Parenting Style Research Articles

Dealing with Overparenting: Developmental Outcomes in Emerging Adults Exposed to Overprotection and Overcontrol

AbstractOverparenting is defined as a parenting style characterized by overprotection, overcontrol, and an excess of involvement in the life of one’s offspring. These types of parenting practices turn out to be particularly intrusive during the period of emerging adults in which the need for autonomy is the element that most characterizes this stage of development. The current review aimed at summarizing studies that considered the repercussions of overparenting’s dysfunctional behaviors on offspring during the developmental phase of emerging adulthood and was carried out using the new Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol. Articles were retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science databases. After having initially considered 832 papers, 31 studies were deemed eligible to be included in this review. The analysis of these studies showed that individuals subjected to overparenting are prone to developing various internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Internalizing symptoms are more prevalent and are often associated with conditions such as depression, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety. Pivotal recommendations have been suggested to reduce the impact of overparenting practices on the well-being of young adults. These include the development of coping strategies and the development of trust, resilience, and open communication within the supportive context of clinical intervention.

Influence of parental attitudes and coping styles on mental health during online teaching in the COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the online delivery model became the primary mode of education. With multiple pressures on society and families, mental health issues for parents have become particularly pronounced. Most of the current research has focused on the psychological state of education practitioners and children, with little attention to parents’ mental health issues. Therefore, this study explored the attitudes and coping styles of parents who experienced the process of their children being taught online over a long period and the factors influencing their mental health. This cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2021 and January 2022, using an anonymous online questionnaire to survey 1500 parents with children aged 6–13 years. The Chinese versions of the Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ-9), the Parenting Stress Scale (PSS), the General Mental Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), and the Brief Coping Style Scale (SCSQ), and a related factors questionnaire were used to survey the subjects. The normal distribution of the data was examined using the Shapiro–Wilk method. A multivariate regression analysis was conducted to identify factors significantly associated with parental mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Only 30.24% of parents agreed with online classes during the pandemic, and 52.28% used positive coping methods during stressful situations. Multivariate regression models identified significant factors associated with parental mental health: parent’s gender, child’s grade level, perceived stress about online classes, whether the child has ADHD, positive or negative coping styles, and subjective attitudes of support for online classes or not. The results of the study suggest that as online classes become more socially acceptable, it is necessary to be concerned about the risk of mental illness for parents and develop policies and interventions, especially for parents who adopt negative coping styles and endorse online classes. The focus should be on the stress of online classes on parents, improving the acceptance of online classes and psychological well-being, regulating the way parents deal with their children, and targeting subgroups of children with ADHD symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem of medical students with age and gender as moderators.

Among various factors that determine an individual's self-esteem, parenting styles play a significant role. This study investigates the link between parenting styles and self-esteem among medical students while exploring the role of age and gender in this context. A cross-sectional study was carried out among medical students from December 2020 to March 2021. An online survey was prepared using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Parental Authority Questionnaire-Short Version, and students were asked to fill it out. Data were gathered from 255 students by simple random sampling technique, of which 230 forms were filled. SPSS version 26.0 was used to enter and analyze the data. One sample t-test, Pearson Correlation, and Hierarchal regression analysis were applied. AMOS version 26.00 was used for confirmatory factor analysis. Out of 230 participants, 60% of the sample population experienced an authoritative parenting style. Authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles were significantly correlated with self-esteem. Females who experienced authoritative parenting and males who experienced authoritarian and permissive parenting styles had higher self-esteem than their respective counterparts. Authoritative parenting was the most common and the only parenting style with a statistically significant positive correlation with self-esteem. This study further highlights the importance of consistent parental supervision and open communication in determining an individual's self-esteem.

THE IMPORTANCE OF PARENTS TO STUDENTS’ ENGLISH LEARNING: THE INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLES

This study explores the impact of parenting styles on the English learning engagement of non-English major students and examines the mediating role of individual self-control. The research utilized an online survey distributed to 500 non-English major students at SUniversity, with 429 valid responses analysed. The Chinese edition of the Short Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran (S-EMBU-C), the English Learning Engagement Scale, and the Self-Control Scale were employed to measure parenting styles, learning engagement, andself-control, respectively. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to analyse the relationships among these variables. The results revealed that positive parenting styles significantly enhance English learning engagement, while negative parenting styles diminish it. Moreover, individual self-control was found to mediate the relationship between parenting styles and learning engagement, suggesting that students with stronger self-control are more engaged in their English learning. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of positive parenting in fostering students' learning engagement and highlights self-control as a critical factor in this process. These findings contribute to the understanding of how familial influences and individual traits combine to impact academic performance in non-English major students.

Parenting Styles and Youth’s Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors: Does Self-Control Matter?

The externalizing and internalizing behaviors of children and youth have been the object of extensive criminological research, mainly due to the potentially harmful impact on these individuals' future development and adjustment. The current study aimed to explore the influence of parenting styles on the emergence of children and youth’s externalizing and internalizing behaviors and to understand the influence of self-control in this relationship. Following a quantitative self-report approach and using a sample of 472 Portuguese middle-school children, this study found that the children’s sex, low self-control, and authoritative parenting style significantly predicted externalizing and internalizing behaviors. The data also revealed that children's age and the permissive parenting style significantly predicted externalizing but not internalizing behaviors and that the authoritarian parenting style significantly predicted internalizing behaviors. Low self-control partially mediated the relationship between parenting styles and externalizing and internalizing behaviors in most tested models. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

Impact Parenting Style on Academic Achievement, Emotional Intelligence and Self-Esteem among University Students in Southern Punjab

This study examined the impact of different parenting styles—authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive—on students' emotional intelligence, academic achievement, and self-esteem in South Punjab, specifically in Multan, Bahawalpur, and Dera Ghazi Khan. Utilizing a sample of 600 university students, the research employed cross-sectional data collection through questionnaires. The findings revealed that authoritative parenting significantly positively influenced emotional intelligence, academic achievement, and self-esteem, whereas both authoritarian and permissive parenting styles were associated with negative outcomes across these variables. Authoritarian parenting was linked to lower emotional intelligence, academic performance, and self-esteem, while permissive parenting also demonstrated detrimental effects on these aspects, though to a lesser extent. These results underscore the importance of fostering authoritative parenting practices to enhance developmental outcomes in students. The study provides valuable insights for educators, parents, and policymakers to implement strategies that support effective parenting to improve students' holistic development. Limitations include the cross-sectional design and geographic specificity, suggesting a need for further research with longitudinal approaches and diverse populations.

Parental styles and online sexual abuse prevention factors

Parental styles and online sexual abuse prevention factors

Decision Style Inventory Application in Parent/Guardian Vaccination Decision-Making: A Pilot Study

IntroductionCases of preventable diseases continue to occur globally. Much literature is present about barriers and factors that influence vaccination, but little is known about psychologically ingrained decision-making styles and their relationship with vaccination decisions. Design/MethodsThis quantitative descriptive cross-sectional pilot study aimed to explore using an established tool, the Decision Style Inventory (Rowe & Mason, 1987), in parents/guardians of children 2 months to 20 years old. ResultsNineteen parents/guardians participated in this study and provided positive feedback on the Decision Style Inventory (Rowe & Mason, 1987). Descriptive statistics revealed vaccination decisions occurred more frequently with certain decision styles. ConclusionsFurther research examining associations between decision styles and vaccination decisions is warranted. The findings of such research could lead to new tool development that integrates external factors and parental decision-making style. This new tool could allow healthcare providers to select targeted interventions that holistically address parental vaccination decisions.

Impact of Authoritative Parenting Style on Self-Esteem and Resilience Among Undergraduate Students

The aims of undertaking the following research have to assess the relationship between authoritative parenting and self-esteem as well as the levels of resilience among undergraduate students. According to this research, the authoritative style of parenting has a positive relation to self-esteem and resilience as two interrelated factors. For this study, a sample of 250 undergraduate students from AWKUM was used and research techniques like descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results indicate a significant positive correlation between authoritative parenting and resilience (r = .638, p < .01), as well as between authoritative parenting and self-esteem (r = .664, p < .01). Furthermore, a strong correlation was observed between resilience and self-esteem (r = .934, p < .01). These findings highlight the importance of authoritative parenting in promoting psychological well-being among undergraduate students.

University Students’ Perception on the Influence of family parenting style on vulnerability to radicalization in Kenya: Implications for Counselling

University Students’ Perception on the Influence of family parenting style on vulnerability to radicalization in Kenya: Implications for Counselling

Correlation of Parenting Styles and Oral Health Behavior of Children with Down Syndrome in Banjarmasin

Background: Parental, Down syndrome is a trisomy chromosomal genetic disorder that leads newborn child having more than one chromosome so that could interfere the normal growth of the body due to an excess of protein level. Children with Down syndrome have different oral health problems compared to the general population. They need assistance to maintain their oral health because of mental and physical deficiencies as well as limitations in optimally cleaning their teeth. Objective: To analyze the relationship between parenting styles and oral health behavior of children with Down syndrome in Banjarmasin Special Needs School, Indonesia. Materials and Method: This is an observational analytic study with cross-sectional approach. Sample was taken using simple random sampling technique and a cross-sectional sample formula obtained for 32 respondents. The instrument used a parenting style questionnaire and a behavioral modification questionnaire for children's oral health. Results: Democratic (87.5%) compared switch order parenting styles. It was found that there were more children with Down syndrome in the category of moderate behavior (59%) than children with good behavior (38%) and poor behavior (3%). The results of the Somers'd test data analysis obtained a significance value of 0.034 (p<0.05) and the correlation value obtained was 0.571, which means that the correlation strength is moderate with a positive correlation direction (unidirectional). Conclusion: The more democratic the parents use as parenting style the better the oral health behavior of children with Down syndrome will be.

Parental styles are associated with eating disorder symptoms, anxiety, interpersonal difficulties, and nucleus accumbens response

ObjectivesEating disorders (EDs) typically emerge during adolescence. Parental bonding has a lasting impact on a child’s mental health during those developmentally critical years. There remains uncertainty over whether parental bonding is a risk factor for developing or maintaining specifically EDs or, rather, general psychopathology and the associated underlying brain function.MethodsForty-one young adult healthy control individuals (HC, 26.6 ± 3.5 years) and 46 individuals with EDs (25 with anorexia nervosa, AN, 22.8 ± 6.4 years, and 21 with bulimia nervosa, BN, 23.5 ± 4.2 years) completed the parental bonding instrument (PBI), assessments for anxiety, depression, and ED behaviors, and underwent a conditioning paradigm during brain imaging.ResultsIn both groups, perceived parental care and overprotection were correlated with state and trait anxiety and interpersonal alienation, and in HC only, with body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. Individuals with an ED reported lower self-perceived parental care, but higher overprotection compared to the HC group. Nucleus accumbens (NAc) response was related to bonding measures in both groups and right NAc response mediated the relationship between maternal care and trait anxiety in HC.ConclusionsPerceived parental bonding is associated with general psychopathology, including elevated anxiety and interpersonal difficulties across HC and ED groups. Lower perceived parental care and higher overprotection could predispose healthy individuals to develop problems with body shape or weight; however, other, maybe biological factors may determine whether a person will develop an ED. The link between perceived parental bonding, NAc valence processing and anxiety implicates dopaminergic circuits that should be studied further.Level of Evidence: Level III: Case–control analytic study

The Association of Parental Feeding Style and Sociodemographic Characteristics with Child Anxiety in Preschool Children

Objective: This descriptive, cross-sectional study aims to determine the relationship between parent feeding style and anxiety in children. Methods: The research was conducted with 338 mothers with children aged 3-6 years. Sociodemographic Information Form, Revised Preschool Anxiety Scale and the Parent Nutrition Style Questionnaire were used for data collection. Results: The mean Preschool Anxiety Scale scores significantly differed concerning the number of children’s siblings, mothers’ employment, fathers’ employment, mothers’ education, fathers’ education and family income. There was a significant positive weak correlation between anxiety levels and the mean scores on emotional feeding, instrumental feeding and the Parent Nutrition Style Questionnaire. Conclusion: Health professionals should be aware of several sociodemographic features that affect anxiety in children. Therefore, families at risk should be identified, their children should be closely monitored in terms of health problems like anxiety and depression, and appropriate interventions should be designed to prevent anxiety in children. Considering that parental feeding style affects eating habits in children, further studies are needed to examine the relationship between parental feeding behavior and anxiety in children.

Associations among screen time, sleep, mental health and cognitive functioning in school-aged children during the COVID-19 pandemic, November 2020 through to August 2022

ObjectiveTo examine children’s screen time use and sleep patterns over 2 years of the pandemic and the downstream associations with children’s executive functions and behavioural problems, as well as the moderating effects of parental factors. MethodThis longitudinal cohort study examined school-aged children’s lifestyle and behavioural changes over 2 years of the pandemic across 6 timepoints (November 2020 to August 2022). Latent growth modeling (LGM) was used to identify changes in screen time and sleep duration and multivariate LGM was used to determine how parental stress, positive parenting, changes in children’s screen time and sleep over time were associated with children’s executive functions and mental health outcomes at the final time point. ResultsA total of 198 parents (children’s mean age = 9.14 years) were recruited and followed up. Non-school screen time was elevated at the initial timepoint (3.6 ± 2.3 h). Positive parenting at the initial timepoint was associated with lower screen time use in children (β = −.19, p < .001; β = −.19, p < .001, in internalizing and externalizing models). Children whose screen time use was constant during the pandemic had shorter sleep durations (β = −.45, p < .05 in internalizing model). Executive function was predicted by sleep duration at the first timepoint (β = −.55, p < .001; β = .73, p < .001, in internalizing and externalizing models) and changes in screen time during the pandemic was associated with both internalizing and externalizing symptoms (β = .58, p < .05; β = .54, p < .05, in internalizing and externalizing models). ConclusionChildren’s screen time decreased slightly but remained significantly higher than Canadian and International guidelines during 2 years of the pandemic. Positive parenting styles can have a significant impact on children's screen time use. Reducing excessive screen time can help improve sleep patterns and, consequently, cognitive, and emotional well-being in children.

A Preschool based intervention to reduce Early Childhood Caries in a District of Sri Lanka: A Quasi-experimental Study.

Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is prevalent among preschool children. The aim was to assess the effectiveness of an intervention to modify family-level determinants of caries (i.e. maternal parenting style, oral health-related self-efficacy and oral health-related knowledge) via preschool teachers, to improve the child level determinants of ECC (dietary sugar consumption, oral hygiene pattern, dental attendance pattern). Quasi-experimental study. Preschools in Gampaha District, Sri Lanka. Preschoolers and their mothers/caregivers. Delivered via preschool teachers to 200 children and their caregivers. Maternal parenting style, oral health related self-efficacy and oral health related knowledge, parentally reported dietary sugar consumption, oral hygiene pattern, dental attendance pattern and ECC. Maternal oral health related knowledge, authoritative parenting, authoritarian parenting and oral health related self-efficacy, maternally reported sugar consumption, sweetened drink consumption, tooth brushing frequency, dental visiting during the past six months and receipt of treatment better in the intervention group than the control group post-intervention. The intervention shows potential in modifying family level determinants of ECC.

Online positive parenting programme for promoting parenting competencies and skills: randomised controlled trial

Positive parenting programmes (PPP), albeit effective, are not readily accessible to the general public, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 103 healthy caregiver-child dyads, we investigated the effectiveness of online PPP on parenting sense of competencies (primary outcome), parenting styles and behavioural concerns of children aged 3–6 years (secondary outcomes) between 2 blinded, parallel groups. After block of 4 randomisations, intervention group (n = 52) attended live, group-based, internet delivered PPP while both intervention and active control group (n = 51) received weekly general education via communication application. Outcomes were measured at baseline, 8 and 14 weeks. Most parents from both groups had high education and household income. From the intervention group, 87.5% of the parents attended live sessions while 8.6% subsequently watched recorded sessions. At 14 weeks, the intervention group reported higher sense of competence (Wald 9.63, p = 0.008); both groups reported using more authoritative parenting style (Wald 15.52, p ≤ 0.001) from Generalised Estimating Equations model. Compared to baseline, both groups had significant reduction of children’s emotional problems at 14 weeks (mean change: Intervention = − 0.44, p = 0.033; Control = − 0.30, p = 0.046) and behavioural problems over time (Wald 7.07, p = 0.029). Online PPP offered an easily accessible, primary preventive measure to mitigate behavioural concerns and improve parental competency. Clinical Trial Registration: Thai Clinical Trials Registry (https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/); TCTR20201030001 on 30/10/2020.

Effects of different parenting styles on the physical health of Chinese university students.

Annual declines in university students' physical health have an impact on social stability and the nation's long-term growth. Parenting style, which is crucial to a child's growth and development, may have a big influence on physical health. This study delves into the effects of different parenting styles on the physical fitness of Chinese college students under gender differences. Through random allocation and stratified sampling methods, this study comprehensively investigated 3,151 undergraduate students (male = 1,365; female = 1786) with an average age of 18.44 years (SD = 1.46), from a university in Jiangsu Province, China. Parenting styles of college students were evaluated by the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). Physical fitness tests were based on the Chinese National Student Physical Fitness Standards including body mass index, lung capacity, standing-long-jump, bent-leg-sit-up, seated forward bend, pull-ups, 50 m sprint, and 800/1,000 m run. Further investigations focused on the relationship between parenting styles and physical health by statistical analysis methods such as Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression. Significant differences were identified in gender, family members, and academic majors in most of the correlation indicators between different parenting styles and physical health among college students. Further analysis showed that the parenting styles of democratic and authoritative mothers and democratic fathers were more conducive to the promotion of physical health among female university students. The combination of a democratic fathering style and a permissive mothering style is considered an ideal parenting model for male students. This study confirmed that different parenting styles have a significant impact on the physical health of college students. Positive parenting styles may improve physical health, while negative ones are likely to have adverse effects, especially among female students. It is also important to notice differentiated parenting styles with respect to male and female university students. Therefore, more attention should be raised on parenting styles to enhance physical health of the student population.

Communication patterns in Javanese families to build family resilience in the digital era

This study aims to find communication patterns in Javanese families to build family resilience in the digital era. This study used qualitative research methods of phenomenological studies. The subjects in the study were determined through purposive sampling, namely 5 families in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The collection of research data uses in-depth interviews and observations, while data analysis is through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The results of this study are as follows: Communication patterns for Javanese families in the digital era through a) parents as role models through setting examples in increasing spirituality and positive habituation, parents need to have responsive Digital skills. Family resilience patterns in childcare in the digital era need to be built by: a) building humanist dialogue, respecting each other, listening and responding to each other, making comfortable not depressed and afraid in the process then this is a process that can be developed in families in the digital age. b) democratic-contextual, in facing challenges and crises in the family, parents also need to develop a democratic parenting style that suits the needs of each child.

The Relationship of Parenting Style to the Incidence of Stunting in Toddlers Aged 24-59 Months in Kepuhkajang Village, Perak District, Jombang Regency

One of Indonesia's biggest nutritional challenges is the prevalence of stunting in children. Parents and other caretakers may be to blame for stunting. This research aims to examine the correlation between parenting styles and the prevalence of stunting in toddlers. This study used a cross-sectional technique to analyze correlations. The location of the study was Kepuhkajang Village in the Perak District of the Jombang Regency. There were 33 people that filled out the survey. This sample was selected using a purposive sampling strategy. Ten participants demonstrated effective parenting strategies, whereas twenty-three demonstrated ineffective parenting styles, according to the study's findings. In Kepuhkajang Village, Perak District, Jombang Regency, toddlers aged 24-59 months had a correlation between parenting and stunting incidence, as shown by a p value of 0.02 &lt; α 0.05 in the Fisher Exact test.

Perceived parenting styles and bonding among adolescents with mental illness: Okasha Institute of Psychiatry experience

BackgroundWorldwide, at least 10% of adolescents have a documented mental illness, which is a leading source of morbidity, mortality, and functional impairment. Among individuals aged between 10 and 24 years, psychiatric disorders account for 45% of all years lived with disability. Parenting discipline styles are fundamental in shaping adolescents’ emotional integrity, cognitive capabilities, and behavioral patterns.To compare parenting styles and parental bonding dimensions in adolescents with different psychiatric disorders versus a group of healthy adolescents matched for age and sex.Patients and methodsA case–control study conducted at Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University Hospitals, involved 50 participants of adolescents diagnosed with variable psychiatric disorders and 50 matched healthy controls.ResultsAuthoritarian parenting style was evident in mentally ill adolescents, while authoritative parenting style was prevalent in healthy controls. In terms of parental bonding, mentally ill adolescents experienced a low level of care and a high level of overprotection from both parents.ConclusionThe results of the study demonstrated that parenting styles may serve as predictors and predisposing factors for psychiatric disorders in adolescents. Adolescents with psychiatric disorders perceived both parents as more authoritarian, less authoritative. They also received a low level of care and a high level of overprotection from both parents.