Parental Tasks Research Articles

“There’s Not One Way to Do It:”: Latina Mothers’ Discipline Techniques

Discipline is one of the most challenging tasks for parents of young children. Parental choices of discipline can vary greatly by race and ethnicity (Coley et al., 2014). Research on Latino families’ choices of discipline has been inconsistent and from a deficit lens (Rodriguez, 2008). The current qualitative study uses a Funds of Knowledge framework to understand how Latina mothers from the Western United States with young children make decisions about disciplining their children. A thematic analysis of 42 interviews revealed that discipline choices were grounded in the mothers’ upbringing, education, and work history. The results of this study can inform parent educators, family therapists, and pediatricians to recognize that Latina mothers are not a homogeneous group and understand the underlying factors that determine their disciplinary strategies to better support their effort to discipline their children.

Early-onset bipolar disorder, stress, and coping responses of mothers: A comparative study.

Background:Providing care and nurturance to a child with bipolar disorder (BPAD) is a challenging task for parents, especially mothers. In Indian contexts, mothers are the primary caregivers of ailing children and they have to keep intrafamily situation stable, which makes their role more stressful.Objectives:The objective of the study was to assess maternal stress and coping in mothers of adolescents with BPAD.Materials and Methods:This study was a comparative one and carried out on sixty mothers of adolescents; of which thirty were adolescents with BPAD, and the remaining thirty were the mothers of normal adolescents. The participants were selected purposively as per the mothers' age and education level, and the socioeconomic status of the families they belong to. Sociodemographic and clinical data sheet, Parenting Stress Index/Short Form (PSI/SF), and Brief COPE were applied on the mothers for data collection.Results:Mothers' of the BPAD adolescents reported higher scores in the both PSI/SF and Brief COPE.Conclusion:Mothers of the adolescents with BPAD tend to perceive high level of stress and they also use maladaptive coping more in dealing with stressful situations.

Pentingnya Pendidikan Karakter Pada Anak Sekolah Dasar Di Zaman Serba Digital

Character education is an attempt to apply religious values, morals, ethics to students through science, assisted by parents, teachers, and the community which is very important in the formation and development of students' character. Every child has good potential from birth,but this potential must be honed and socialized properly so that the character of each child is formed and developed to its full potential. In this digital era, children easily use digital media. The digital age which not only has positive impacts, but also negative impacts becomes its own task for educators, parents and adult communities in guiding and monitoring what children do with these digital media, so that children are able to utilize their digital media as much as possible and get the benefits that they can both for himself and his life.

ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ РОДИТЕЛЕЙ О ТРЕБОВАНИЯХ, ПООЩРЕНИИ И НАКАЗАНИИ КАК КОМПОНЕНТАХ ВОСПИТАНИЯ ДЕТЕЙ

Statement of the problem. Solving the problem of psychological and pedagogical support of parents requires studying the request for psychological assistance from their side. In our opinion, this can be done by studying the social perceptions of modern parents about various aspects of the phenomenon of parenthood. The purpose of the article is to describe the semantic core of modern parents’ ideas about encouragement, punishment, and requirements as components of raising children in the family. Materials and methods. The research methodology is presented by the concept of social representations by S. Moscovici, as well as synthesized research in the field of social representations by Russian and foreign scientists (K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, G.M. Andreeva, E.Y. Artemyeva, M.I. Volovikova, T.P. Yemelyanova,L.G. Pochebut, J.K. Abrik, P. Verges, D. Jodle). Research results. The analysis of the results shows that the semantic core is the idea that the main task and responsibility of parents is to educate the child, and for this they can use methods of encouragement and punishment, moreover, they have the right to control and punish the child. The main tasks of different methods of education (requirements, prohibitions, punishments, incentives) is maintaining the authority of parents, taking care of the child’s safety, encouraging good behavior, good learning, and obedience of the child. These ideas tend to the traditional Russian understanding of the parent as an educator. Along with this, there is an appearance of ideas about non-mandatory education, the need to develop an educational strategy, and the need to avoid child-centered behavior. Conclusion. The results of the study allow us to make a request for the content of psychological and pedagogical support for parents within the educational system and psychological assistance services. Knowledge of modern parenting’s social concepts of parenting methods allows parents to develop education that is appropriate to their characteristics and needs.

MuST-C: A multilingual corpus for end-to-end speech translation

End-to-end spoken language translation (SLT) has recently gained popularity thanks to the advancement of sequence to sequence learning in its two parent tasks: automatic speech recognition (ASR) and machine translation (MT). However, research in the field has to confront with the scarcity of publicly available corpora to train data-hungry neural networks. Indeed, while traditional cascade solutions can build on sizable ASR and MT training data for a variety of languages, the available SLT corpora suitable for end-to-end training are few, typically small and of limited language coverage. We contribute to fill this gap by presenting MuST-C, a large and freely available Multilingual Speech Translation Corpus built from English TED Talks. Its unique features include: i) language coverage and diversity (from English into 14 languages from different families), ii) size (at least 237 hours of transcribed recordings per language, 430 on average), iii) variety of topics and speakers, and iv) data quality. Besides describing the corpus creation methodology and discussing the outcomes of empirical and manual quality evaluations, we present baseline results computed with strong systems on each language direction covered by MuST-C.

Parents and Children During the COVID-19 Lockdown: The Influence of Parenting Distress and Parenting Self-Efficacy on Children's Emotional Well-Being.

On March 10, 2020, Italy went into lockdown due to the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. The World Health Organization highlighted how the lockdown had negative consequences on psychological well-being, especially for children. The present study aimed to investigate parental correlates of children’s emotion regulation during the COVID-19 lockdown. Within the Social Cognitive Theory framework, a path model in which parenting self-efficacy and parental regulatory emotional self-efficacy mediated the relationship between parents’ psychological distress and both children’s emotional regulation, and children’s lability/negativity, was investigated. A total of 277 parents of children aged from 6 to 13 years completed an online survey that assessed their psychological distress, regulatory emotional self-efficacy, and parenting self-efficacy. Parents reported also children’s emotional regulation and lability/negativity. A structural equation model (SEM) using MPLUS 8.3 was tested. Results showed that the hypothesized model exhibited excellent fit, chi-square (83) = 140.40, p < 0.01, RMSEA = 0.05, CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.96, SRMR = 0.04. The influences of parents’ psychological distress and parents’ regulatory emotional self-efficacy on children’s emotional regulation and lability/negativity were mediated by parenting self-efficacy. The mediation model was invariant across children’s biological sex and age, and geographical residence area (high risk vs. low risk for COVID-19). Results suggested how parents’ beliefs to be competent in managing parental tasks might be a protective factor for their children’s emotional well-being. Implications for intervention programs are discussed.

Parents’ Perceptions and Management of Children’s Learning of Chinese as a Heritage Language: A Case Study of Cross-cultural Families in Australia

Parents play an important role in children’s learning of their heritage language (HL) in immigrant countries. Fostering HL learning is a hard task for parents, particularly in immigrant families, and this difficulty is exacerbated in cross-cultural families. The existing studies have not fully addressed the importance of consistent parental perceptions and language management in children’s HL learning. This gap is particularly clear in the research concerning learning Chinese as an HL among cross-cultural families’ children living in English-speaking immigrant countries such as Australia. The present qualitative study used semi-structured interviews to fill this gap by examining the perceptions and language management strategies of three cross-cultural families in Australia whose children are learning Chinese as one parent’s HL. The results suggest that, in English countries, Chinese-background and non-Chinese-background parents in cross-cultural families have quite different opinions about their children learning Chinese, which are reflected in their dissimilar language management strategies. The results highlight the importance and challenges of developing a stable family language policy in cross-cultural families in order to maintain their children’s HL learning.

Measuring parenting capacity for disabled children using a child protection assessment

Summary Childhood disability can heighten risk of neglect and abuse and may also impinge upon the parenting task. Even so, a gross deficiency of published literature on social work parenting capacity assessment for disabled children is evident. This paper provides a critical commentary on approaches to assessments of the capacity of parents of disabled children. International review of literature on this subject matter is enacted across three themes. Findings Themes refer to limitations to the uptake of disability-specific parenting assessment tools, use of existing generic frameworks and supplementation of generic frameworks, respectively. Throughout, a composite conceptual frame is taken up, entailing the conventions of a seminal social model of disability, extended through an affirmative non-tragedy lens. The intention is to contest articulations of disability grounded in tragedy and melancholia, otherwise instantiated by links between disability with child maltreatment in this paper. Applications Application of insights from this paper within professional social work practice can enhance evidence-informed parenting capacity assessment.

100 Just how long does it take? Using parental surveys documenting time required to provide care at home to children with medical complexity as a tool for advocacy

Abstract Background Children with medical complexity (CMC) constitute a growing population here and everywhere. CMC are fragile, complex, and dependent on technology. Sustainable, safe and effective care at home requires a high level of parental dedication, in knowledge, skills and time. While children thrive in the home setting, the demands on caregivers are substantial. As part of a larger advocacy project, a collaboration between healthcare professionals looking after CMC in Quebec was formed with a primary goal to create evidence-based standardized guidelines for homecare practices. During this process, wide disparities in actual care support received were noted as was the paucity of publication quantifying the time it takes to care for CMC at home. This innovative survey was planned to better describe families’ experiences and to further advocacy efforts with the development of data-driven care support recommendations. Objectives The objectives of this prospective survey were: a) to quantify daily parental expenditure of time to provide care at home to their child requiring i) parenteral nutrition (TPN), ii) peritoneal dialysis (PD), iii) noninvasive ventilation (BIPAP) or iv) tracheostomy care (TC) and b) to qualitatively explore the perceptions of parents regarding existing and desired homecare supports. Design/Methods Quebec CMC were identified through collaboration of multidisciplinary experts from each pediatric university hospital center and the provincial home ventilation program. The daily care required for CMC was described step-by-step with input from CMC’s parents with either TPN, PD, BIPAP or TC. A survey was developed to estimate time required by parents for care completion related to technology, medication, enteral feeding, maintenance of equipment and care organization. Open ended questions on parental perceptions of existing and desired homecare supports were included. The surveys were sent to all eligible families by their primary pediatrician or nurse. Data were entered into a database. For each care intervention, descriptive analyses were performed to determine the median (interquartile range) time required. Thematic analyses were used to evaluate open ended responses. Summary data was used by the expert collaboration to draft data-driven homecare support recommendations for CMC in Quebec and create request template to translate the recommendations into a practical tool for advocacy. Results A total of 87 parents of CMC were surveyed and 78 with complete quantitative data were available for analysis. For TPN, 14 surveys were available. The median (interquartile range) of total daily time dedicated to medical care was 259 (180) minutes a day, with care distributed through TPN administration and preparation (62 (49) minutes/day), enteral nutrition when indicated (42 (34) minutes/day), medication (48 (70) minutes/day) and meal (135(98) minutes/day). For PD, 12 surveys were available. Total daily time dedicated to medical care was 160 (111) minutes/day, with care distributed through dialysis administration and preparation (58 (19) minutes/day), enteral nutrition when indicated (35 (25) minutes/day), medication (35 (28) minutes/day) and other medical care (46 (24) minutes/day). For BIPAP, 39 surveys were available. Total daily time dedicated to care directly associated with BIPAP use was 18 (15) minutes/day. Total daily time dedicated to medical care was 55 (77) minutes/day when well, and 83 (180) minutes/day when sick. Respiratory care was 31 (42) minutes/day when well, and 48 (125) minutes/day when sick. Medication administration was 20 (22) minutes/day when well and 28 (60) minutes/day when sick. Personnel and equipment management was reported to take a median of 55 (interquartile range 119) minutes/week. For TC, 13 surveys were available. Total daily time dedicated to medical care was 109 (239) minutes/day, with 87 (111) minutes/days of direct tracheostomy care. Parents of CMC asked for further support in those categories: financial help, help with home task, respite, nighttime help and specialized support. Conclusion Parents provide substantial care at home for CMC. This study provides a first look at the actual time required to perform care. Although widely distributed, those time data give a first and unique overview of the task for parents taking care of CMC. Data driven recommendations for care support at home were created, along with standardized care request templates which are now in regular use in Quebec, demonstrating a powerful tool for advocacy.

PERAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL TERHADAP POLA ASUH PERKEMBANGAN ANAK DI KELUARGA DALAM PANDANGAN ISLAM

Family involvement in developing children's abilities and social behavior is very much needed through interaction as a medium of actualization. The role of parents and children will be the basis of influence on child development parenting. in social life a person needs to interact with other people and when interacting one finds the true nature of himself as a social creature who needs each other. The task of parents must continue to hone and educate their children so that they can always socialize and interact well This article aims to discuss how the role of social interaction on parenting child development in the family in Islamic view. because more or less parents ignore it busy with what is being done so there is no word of attention and indifference to children. And in essence, parents are the most important part as a benchmark for children's growth and development.

Buildings promote higher incubation temperatures and reduce nest attentiveness in a Neotropical thrush

Incubation is an energetically costly parental task of breeding birds. Incubating parents respond to environmental variation and nest‐site features to adjust the balance between the time spent incubating (i.e. nest attentiveness) and foraging to supply their own needs. Non‐natural nesting substrates such as human buildings impose new environmental contexts that may affect time allocation of incubating birds but this topic remains little studied. Here, we tested whether nesting substrate type (buildings vs. trees) affects the temperature inside the incubation chamber (hereafter ‘nest temperature’) in the Pale‐breasted Thrush Turdus leucomelas, either during ‘day’ (with incubation recesses) or ‘night’ periods (representing uninterrupted female presence at the nest). We also tested whether nesting substrate type affects the incubation time budget using air temperature and the day of the incubation cycle as covariates. Nest temperature, when controlled for microhabitat temperature, was higher at night and in nests in buildings but did not differ between daytime and night for nests in buildings, indicating that buildings partially compensate for incubation recesses by females with regard to nest temperature stability. Females from nests placed in buildings exhibited lower nest attentiveness (the overall percentage of time spent incubating) and had longer bouts off the nest. Higher air temperatures were significantly correlated with shorter bouts on the nest and longer bouts off the nest, but without affecting nest attentiveness. We suggest that the longer bouts off the nest taken by females of nests in buildings is a consequence of higher nest temperatures promoted by man‐made structures around these nests. Use of buildings as nesting substrate may therefore increase parental fitness due to a relaxed incubation budget, and potentially drive the evolution of incubation behaviour in certain urban bird populations.

Mothers' self-reported emotion dysregulation: A potentially valid method in the field of infant mental health.

In the current study, we evaluated the extent to which mothers reported emotion dysregulation on the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (DERS) (a) converged with physiological indices of emotion dysregulation while parenting, (b) correlated with maternal sensitivity, and (c) predicted infant attachment disorganization and behavior problems in a sample of 259 mothers and their infants. When infants were 6 months old, mothers' physiological arousal and regulation were measured during parenting tasks and mothers completed the DERS. Maternal sensitivity was observed during distress-eliciting tasks when infants were 6 and 14 months old. Infant attachment disorganization was assessed during the Strange Situation when infants were 14 months old and mothers reported on infants' behavior problems when infants were 27 months old. Mothers who reported greater emotion regulation difficulties were more physiologically dysregulated during stressful parenting tasks and also showed lower levels of maternal sensitivity at 6 months. Mother-reported dysregulation predicted higher likelihood of infant attachment disorganization and more behavior problems. Results suggest that the DERS is a valid measure of maternal emotional dysregulation and may be a useful tool for future research and intervention efforts aimed toward promoting positive parenting and early child adjustment.

PERAN ORANG TUA DALAM PENDIDIKAN FORMAL ANAK (Studi di Desa Taar Kecamatan Dulla Selatan)

Regarding the role of parents in the formal education of the child, it can be known that there is a gap between the expectation and the fact that in the village Taar Dulla Selatan District is very concern. The fact is found, that with the work of different parents such as driver Oto, motorcycle taxi, rush building, fishermen, farmers, almost the need of children do not notice such as writing books for kids later in school, Children's uniforms have been prepared or not, controlling their children in their growth and development, parents rarely follow the parents ' meeting, and always give the trust for the elderly child or Om or aunt to join the meeting between Teachers and parents, mothers are also working as laundry in some houses so sometimes if it is tired, the mothers of the Suda forget to pay attention to their children about learning, they think the children are already bisah independent or not, already Dinner or not, what else has learned or not. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to develop a sense of parental responsibility for its duties and roles, and is expected to foster knowledge and broaden parents ' horizons.Arifin suggests that the task of parents who need to be pone is, mother role as: 1. Have biological and physical needs. 2. Caring and taking care of the family patiently, in a consistent manner. 3. Educate, regulate and control the child. 4. Be examples and examples for children. Dad has a role as: 1. Father as a breadwinner. 2. Father as a husband who is full of understanding and giving security. 3. Father participated in child education. 4. As a protector or a firmly wise personage, loving the family.The research method used is a qualitative research method, the results of the study showed that the role of parents in the formal education of children studying in Taar village, Dulla Selatan District, has not undergone any changes, as it is seen from Parents ' participation in seeing their roles in supporting the child's formal education.Keyword: Parental role, Formal education

De dos a tres: cambios y necesidades familiares ante el desafío de la paternidad

La llegada de los hijos al núcleo familiar constituido por la pareja supone una etapa crucial en el ciclo evolutivo familiar, hasta tal punto que algunos autores sitúan aquí el propio inicio de una nueva familia. Además de la importancia que tiene este momento, es evidente que las dinámicas e interacciones familiares previas a la paternidad cambian y, con ello, se generan nuevas necesidades que requieren de apoyo socioeducativo.Concretamente, este trabajo busca analizar las dinámicas de pareja con hijos, para lo que han participado 261 personas (53.6% mujeres y 46.4% hombres) mediante un cuestionario de 11 ítems centrados, por un lado, en la toma de decisiones respecto a los hijos y, por otro, en la implicación y dedicación en las tareas de crianza y educación de los hijos. Aunque los resultados generales son positivos, se debe prestar atención a cierta dificultad para llegar a acuerdos con la pareja sobre los hijos y, sobre todo, a la tendencia a que un miembro de la pareja suela ser el que dedique más tiempo a la crianza y cuidado de los hijos, a ayudarles con los deberes y a mantener relación con el centro escolar. El reparto desigual de tales tareas puede estar relacionado con el sentirse desbordado, especialmente en el caso de las mujeres.

Youth’s Socio-Sexual Competences With Romantic and Casual Sexual Partners

ABSTRACT We investigated youth’s self-reported socio-sexual competences (esteem, assertiveness, control, communication) within their most recent sexual partnerships, and explored disparities in these competences between romantic versus casual sexual partnerships, including age and gender differences therein. Data were used from 6,098 Dutch adolescents and young adults (12.1–26.1 years), who participated in a national study on sexual health. Results indicated that being in love and sexual activity frequency were significant confounders for the associations between sexual partnership typology and youth’s socio-sexual competence levels. After controlling for confounding relationship characteristics and sociodemographics, no differences were found between sexual partnership types in youth’s sexual esteem, assertiveness, and control. However, romantic sexual partnerships were characterized by more frequent sexual communication than casual sexual partnerships. This pattern was gender-consistent, but for young adults, this difference in sexual communication across sexual partnership types was larger than for adolescents. Our findings emphasize that considering the relationship context (e.g., romantic, casual) for the development, utilization, and evaluation of young people’s socio-sexual competences – particularly sexual communication – is a vital task for parents, educators, clinicians, and researchers. Individual (person-centered) versus relational (dyad-centered) differences in youth’s socio-sexual competences require further exploration, as does the link between socio-sexual competences and sexual health and satisfaction.

INDIVIDUAL PARENTAL COACHING - A SUPPORT FOR PARENTS

Parents are usually entering the significant role of parenthood without any designated manual or training, apart from the parental modeling they have experienced in their own childhood home. Yet, the responsibility for raising happy and well-adjusted children lays on the parents' shoulders. The parental task becomes even more demanding during the tension saturated years of adolescence, when parents tend to feel lost, bewildered, and lose the easy-going communication they had with their children, especially in the challenging post-modern era. In order to establish 'good enough' parenting, which is based on a coherent and consistent agenda, parents should be given the opportunity to set out on a journey of familiarity with their own 'self,' their values as individuals, their beliefs, strengths and weaknesses, which is offered by using the Individual Parental Coaching (IPC) model. The uniqueness of the model is by placing the parents at the heart of the coaching process, relating to them as whole and complete persons, rather than as a parent designed to bare, raise, love and serve children. The model was examined with qualitative research in 2016 in Israel, and has developed to other fields since then. The results of the initial research and utterances from other parents that participated in the model in various contexts indicate that they clearly witness a significant improvement of their parental abilities, which lead to a better connection and communication with their adolescent's children.

Can Leadership Be Taught?

Can Leadership Be Taught?

Pendidikan Keluarga Perspektif Al-Qur’an

Education is an important requirement for every country in general and schools in particular. What's more is religious education, where parents play an important role in education Early. Thus the first form of education is present in family life. Education is nothing but emphasizing the concept of Islamic education which makes the problem of servitude to God and obedience to Him the axis of all life. It should also be noted that children's physical education is an inseparable part of mental, mental, and personal education. The task of parents in educating children from childhood will introduce children to the existence of their god, who makes and manages the universe, understands who the prophet is, and understands their religion, so that they understand and understand the duty to live in this world is to worship God alone with following the sunnah of His Messenger. It is clear, that Islam teaches them to carry out their children's education, which is based on the view that children as creatures who are growing and developing towards maturity, have basic skills that are dynamic and responsive to external influences and themselves.&#x0D; Keywords: education, family, Al-Qur'an.

A Study on the Legislative Guarantee Tasks for Parents' Participation in School Operations

이 논문은 학부모가 학교운영에 참여할 수 있는 권리를 법적으로 규정하고 있는 수준을 진단하고, 보다 실효성 있는 참여권 보장을 위한 법령 개정 방안을 탐색한 논문이다. 논문은 학부모의 학교운영 참여에 있어서 문제 상황(제1장), 학부모 참여의 법제사적 특징(제2장), 현행법상 학부모 참여의 보장 수준 진단(제3장), 국회&#8228;교육부&#8228;교육청 대응의 평가와 관련 쟁점의 분석(제4장), 입법과제로서 개정 방향 및 방안(제5장)으로 구성되어 있다. 이를 위하여 선행연구 및 관련 법령을 검토하였고, 교육부(2017)의 학부모회 활성화 기본계획, 국회 입법개정안, 시&#8228;도교육청의 행&#8228;재정 지원 현황 등을 분석하였다. 주요 쟁점은 학부모회의 법적 근거(법령 vs 조례), 법적 성격(임의 vs 필수), 그리고 법적 기능(독자 vs 연계)으로 나누어 검토하였다. 결론으로서 학부모회 법제화의 기본 방향은 조례 간 격차를 해소하고 소규모 학교의 특성을 고려하는 관점에서 지적했으며, 개선 방안은 &#65378;교육기본법&#65379;, &#65378;초&#8228;중등교육법&#65379;, 그리고 이 법 시행령 수준에서 각각 추진하는 개정 입법안을 제시하면서, 학부모 자신의 권리의식 및 참여 의욕이 관건이 됨을 지적하였다.

Effect of Children Illness and Hospitalization on Maternal Adopted Disciplinary Strategies

Background: Disciplining a child is one of the most challenging parental tasks. The process is even harder when the child is either acutely or chronically ill. Pediatric nurse is to be a very important resource person for the parents in the time of hospitalization of their children. Aim: to assess effect of children illness and hospitalization on maternal adopted disciplinary strategies. Design: Descriptive correlation research design was utilized to fit the aim of the study. Setting: The study was conducted in pediatric surgery and medicine wards at Cairo University Specialized Pediatric Hospital. Sample: A convenient sample of 100motherswere participated in the current study. The first 50 children with their mothers was collected from the medicine ward and the second 50 children and their mothers was participated from the surgery ward. Data collection tools: 1) Structured interview questionnaire, related to the personal characteristics of children and their mothers; 2) Parenting Practices Questionnaire (Mothers' Form). Results: The study results showed that the physical stressor was the majority stressor expressed by the mothers, the authoritarian disciplinary strategies (verbal hostility, corporal punishment, and non-reasoning disciplinary strategies) respectively were of the highest adopted means. There were highly significant negative correlations between total mean scores of mothers adopted disciplinary strategy and child's age, gender, mother's age, education and place of residence. Conclusion: mothers of ill hospitalized children adopted authoritarian disciplinary strategies namely verbal hostility, corporal punishment and non-reasoning. Factors affecting the adopted disciplinary strategy were child age, gender, mother age and education and place of residence. Recommendation: there is a need to train pediatric nurses to provide help to mothers of hospitalized children in selecting appropriate disciplinary strategies that foster children's development rather than of negative effect.