Parental Trust Research Articles

Changes in Individual and Social Environmental Characteristics in Relation to Changes in Physical Activity: a Longitudinal Study from Primary to Secondary School.

Physical activity (PA) strongly decreases when children make the transition from primary to secondary school. The study aimed to investigate how individual and social environmental factors toward PA changed when children (11-12years) made the transition from primary to secondary school (13-14years) and how changes in these factors were related to changes in different PA domains. In total, 321 children (48.9% girls) and one of their parents both filled out a questionnaire concerning individual (i.e., attitude, self-efficacy, perceived benefits, and barriers of PA) and social environmental factors related to PA (parental support, friend's co-participation, parental trust in child's ability to be physically active, and social norm) in the last grade of primary school and 2years later. Children wore an activity monitor for 7days and self-reported different domains of PA. Most individual and social factors became less positive toward PA after the transition to secondary school. Among girls, a more positive attitude and an increase in self-efficacy were related to an increase in average daily steps and sports during leisure, respectively. Among boys, a decrease in perceived barriers (lack of time and parental reported lack of transportation to sport activities) was related to a decrease in average daily steps. An increase in parental support and a decrease in the parental perceived barrier of not liking sports were related to an increase in sports during leisure. The prevention of adverse changes in individual and social factors toward physical activity may lead to a smaller decrease or an increase in physical activity.

Sexual health knowledge in a vulnerable population: a survey of adolescents in the bateyes of La Romana, Dominican Republic.

Undocumented Haitian migrants to the Dominican Republic often live in impoverished communities called bateyes. These contexts present challenges for adolescent sexual health education. To inform development of appropriate adolescent education programs, this study assessed their general sexual health knowledge. A locally developed sexual health knowledge survey was administered to 930 grade 7-12 adolescents attending six batey schools. Analysis of aggregated responses reviewed general demographics (e.g. age and sex), and identified top community sexual health concerns and most trusted information sources. Top concerns included menstruation (25.5%), HIV (21.8%), and family planning (13.3%); stratification by sex identified discordance around menstruation (89.2% female, 10.8% male) and HIV (67.1% male, 32.9% female), but not family planning (47.2% male, 52.8% female). Parents were identified as the most trusted information source, irrespective of concern. Community concerns around menstruation matches extant developing-world literature that links menarche with female stigma and school absence. Interest in HIV and family planning suggests targeted promoted efforts would be of benefit. Trust in parents is reflective of cultural traditions and suggests potential knowledge impacts arising from effective parental education.

PARENT-DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIPS AND DISORDERED EATING AMONG EMERGING ADULT WOMEN FROM THE CZECH REPUBLIC

The associations between parent-daughter relationship characteristics and disordered eating behaviours among emerging adult women from the Czech Republic were examined. Participants (N = 798 women, M = 22.25 years old, SD = 1.42) reported disordered eating behaviours (dieting and unhealthy weight-control behaviours; UWCB), their relationship characteristics with each parent (trust, communication, alienation and psychological control) and covariates (weight, height, frequency of communication with parents, living status and parental statuses). Overall, 41% of women were on a diet, and 33% engaged in at least one UWCB. Logistic regression analyses revealed that none of the parent-daughter relationship characteristics had any association with dieting. However, a low quality of mother-daughter relationship (low trust, high alienation and psychological control) had a significant association with UWCB. None of the father-daughter relationship characteristics had a significant association with UWCB. The results suggest that preventive interventions with the family should emphasize the quality of the mother-daughter relationship.

Make teaching more professional

Americans want higher professional requirements for teachers and believe teacher pay is too low, but they don’t like tenure, according to the newest PDK/ Gallup Poll of the Public’s Attitudes To­ward the Public Schools. Public school parents trust and have confidence in the nation’s teachers, and they said communicating with their child’s teacher is easy. In a separate opinion piece, PDK CEO Joshua P. Starr said the poll shows that the country uniformly wants highly qualified professionals teaching in our public schools. With this kind of consensus, one would imagine that we, as a nation, would be able to organize around a bold plan to ensure that we have a well-qualified professional in every classroom. But it’s not clear that current state and district polices and practices are improving the teaching profession. How do we design, develop, support -- and hold accountable -- the absolute best teachers. In the past, the PDK/Gallup poll was done exclusively by telephone. This year, we used a multi-mode design that employed a telephone poll of 1,000 adults and an online survey of 3,499 adults. This new survey allowed us to report about specific subgroups of the population, including public school parents, political party memberships, and black, Hispanic, and white respondents.

Parental Monitoring, Parent-Adolescent Communication, and Adolescents' Trust in Their Parents in China.

PurposeTrust is an important aspect of interpersonal relationships, but little is known about adolescents’ interpersonal trust. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations among parental monitoring, parent-adolescent communication, and adolescents’ trust in their parents in China.MethodsData in this study were collected as part of the cross-sectional study of children in China. 3349 adolescents (female 48.6%, age range of 12–15 years) were randomly selected from 35 secondary schools in April, 2009 and administered to the Adolescent Interpersonal Trust Scale, the Parental Monitoring Scale, and the Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale.ResultsAdolescents’ trust in their parents was positively related to parental monitoring and parent-adolescent communication. Furthermore, parent-adolescent communication mediated the association between parental monitoring and adolescents’ trust in their parents. The mediation model fit data of both genders and three age groups equally well.ConclusionsParental monitoring and parent-adolescent communication play an importance role in fostering adolescents’ trust in their parents.

Parental monitoring and family relations: Associations with drinking patterns among male and female Mexican students

IntroductionParental monitoring and family relations are recognized as protective factors for youth alcohol use. The purpose of this study was to investigate perceived parental monitoring and family relations among subgroups of Mexican youths with different patterns of drinking behaviors and consequences. MethodsA latent profile analysis (LPA) identified profiles of drinking behavior in a cross-sectional survey of entering first year university students. Multinomial regression examined associations between parental monitoring, family relations and drinking profiles among 22,224 students. ResultsBoth lower perceived parental monitoring and weaker perceived family relations were associated with heavier drinking profiles among males and females, but more strongly associated with female than male heavier drinking profiles. Being older, having parents with lower education, and not living with parents were also associated with lower parental monitoring and weaker family relations. There was a general trend of lower parental monitoring and weaker family relations as the profiles increased from Non/Infrequent–No Consequences to Excessive–Many Consequences Drinkers. Lower perceived parental monitoring and weaker perceived family relations were more strongly associated with drinking profiles among females than among males. Both the parental monitoring and family relations scales had similar associations with drinking profiles. ConclusionsFindings suggest that drinking norms and values may contribute to any protective influences of parental monitoring and family relations on Mexican youths' drinking. Research about changes in drinking norms, contextual factors, and youth–parent trust would inform the utility of parental monitoring or family relations as protective strategies against alcohol misuse among Mexican and Mexican American youths and also youths from other backgrounds.

아동이 지각한 부모의 과학태도와 신뢰도가 아동의 과학 자기효능감에 미치는 영향

This study aimed to explore influences of parental science attitudes and trust perceived by children on their science self-efficacy. In oder to accomplish this purpose, a quantitative research was carried out for elementary gifted and general students using correlation and multiple linear regression analysis. The results were as follows. Firstly, children`s science self-efficacy was positively correlated with parental science attitudes and trust perceived by both gifted and general children. Secondly, in the case of gifted children, their science self-efficacy was meaningfully affected by mother`s trust, mother`s science attitudes, and father`s science attitudes perceived by them in that order. On the order hand, general children`s science self-efficacy meaningfully affected by mother`s trust and mother`s science attitudes perceived by them.

Teen online information disclosure: Empirical testing of a protection motivation and social capital model

With bases in protection motivation theory and social capital theory, this study investigates teen and parental factors that determine teens’ online privacy concerns, online privacy protection behaviors, and subsequent online information disclosure on social network sites. With secondary data from a 2012 survey (N = 622), the final well‐fitting structural equation model revealed that teen online privacy concerns were primarily influenced by parental interpersonal trust and parental concerns about teens’ online privacy, whereas teen privacy protection behaviors were primarily predicted by teen cost–benefit appraisal of online interactions. In turn, teen online privacy concerns predicted increased privacy protection behaviors and lower teen information disclosure. Finally, restrictive and instructive parental mediation exerted differential influences on teens’ privacy protection behaviors and online information disclosure.

The Relationships among Authentic Leadership, Teachers’ Work Engagement, Academic Optimism and School Size as Moderator: A Conceptual Model

Positive psychology has recently gained interests among educational researchers due to its role in improving interpersonal relationships and offering a new research framework (Hoy & Tarter, 2011) among various positive psychological concepts in educational context, authentic leadership, teachers’ work engagement and teachers’ academic optimism are three of the highly explored. Authentic leadership deals with a principal's desire to understand oneself and others and act in accordance with his/her core values in order to lead the school to success (Avolio & Mhatre, 2011; Gardner, Cogliser, Davis, & Dickens, 2011). While teachers’ work engagement concerns with how much a teacher is involved and enthusiastic about his or her work (Bakker & Bal, 2010; Klassen et al., 2012), teacher's academic optimism is a teacher's belief that he or she can teach all of the students effectively, stress the importance of learning and trust in students and parents (Beard, Hoy, & Woolfolk Hoy, 2010; Woolfolk Hoy, Hoy, & Kurz, 2008). Although authentic leadership and teachers’ work engagement have been found to be positively related (Bird, Chuang, Watson, & Murray, 2012; Wang & Bird, 2011), so far there have been no studies that focused on the relationships among the three. Furthermore, since school size has a significant impact on various school outcomes particularly the interpersonal processes (Crosnoe, Johnson, & Elder Jr, 2004; Leithwood & Jantzi, 2009), we hypothesized that school size would moderate the aforementioned relationships. The purpose of the study was to propose a conceptual model linking authentic leadership, teachers’ work engagement and academic optimism with school size as a moderator. Several research propositions based on the model are presented. The proposed model is expected to be a valuable tool for conducting related future researches and developing initiatives to improve principal authentic leadership in school.

Empiric dimension of educational quality at preschool

The aim of this publication is to actualize the empirical experience of child upbringing problem solving within the context of teaching quality improvement in the preschool. Growing parent trust in preschool teachers raises family demands in the relation to child care and preschool education issues. Therefore, it is becoming more important to improve the indicators of teaching quality, focusing on work progress of the preschool educational institution. Quality of child education to a great extent is the key to child’s individual development and success.

Lack of Trust in the Health-Care System After Losing a Child to Suicide.

Lack of trust in the health-care system after losing a child to suicide may prevent bereaved parents from seeking professional treatment when needed, thus diminishing their chances of recovery. This is the first large study to aim at evaluating the incidence of lack of trust in the health-care system and associated variables in suicide-bereaved parents. This nationwide population-based survey included 569 parents who lost a child to suicide 2-5 years earlier and a matched comparison group of 326 nonbereaved parents. Using a study-specific questionnaire, we asked bereaved and nonbereaved parents if they trusted the health-care system and measured psychological and background variables. Prevalence of lack of trust in the health-care system differed between the bereaved (46.5%) and the nonbereaved parents (18.3%), giving a relative risk of 2.5 (95% CI = 2.0-3.3). After multivariable modeling, high scores of depression, living in big cities, and being single were identified as variables associated with lack of trust in suicide-bereaved parents. Suicide-bereaved parents show lack of trust in the health-care system. We present possible effect modifiers that may be considered in professional interventions aiming at influencing suicide-bereaved parents' level of trust.

Children’s critical evaluation of parental mediation

Although the new sociology of childhood draws attention to societal influences on children’s experiences, it also sees them as active agents. This article investigates children’s perspectives on parental interventions in regards their use of the internet, an aspect not covered in the parental mediation literature. Although children are generally positive about this mediation, here we explore cases where children consider it to be problematic through analysing the EU Kids Online qualitative research conducted in nine countries. The material shows how parental advice can sometimes be less articulated, justified, and expressed in a sensitive manner, and why it sometimes lacks credibility in children’s eyes. The article illustrates how maturing children can develop a sense of social expectations about independence, trust and personal social space. This can have a bearing on how they evaluate parental monitoring. Lastly, the article examines factors inhibiting children’s willingness to confide in parents about sensitive issues, because of potential parental responses, parenting styles, and a fear of losing parental trust that children have gained as they have grown older.

Trust and a School-Located Immunization Program

PurposeTo determine variables associated with parental trust in a school-located immunization program (SLIP) and the effect of trust-building interventions on trust and participation in SLIPs. MethodsParents among eight schools randomized to a trust-building intervention or a control condition (four schools each) completed a five-item trust survey before SLIP implementation both in year 1 (fall 2012) and in year 2 (fall 2013). Mean trust scores were calculated. Associations between baseline demographic and experiential variables and mean trust scores were analyzed. Mean trust scores in intervention and control schools were compared before SLIP in years 1 and 2, and SLIP participation rates were noted. ResultsFrom year 1, 1,608 parent surveys were analyzed. Baseline mean trust score across schools was 3.59 of 5 (5 = highest trust). In a multiple linear regression model, annual household income, survey language version, participation in a previous SLIP, child's health insurance status, and perceived vaccine importance were significantly associated with parental trust in SLIPs (R2= .06, p < .001). There was no difference in mean trust scores between intervention and control schools (p = .8). In year 2, 844 surveys were analyzed, and a modest difference was observed between intervention and control schools (mean trust score = 3.66 and 3.57, respectively, p = .07). SLIP participation rates appeared higher in intervention (7.7%) versus control schools (4.3%) in year 1. ConclusionsBaseline trust in SLIPs among a low-income, largely Hispanic group of parents in Texas was moderately high. Factors associated with trust included demographic and experiential variables, and interventions aimed at increasing parents' perception of vaccine importance and participation in SLIPs may be effective in increasing parental trust in SLIPs.

“At a Certain Age It’s Not Appropriate to Monitor One’s Child”

Little is known about the role parental mediation plays in emerging adult technology use. As such, the current exploratory study was designed to identify the prevalence of parental mediation during this developmental period, ascertain how parents mediate, and understand the reasons parents elect not to mediate. Eighty-two unmarried college participants and 76 of their parents participated in this descriptive qualitative study. A majority of emerging adults and parents reported that parents did not mediate their child’s interactive technology. Reasons for not monitoring revolved around parental trust, child maturity, and parental priorities. For those who reported parental mediation, monitoring content and usage was the mediation technique most frequently implemented.

Parent and peer attachment relationships and time perspective in adolescence: Are they related to satisfaction with life?

The primary aim of this research was to provide evidence about how adolescents’ self-reported parent/peer attachment and time perspective relate to their satisfaction with life. A sample of 1211 adolescents completed self-report measures assessing life satisfaction, time perspective, and the perceived quality of parent and peer attachment. Results showed statistically significant relationships among these variables. Boys resulted higher scored than girls in parent trust and satisfaction with life. Girls resulted higher scored than boys in parent alienation, peer communication, and negative past. Parent and peer attachment predicted satisfaction with life, although the variance explained by peer attachment was low. Negative Past, Hedonistic Present, and Future were significantly associated with satisfaction with life in the expected directions. The present study has important implications for future empirical investigation and for clinical intervention.

On the Relationship Between Psychological Empowerment, Trust, and Iranian EFL Teachers’ Job Satisfaction

This study aimed at relating trust and psychological empowerment to Iranian English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ job satisfaction. Participants were 217 (117 females and 100 males) Iranian EFL teachers teaching in secondary school. Four dimensions of psychological empowerment (meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact), three faculty trust (trust in principal, trust in colleague, and trust in students and parents), and two aspects of job satisfaction (intrinsic and extrinsic) were measured. The collected data were analyzed by means of structural equation modeling (SEM) using the AMOS 20 program. Results indicated that psychological empowerment was directly related to job satisfaction; however, trust was indirectly related to job satisfaction through psychological empowerment. Assuming job satisfaction as the causing factor, results indicated that job satisfaction could be directly related to other two variables. Findings have valuable implications for secondary school principals and authorities of Ministry of Education in higher levels.

How are Bangladeshi migrants adapting to Scottish schooling? A case study in the city of Aberdeen

This pilot study investigates how Bangladeshi immigrant parents influence the way their children adapt to school in Aberdeen. A qualitative inquisition identified five main themes: language barriers, cultural and religious differences, friendship, and parental trust in school to explore relationships between migrant parent, children, and school. These themes explain possible interaction impacts between stakeholders and explore different dimensions of migrant integration. Despite migrant parents sincerely attempting to help their children to better integrate, there are linguistic, religious, and cultural gaps that are slowing down the integration process. Through the investigation of different relationships, interactions, and activities, this pilot study could provide a foundation for future research interests in migrant students’ integration in Scottish schools. The study recommends special emphasis in several areas, including parent counselling, teacher–parent interaction, increasing parents’ engagement in school activities, special meetings with migrant alumni, and Halal, or vegetarian food to be available in school.

Cyberbullying among adolescents: Attachment with parents and peers

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship pattern of cyber bullying victims with their parents and peers in comparison to their non cyber bullied counterparts. The sample for the present investigation consisted of 489 adolescents, aged 13–17 yrs, drawn from five urban schools of Punjab catering to the population of middle socio-economic status. Adolescents from these schools were screened for cyber bullying victimization to obtain a sample of around 48 cyber bullying victims. An equal number of adolescents were selected in the control group matched on significant aspects like age, sex, socio-economic status, parental education etc. Various psychological measures were administered to the adolescent participants for studying their relationship pattern with parents and peers. t-test was used to analyze the data. Results of the study revealed that cyber bullying victims were low on parental (mother and father) and peer attachment in comparison to adolescents in the control group. Cyber bullying victims exhibited lower levels of parental and peer trust and communication in comparison to their non cyber bullied counterparts. And they were found to be high on parental and peer alienation in comparison to their non cyber bullied counterparts.

Parental decision-making in uptake of the MMR vaccination: a systematic review of qualitative literature.

Controversy has surrounded MMR vaccination in the aftermath of Wakefield's 1998 paper suggesting links between MMR and the development of pervasive developmental disorder in children. The paper sparked off media debate and contributed to a lack of parental trust in health-care providers and reduction in MMR uptake. This review aims to identify and evaluate research on the subject, with a view to present the reasons behind, and influences on parental decision-making in relation to MMR. Systematic search strategy identified 14 relevant papers on which thematic analysis was performed. Themes identified were categorized as follows: perceptions of risk; roles and responsibility; experience and knowledge. There were limited changes in parental decision-making factors over the time period despite an increase in uptake. Many studies fail to differentiate between accepters and rejecters, making it difficult to draw out clear conclusions. Policymakers need to adapt information provided to address these concerns. Future research should focus more on distinguishing between accepters and rejecters to determine which factors can alter outcome.

The Effects of Contextual and Individual-Level Factors on Chinese Adults’ Attitudes Toward Social Environments

:Using data from the nationally representative China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), we describe Chinese adults’ attitudes toward three specific aspects of social environments: local government performance, severity of major social issues, and social trust. We further explore how county-level contextual factors and personal experiences relate to subjective social environments, while controlling for individual demographics. On average, Chinese adults in the CFPS endorsed moderately positive ratings for their local governments, but perceived high severities in various social issues, ranking economic inequality as the most severe. A moderate level of generalized trust was found, together with very high trust in parents and very low trust in Americans and strangers. Further analyses revealed that variations in subjective social environments at the prefectural level were relatively small compared with individual-level variations. At the individual level, personal experiences such as perceived unfair treatment showed consistently negative effects on how people evaluated their social environments. At the contextual level, employment rates appeared more influential than other studied factors. Regional economic inequality, as indicated by prefectural Gini, was not associated with most outcomes we studied.