investigated the validity of applying the HALM to infant 4CMenB.ResultsThe PWTP for a 2 + 1 vaccination schedule is £395, comprising £166 of disability insurance value, £79 of positive parental spillover value, £28 in the value of averting acute phase disability, and £122 in residual intrinsic and instrumental value of health. SWTP is £969.ConclusionsHALM-based CBA provides an empirically richer, more utility–theoretically grounded approach to vaccine evaluation than CUA, demonstrating good value for money for legislatures (based on private values) and for all decision-makers (based on social values).

Challenges of Uncertainty in Prenatal Decision-Making: Skeletal Dysplasias.

When skeletal dysplasias are suspected in the prenatal period, investigation, counseling, and management become especially challenging. By better understanding the complex forces at play and parental values, prenatal health care providers may improve the ways in which they counsel patients to improve the decision-making process under conditions of significant uncertainty, including in cases of prenatally suspected skeletal dysplasia.

How a Collaborative Parent–Adapted Physical Education Teacher Relationship Developed: A Retrospective Case Study

Purpose: To explore the relationship between a mother and adapted physical education (APE) teacher. Method: A retrospective, qualitative case study approach was utilized. Semistructured interviews with the mother, child with Down syndrome, and APE teacher were conducted. Results: Four themes were extracted from the data: (a) “[APE] is perfectly normal”—value of APE, (b) “Education is power and key”—the importance of understanding, (c) “Whatever it takes to be a part of Sam’s day”—involvement in APE and PA, and (d) “Know your tribe and love them hard”—building strong relationships. Discussion: Findings suggest that parents and APE teachers have influence and contribute to the development of a collaborative relationship. From parents, parental value and importance toward APE were seen as facilitators. And from APE teachers, their communication by sharing visualizations of what occurs at school and their predispositions toward parents, such as competence and respect, were regarded as facilitators.

Identifying the seeds of heterotic pools for Southern and Eastern Africa from global elite spring wheat germplasm.

Hybrid breeding can increase the competitiveness of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Sub-Saharan Africa by fostering more public-private partnerships and promoting investment by the private sector. The benefit of hybrid wheat cultivars in South Africa has previously been demonstrated but due to the high cost of hybrid seed production, hybrid breeding has not received significant attention in the past decade. Considering the renewed commitment of the private sector to establish wheat as a hybrid crop globally, coupled with significant research investment into enhancement of outcrossing of wheat, hybrid wheat breeding in Southern and Eastern Africa should be revisited. Our study aimed to identify genetically distinct germplasm groups in spring wheat that would be useful in the establishment of heterotic pools targeting this region. Multi-environment yield testing of a large panel of F1 test hybrids, generated using global elite germplasm, was carried out between 2019 and 2020 in Argentina, Africa, Europe, and Australia. We observed significant genotype by environment interactions within our testing network, confirming the distinctiveness of African trial sites. Relatively high additive genetic variance was observed highlighting the contribution of parental genotypes to the grain yield of test hybrids. We explored the genetic architecture of these parents and the genetic factors underlying the value of parents appear to be associated with their genetic subgroup, with positive marker effects distributed throughout the genome. In testcrosses, elite germplasm from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) appear to be complementary to the genetically distinct germplasm bred in South Africa. The feasibility of achieving genetic gain via heterotic pool establishment and divergence, and by extension the viability of hybrid cultivars in Sub-Saharan Africa, is supported by the results of our study.

"I Use Technologies Strategically With My Family Now": Practices That Parents Value to Promote Physical Activity in Young Children.

Although widely accessible digital technology (DT) provided multiple opportunities for young children's play, learning, and development, it also raised parents and professionals' concerns regarding its impact on children's physical activity. This study aimed to identify practices involving DT that were valued by parents in helping their young child to be physically active. Participants were parents of ambulatory young children (less than 5y of age) engaged with a playgroup. The study involved representatives from 3 service organizations, who compiled a list of digital resources related to using DT to promote children's physical activity that were suitable to be shared and trialed by parents and young children. During a pretrial workshop, researchers, participants, and organization representatives collaboratively developed the intervention, which involved the delivery of selected resources by weekly email, over a 12-week period. Participants provided weekly feedback about their experiences and participated in a postintervention semistructured qualitative interview. Thirteen families, with children aged between 15 and 36months, completed the trial. Participants reported several valued practices to promote their children's physical activity, including those where the child was active while engaging with DT, where child engagement with DT acted as a prompt for later physical activity, where DT assisted parents in planning physical activity, where DT assisted parents in integrating movement with learning and play, and where DT was used to reinforce the child's enthusiasm for physical activity. Parents reported several valued practices where children were physically active, rather than sedentary, while using digital technology.

Lists of children’s traits for measuring parental values: from the perspective of Schwartz's typology

This article examines techniques for measuring parental values in key studies from the 1920s to the 2010s. Lists of prompts with desired qualities of children offered to respondents for selection or evaluation are analyzed in termsof Schwartz's value typology, which includes dimensions of conservation –openness to change and self-enhancement – self-transcendence. It is found that questionnaires tend to detail socially oriented values more than individualistic values, with a stronger emphasis on hierarchical sociality qualities such as obedience, neatness, good manners, and less emphasis on altruistic behaviors. Individualistic values of autonomy, self-enhancement and hedonism are not always adequately reflected in the questionnaires, which may be due to the restrictive nature of values for others compared to values for oneself.

School psychologists’ perceptions of the effectiveness of neuropsychological evaluation reports

Referral sources and parents value the report following a neuropsychological evaluation. Nevertheless, key stakeholders have described pediatric reports as excessive in length and jargon. Recent research indicates that it is possible to modify pediatric neuropsychological reports that result in positive outcomes for key stakeholders and clinicians. Evaluating modified pediatric neuropsychological reports for other providers is necessary. School psychologists are key stakeholders who read and interact with such reports. This study assessed school psychologists’ perceptions of a modified pediatric neuropsychological report. Forty-one school psychologists were randomly assigned to read either a traditional or modified version of a pediatric report and provide feedback via survey and qualitative questions. Results revealed that school psychologists’ perceptions of a traditional and modified report were not significantly different. Qualitatively, respondents noted a disconnect between recommendations and school systems. These findings suggest that pediatric neuropsychologists can create shorter and more easily understood reports that do not impact the effectiveness for school psychologists. Future research should continue to evaluate perceptions of modified pediatric neuropsychological reports for additional key stakeholders. A better understanding of the disconnect between recommendations and their feasibility in schools, as well as barriers to increased interdisciplinary collaboration, is also essential for client care.

PROJECT, PERSUADE, AND PROTECT: ADULT CHILDREN’S PREDICTION OF PARENTS’ HEALTH STATE VALUATIONS

Abstract Serious illness decision making for older adults frequently involves their adult children. Thus, it is important that adult children are familiar with parents’ illness preferences. In this mixed methods analysis (total N = 114), we examined concordance between older adults’ valuations of illness states, their children’s predictions of their valuations, reasoning behind children’s predictions, and children’s reactions to discordance between their predictions and parents’ valuations. Thirty-eight older parents (M age= 75.8) provided valuations for five different illness states. Two adult children (M age= 46.0) independently predicted their parent’s answers. Family triads participated in a semi-structured conversation about their responses. One-way random effects, absolute agreement, average measures intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) showed that average concordance within families was poor for incontinence (ICC = .172, 95% CI [-.497, .572]), dialysis (ICC = .300, 95% CI [-.264, .639]), tube feeding (ICC = .320, 95% CI [-.228, .649]), and chronic pain (ICC = .438, 95% CI [-.015, .710]), and moderate for Alzheimer disease (ICC = .556, 95% CI [.198,.771]). Results from qualitative thematic analysis indicated that children often projected their own values when attempting to predict parents’ valuations. When faced with discordance, many children attempted to persuade parents to change their valuations, while also making assertions to protect the parent’s autonomy. In summary, adult children navigating surrogate or shared decision making may face challenges inferring parent values versus their own and balancing their input with parent autonomy. Future research and interventions in late-life families could target these challenges.

Прогностическая значимость дифференциальной оценки школьной дезадаптации учащихся с позиций родителя и педагога

<p>Based on a comprehensive socio-psychological and medico-psychological studies schoolchildren's maladaptation and individual risk factors conducted among second-graders in 12 secondary schools of Nizhny Novgorod (857 students in total), we evaluated the differences in the predictive value of the survey data, which was receiveded from parents and teachers. On the basis of the data obtained from parents and teachers, we assesed the factor loadings. The correlation and factor analyses confirmed the assumption about different predictive value of the survey data obtained from teachers and parents, they gave information about mental disorder signs development in behavior of junior schoolchildren. The average predictive error was higher among teachers, which also indicates a higher predictive value of parents' estimates compared to teachers'. This conclusion largely contradicts the theory that a teacher's assessment of a child being in the educational environment is more objective than a parent's assessment based on observations made in the family environment.</p>

Transcending Boundaries: Exploring Nordic Education Models for Enhancing China's Educational Landscape

When the Nordic countries are mentioned, they are often regarded as examples of social democratic welfare systems with certain unique qualities. In modern times, education has been recognized as one of the cornerstones of the welfare state. Through Finland's impressive performance when the results of the first international PISA test were released in December 2000, the Nordic model of education, including the Danish, Finnish, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish education systems, has come to be frequently referred to and recognized as a model for education in the world. This paper analyses the Nordic education system based on existing data and literature, with the aim of suggesting its applicability to China's education system by analyzing the sophistication of the Nordic countries' educational philosophies and teaching methods. Despite the differences between the Nordic countries and China, this paper proves that some of the advanced policies and concepts of the Nordic education system can be applied to China's education system and gives the following four recommendations. (1) Emphasis on teacher evaluation literacy enhancement; (2) Teachers and parents value equality and inclusion in education; (3) Accurately grasping the function of comprehensive student assessment; (4) Developing a diversified curriculum to enhance quality.

How Family Sex Talks Can Increase Daughters’ Intentions to Engage in Sexual Health Protective Behavior: Mediating Roles of Parents’ Direct and Indirect Sexual Communication

ABSTRACTThe family environment is essential but underused for promoting sexual and reproductive health protective behaviors (SHPB). However, previous literature had no consistent findings regarding how families can efficiently provide sex education and what aspects of family communication may facilitate SHPB. Based on family communication patterns theory (FCPT) and new research that segments family conformity orientation into four sub-dimensions (i.e., respecting parental authority, experiencing parental control, adopting parents’ values, and questioning parents’ beliefs), we explored the roles that family communication patterns (FCP) and parents’ (direct and indirect) sexual communication play in influencing adult daughters’ intentions to engage in SHPB. Using survey data from 234 female participants, path analysis suggested that daughters’ SHPB intentions were associated with more direct and indirect sexual communication, higher conversation orientation, higher parental control, and less adoption of parental values. Also, parents’ direct sexual communication mediated the impact of conversation orientation on SHPB intentions. Additionally, parents’ indirect sexual communication mediated the path from parental value adoption to SHPB intentions, mitigating the negative direct impact of parental value adoption. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Entangled navigations: Intergenerational care relations in neoliberal eduscapes in Benin

Though often overlooked, parental navigations play an important role in the difficult pathways of rural children through changing eduscapes in northern Benin. Arguing that parents are deeply involved in their children’s trajectories towards making a living, I analyse the care and support parents see themselves as responsible for. A neoliberal and increasingly privatized schooling system creating unequal chances in combination with the demand of ‘Education for all’ responsibilizes parents for their children’s success, and a tight labour market makes it additionally difficult for youth to find positions in the urban space. In consequence, parents are more intensively investing in their children’s education and related costs than ever before, without feeling that these investments lead to what parents value as success. Due to the lack of parental experience in the neoliberal eduscapes and the lack of cultural and social capitals – parents describe it as ‘blindness’ – parental actions in the eduscapes could best be described as navigations which are entangled with those of their children. In these navigations, parents give their children what they never received from their own parents, but also expect or hope them to become what they never were. Both parents and children navigate, I argue, towards an unknown and uncertain future in ‘radical openness’.

Quantitative disease resistance in wild Silene vulgaris to its endemic pathogen Microbotryum silenes-inflatae.

The evolution of disease resistances is an expected feature of plant-pathogen systems, but whether the genetics of this trait most often produces qualitative or quantitative phenotypic variation is a significant gap in our understanding of natural populations. These two forms of resistance variation are often associated with differences in number of underlying loci, the specificities of host-pathogen coevolution, as well as contrasting mechanisms of preventing or slowing the infection process. Anther-smut disease is a commonly studied model for disease of wild species, where infection has severe fitness impacts, and prior studies have suggested resistance variation in several host species. However, because the outcome of exposing the individual host to this pathogen is binary (healthy or diseased), resistance has been previously measured at the family level, as the proportion of siblings that become diseased. This leaves uncertain whether among-family variation reflects contrasting ratios of segregating discrete phenotypes or continuous trait variation among individuals. In the host Silene vulgaris, plants were replicated by vegetative propagation in order to quantify the infection rates of the individual genotype with the endemic anther-smut pathogen, Microbotryum silenes-inflatae. The variance among field-collected families for disease resistance was significant, while there was unimodal continuous variation in resistance among genotypes. Using crosses between genotypes within ranked resistance quartiles, the offspring infection rate was predicted by the parental resistance values. While the potential remains in this system for resistance genes having major effects, as there were suggestions of such qualitative resistance in a prior study, here the quantitative disease resistance to the endemic anther-smut pathogen is indicated for S. vulgaris. The variation in natural populations and strong heritability of the trait, combined with severe fitness consequences of anther-smut disease, suggests that resistance in these host populations is highly capable of responding to disease-induced selection.

Non-invasive ventilation in neonates: a review of current literature

Moving from an era of invasive ventilation to that of non-invasive respiratory support, various modalities have emerged resulting in improved neonatal outcomes. Respiratory distress is the commonest problem seen both in preterm and term neonates, and the use of appropriate respiratory support could be lifesaving. This article reviews the currently available non-invasive ventilation (NIV) strategies in neonates including nasal continuous positive airway pressure, nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), bi-level CPAP, heated humidified high flow nasal cannula, nasal high-frequency ventilation (NHFV) and non-invasive neutrally adjusted ventilatory assist (NIV-NAVA). Though multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses have indicated the superiority of synchronized NIPPV over the other forms of non-invasive respiratory support in neonates, there is no single NIV modality that universally suits all. Hence, the choice of NIV for a neonate should be individualized based on its efficacy, the disease pathology, resource settings, the clinician's familiarity and parental values. Future studies should evaluate emerging modalities such as NIV-NAVA and NHFV in the respiratory management of neonates as the evidence pertaining to these is insufficient.

Attitudes on Artificial Intelligence use in Pediatric Care From Parents of Hospitalized Children

IntroductionArtificial intelligence (AI) may benefit pediatric healthcare, but it also raises ethical and pragmatic questions. Parental support is important for the advancement of AI in pediatric medicine. However, there is little literature describing parental attitudes toward AI in pediatric healthcare, and existing studies do not represent parents of hospitalized children well. MethodsWe administered the Attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence in Pediatric Healthcare, a validated survey, to parents of hospitalized children in a single tertiary children’s hospital. Surveys were administered by trained study personnel (11/2/2021-5/1/2022). Demographic data were collected. An Attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence in Pediatric Healthcare score, assessing openness toward AI-assisted medicine, was calculated for seven areas of concern. Subgroup analyses were conducted using Mann–Whitney U tests to assess the effect of race, gender, education, insurance, length of stay, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission on AI use. ResultsWe approached 90 parents and conducted 76 surveys for a response rate of 84%. Overall, parents were open to the use of AI in pediatric medicine. Social justice, convenience, privacy, and shared decision-making were important concerns. Parents of children admitted to an ICU expressed the most significantly different attitudes compared to parents of children not admitted to an ICU. ConclusionsParents were overall supportive of AI-assisted healthcare decision-making. In particular, parents of children admitted to ICU have significantly different attitudes, and further study is needed to characterize these differences. Parents value transparency and disclosure pathways should be developed to support this expectation.

Corporate Venture Capital and Firm Scope

Abstract This study examines whether and how corporate venture capital (CVC) spurs changes in firm scope. Using two text-based measures of firm scope, I provide evidence that CVC investments are strongly correlated with subsequent changes in firm scope among CVC parent firms, including seeding emerging businesses and creating new segments or divisions. Further evidence is consistent with an experimentation view, with more promising ventures having a stronger strategic impact on the scope changes of parent firms. Moreover, the study finds that post-CVC scope changes are primarily built internally and rarely involve killer acquisitions. These changes create value for CVC parents.