Parenting Stress In Mothers Research Articles

Influence of different training mode on the parenting stress in mothers of children with autism

Objective To explore the influence of different training mode on the parenting stress in mothers of children with autism. Methods According to the wishes of parents, 46 children with autism by first diagnosed and their mothers were divided into combination training group (23 cases) and control group (23 cases). The children in combination training group received a family rehabilitation training besides the structured institution-based teaching programme, and the children in control group only received the structured institution-based teaching programme. Comparisons were made between the two groups by the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form score after 1 year teaching. Results Before teaching, the domain score of parental distress, parent-child dysfunctional interaction, difficult child and total score of parenting stress were (37.7±5.6), (35.4±4.1), (38.3±5.4), (111.3±10.5) points in control group, while those were (37.9±5.8), (34.7±4.3), (38.8±4.9), (112.1±9.3) points in combination training group. There was no significant difference between two groups(t=0.155-0.531, all P>0.05). After 1 year teaching, the domain score of parental distress, parent-child dysfunctional interaction, difficult child and total score of parenting stress were (34.0±3.4), (30.7±2.8), (34.3±2.2), (99.0±4.7) points in control group, while those were (34.3±3.7), (28.7±3.1), (31.1±2.4), (94.1±6.8) points in combination training group. The combination training group reported a lower level than control group in the domains score of parent-child dysfunctional interaction, difficult child and total score of parenting stress (t=-2.340, -4.595, -2.890, all P 0.05). Both two groups after 1 year teaching, mothers of children with autism experienced a lower level in all the domains and the total score of parenting stress than before teaching(combination training group: t=3.562-7.925, control group: t=2.534-4.768, all P<0.05). Conclusions Family rehabilitation training combined with institutions could reduce the parenting stress of mothers with autistic children and be worthy of clinical promotion and application. Key words: Children with autism; Parenting stress; Training mode

The role of prenatal, obstetric, and post-partum factors in the parenting stress of mothers and fathers of 9-month old infants

Introduction: The aim of this paper was to examine the role of perinatal, obstetric and post partum factors on maternal and paternal stress. It will present the first examination of the role of prenatal, obstetric, post-partum, and demographic variables in parenting stress for mothers and fathers at 9 months.Methods: Data from 6821 parental dyads of 9-month-old infants were extracted from the Growing Up in Ireland National Longitudinal Study of Children. Participants completed the Parental Stress Scale, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, the Quality of Attachment Sub-scale from the Maternal and Paternal Postnatal Attachment Scales, and a single item health status question from the Short Form 12 Health Survey. Information on prenatal care, pregnancy complications, obstetric outcomes, infant health, and participant demographics were also collected. Separate hierarchical linear regressions were conducted for mothers and fathersResults: Mothers reported higher levels of parenting stress than fathers (p < 0.001). Maternal parenting stress was predicted by attachment, own health status, average sleep, occupation, household income, and having a very rapid labor. Paternal parenting stress was predicted by attachment and own health status.Discussion: A range of perinatal factors was associated with an increased risk of higher parenting stress at 9 months post-partum and the roles of these factors differ between mothers and fathers. These findings are important for predicting and reducing risk of parenting stress in both genders.

Parenting stress in South Korean mothers of adolescent children with autism spectrum disorder

Objectives: This study investigated parenting stress in South Korean mothers of adolescent children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the variables associated with their parenting stress.Methods: A total of 138 South Korean mothers participated in this study. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-tests, ANOVA tests, and a stepwise multiple regression analysis were used in this study.Results: The majority of South Korean mothers of adolescent children with ASD in this study showed higher than normal parenting stress. Child’s maladaptive behavior, receipt of early childhood special education, age, and autism severity as well as mother’s receipt of services from mental health professionals were the factors significantly associated with parenting stress.Conclusion: Considering the factors significantly associated with mother’s stress level, interventions focusing on child’s maladaptive behavior and mother’s mental health are important. The interventions aiming to address parenting stress in mothers of adolescent children with ASD may find the findings of this study useful.

幼児の母親における育児および家族機能が調理に関する認知的評価に与える影響

This study was designed to investigate relationships between cognitive appraisal of food preparation by mothers with child-rearing and family relationships. Mothers of kindergarten-aged children in the Tokyo metropolitan area (N=857) responded to a survey comprising five scales: the Cognitive Appraisal Scale of Preparing Food, the Parenting Strain Index, the Resilience Scale in Parenting, the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale, and a scale of support from the husband. Results of a multiple regression analysis indicated that the parenting stress in mothers was positively associated with the burden of food preparation and interest in food safety. Parenting resilience was also negatively associated with the burden of food preparation and positively associated with enjoyment of food preparation. Additionally, family functioning was positively associated with mothers' enjoyment in food preparation. It is concluded that improving the living environment of the mother including child-rearing and family relationships provided children with good eating habits. We hope that these results will lead to improvments in “Shoku-Iku” of children.

Depressive symptoms and parental stress in mothers and fathers 25 months after birth.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms, feelings of incompetence and spouse relationship problems and their mutual relations. Data from a Swedish parent-infant population-based cohort 25 months after childbirth was used. A questionnaire containing Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and a modified Swedish Parental Stress Questionnaire (SPSQ) regarding depression and parental stress was answered by 646 fathers and 700 mothers. Parents with depressive symptoms experienced more feelings of incompetence and spouse relationship problems than parents without depressive symptoms. The prevalence of depressive symptoms (EPDS ≥ 12) was more than11% for mothers and nearly 5% for fathers in the sample, 25 months after childbirth. The result indicated that feelings of incompetence and spouse relationship problems could be important constructs for understanding parental stress and depressive symptoms in the parents of young children. In conclusion, it is important that Child Health Care is attentive to both mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms and parental stress after the first year.

The Relationship Between Attitude Towards Oneself, the World and the Future, and Parental Stress in Mothers of Children With Learning Disabilities

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between attitude towards oneself, the world and the future, and parental stress in mothers of children with learning disability. Methods: The population of the study was all mothers that had a child with learning disabilities, studying in learning disabilities special schools during academic year 2014 - 2015, in Ahvaz. They were selected by ‘counting all’ sampling method after answering the research tools including parental stress scale and cognitive triad inventory. Among all mothers, 98 mothers, who had answered the questionnaires completely participated in the study. Obtained data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient, stepwise regression analysis and by SPSS-16 software with significance level of 0.05. Results: The mean and standard deviation obtained was 24.71 ± 7.09 for attitude towards oneself, 25 ± 6.14 for attitude towards the world, 25.09 ± 7.55 for attitude towards the future, and 70.57 ± 7.06 for the parental stress score. There was a significant positive relationship between a negative attitude towards oneself and the future, and parental stress. Conclusions: Stepwise multiple regression analysis illustrated that attitude towards the future can foresee 16% of the variance of parental stress, among the cognitive attitudes.

Indicators of Mental and Visual Impairment, Stress Relation of Parenting with Self-Efficacy

Introduction: Birth and presence of children with vision problems in every household could be considered a challenging event which will follow with stress, frustration and hopelessness. Objective: This study aimed to determine the relation between parenting stress with student’s self-efficacy who has visual impairment. Method: This study was conducted as a causal-comparative design in the form of a multi-site in the descriptive study field. The target formed the population included all male students with visual impairment living in Tehran and Karaj. For this purpose sixty (N =60) students (age range 22-12 with average age: 18.2) were selected by available sampling method. Data collection was based on survey methods to assess parenting stress in the index of Schiffer work questionnaires (response rate = 91%) was used. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and F-test. As well as qualitative data were analyzed obtained from the assessment coding demographic and qualitative data analysis tool Atlas.ti-5.2. Results: Data analysis showed that between parenting stress of mothers There is a significant relationship with three levels of academic self-efficacy (r=-0.35), social (r=-0.27) and emotional (r=-0.28) .Conclusion: in line of management background, the results of this study indicate that there is a linear relationship between stress of parenting and efficacy in children, these findings could be promising outlook for future interventions.

Relations between Parenting Stress, Attachment, and Life Satisfaction in Mothers of Adolescent Children

Abstract Causal relations between parenting stress, attachment, and life satisfaction tested in previous studies are multidirectional, even though grounded in respective theories. Additionally, relations between them are dependent on multiple factors viable to act as potential confounders. We set out to analyze the relation between parenting stress of mothers and their life satisfaction as mediated through their general attachment orientations treated as personal resources hypothesized to act as the filter toward their parenting experiences. Three questions were asked: Is the parenting stress-life satisfaction link mediated through attachment? Does the mediation mechanism differ when attachment dimensions of avoidance and anxiety are analyzed? Is the mediation effect sensitive to potential confounding factors? Data from 575 mothers of adolescents were collected using self-reports. Results revealed that parenting stress-life satisfaction relation is partially mediated through attachment, and that the mediation mechanism is different when anxious or avoidant attachment dimensions are analyzed. Sensitivity analysis revealed that mediation models are sensitive to potentially confounding factors. Trying to tackle potential confounders, we tested economic status and the number of children the mother ever had. None of them had enough power to decrease mediation effects. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implications, causality, and recommendations for further research.

Parenting stress of mothers of children with developmental mental disorder and influencing factors

Objective To explore the parenting stress of mothers of children with developmental mental disorder and influencing factors. Methods A total of 106 mothers of children with developmental mental disorder were included in study group, and 106 mothers of normal children were included in control group between January 2013 and December 2014 in our hospital. The parenting stress of mothers in two groups was compared and influencing factors of parenting stress were analyzed. Results The score of parenting stress in study group and control group were (109.83±17.89) and (85.57±16.79) respectively. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (t=10.180, P<0.01). The risk factors of parenting stress of mothers were family income and the severity of mental disorder in children. Conclusions Mothers of children with developmental mental disorder have more parenting stress. We should pay more attention to decrease the parenting stress of mothers by improving children′s symptoms and providing more social supports. Key words: Developmental mental disorder; Parenting stress; Family income; Influencing factors

유아기 자녀를 둔 아버지의 원가족 경험과 어머니의 양육스트레스: 아버지의 양육참여의 매개효과 검증

This study is to examine the relationships between experiences in the family of origin with fathers, parenting participation of fathers, and parenting stress of mothers. The subjects in this study consisted of 203 couples with children of ages 3, 4, and5 attending child care centers in the Gyeong-gi province. The results of this research are summarized as follows. First, experiences in the family of origin with fathers, have meaningful correlations with parenting participation of fathers and parenting stress of mothers. Also, parenting participation of fathers has meaningful correlations with parenting stress of mothers. Second, experiences in the family of origin with fathers have direct/indirect influence on parenting stress of mothers and parenting participation of fathers played a mediating role between the two variables. It is significant that these results give the basic research data for developing aparental education program that can lower parenting stress of mothers by parenting participation of fathers.

Validity of the Korean Parenting Stress Index for Mothers of Children with Cerebral Palsy

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the validity of the Korean Parenting Stress Index(K-PSI) for parents of children with CP. For this, it was measured parenting stress of mothers of children with CP(age range=3~17) by using the K-PSI, and then confirmatory factor analysis was confirmed to identify the factor structure of the K-PSI. This study results indicated that model fit indices similar to the standardized K-PSI. But, all path coefficients of distraction/hyperactivity sub-items of the child domain were found not significant, and mood and reward of the child domain, and attachment, competence, and health of the parents domain showed low reliability. This results revealed that the reliability and validity of the Received (September 14, 2015), Review Result(Octorber 02, 2015) Accepted(October 14, 2015), Published(December 31, 2015) 55069 Dept. of Secondary Special Education, College of Education, Jeonju Univ., Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Korea email: eunyoung@jj.ac.kr (Corresponding Author) Dept. of Occupational Therapy, School of Medicine.,. Institute for Health Improvement., & Center for Animal Resources Development, Wonkwang Univ., 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Korea email: tiffaniey@wku.ac.kr Validity of the Korean Parenting Stress Index for Mothers of Children with Cerebral Palsy Copyright c 2015 HSST 256 K-PSI was not secured to measure the parenting stress of mother of children with CP. In future research it will study to find out whether the K-PSI is a reasonable tool to measure parenting stress of mother of children with CP through Item Response Theory, etc.

약시아동 어머니의 상태불안, 양육 스트레스 및 부모 효능감 관계

therapy in G-city. The collected data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, correlation coefficient, using the SPSS program. Results: There was significant positive correlation between state-trait anxiety and parenting stress (r=.480, P<0.001) and negative correlation between state-trait anxiety and parenting self-efficacy (r=-.402, P<0.001). Parenting self-efficacy had negative correlation to parenting stress (r=-.484, P<0.001). Conclusions: Nursing intervention program which enhances the self-efficacy and reduces the parenting stress in mothers of children with amblyopia should be developed to improving vision of the children.

A Structural Equation Model for Parenting Stress in Mothers of Premature Infants

The aim of this study was to develop a model to explain the factors influencing parenting stress in mothers of premature infants, and to verify the appropriateness of the model. The exogenous variables consisted of infant temperament and maternal positive psychological capital (PsyCap). Endogenous variables consisted of parenting efficacy and parenting stress. The participants included 233 mothers of premature infants, with a corrected age under 24 months. Data were collected from March to September 2013, using self-reported questionnaires. The model fit indices suggested that the original hypothesized model adequately fit the data. The final model accounted for 39 % of the variance in parenting stress. Furthermore, we found that parenting stress was directly and indirectly affected by infant temperament, and their mother’s positive PsyCap via parenting efficacy. Premature infant’s negative emotionality was moderately related to higher parenting efficacy and lower parenting stress. Mother’s positive PsyCap directly affected parenting efficacy and parenting, and indirectly affected parenting stress through parenting efficacy. Furthermore, parenting efficacy directly affected parenting stress. These results suggest that nursing strategies based on the parent–child interaction model are needed for promoting positive maternal mental health and parenting efficacy, to reduce parenting stress in mothers of premature infants.

Parenting Stress among Low-Income and Working-Class Fathers: The Role of Employment.

Contemporary norms of fatherhood emphasize the dual demands of breadwinning and daily involvement in childcare. Recent qualitative research suggests that working-class fathers find it difficult to meet these demands due to job instability and workplace inflexibility. Yet, little quantitative research has examined how employment characteristics are related to fathers' parenting stress, in comparison with mothers'. Analyses using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 3,165) show that unemployment and workplace inflexibility, but not overwork, multiple jobs, odd-jobs, and nonstandard hours, are related to more parenting stress for fathers. Although these two factors are also related to more parenting stress for mothers, nuanced gender differences emerged: these are better predictors than other parental or child characteristics for fathers only, and the effect size of workplace inflexibility is greater for fathers than mothers. In sum, securing a job with flexible schedule is central to reducing fathers' parenting stress.

Parental stress in mothers of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy.

Objectivesto evaluate parental stress of mothers of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy; to verify whether parental stress undergoes variations according to the level of motor compromise, the child's phase of life, and sociodemographic variables.Methoda cross-sectional, descriptive study, with 223 mothers of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy.Results45.3% of the mothers presented high levels of stress; there were differences in stress between mothers of children with mild and severe motor impairment; mothers of older children were more stressed than mothers of younger children and of adolescents; paid work and leisure activities reduced the stress.Conclusionmothers of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy, whose children present mild to severe motor impairment are vulnerable to parental stress. Paid work and leisure activities were the factors that contributed most to reducing the stress.

Parental stress in mothers and fathers one year after birth

Objective: The aim was to compare prenatal feelings and parental stress in parents one year after birth. An additional aim was to study associations between parental stress and several explanatory factors in mothers and fathers. Background: The birth of a baby brings many changes to the lives of parents and families. Existing research on gender differences in parental stress levels is somewhat inconclusive. Method: A longitudinal Swedish survey of a one-year cohort of 783 women and 671 male partners recruited in mid pregnancy and followed up one year after birth. Data were collected using three questionnaires where different aspects of stress arising from the parenting role measured by the Swedish Parental Stress Questionnaire (SPSQ) were investigated. Results: Women and men differed in age and level of education. Women had more negative feelings towards pregnancy, birth and the early parenthood compared to men. Women reported higher levels of parental stress than men in three out of five subscales in the SPSQ (Role Restriction, Social Isolation and Spouse Relationship). The subscales were moderately correlated with background variables but strongly correlated with prenatal feelings. Prenatal negative feelings about the pregnancy, the upcoming birth and the first weeks with a newborn baby were strongly correlated with parental stress for both mothers and fathers. Conclusion: Assessing parents’ feelings and prenatal attitudes is important for understanding parental stress one year after birth. Health care providers should discuss these issues with both parents during pregnancy in order to help them cope with the normal stresses of parenting.

Parenting Stress in Mothers of Premature Infants.

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to assess the parenting stress in mothers of premature infants and stress related characteristics of mothers and infants.METHODS: The methodology was a cross sectional survey study using self-report questionnaires. Participants in this study were 36 mothers of infants with corrected ages of 4 months to 12 months who were born prematurely. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation with the SPSS WIN 19.0 program.RESULTS: The mean score for parenting stress in mothers of premature infants was 74.639+/-17.570, indicating that the mothers actually experienced stress. When mothers were able to have some private time, parenting stress was statistically significantly lower. When the residential status was having one's own house and the local community provided informational support regarding child nurturing, there was a statistically significant decrease in the sub-category of particular infant temperament. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between mothers' depression and parenting stress.CONCLUSION: These results indicate that there is a need for nursing interventions to increase mothers' private time and to include informational support regarding health management of children including developmental status assessment from local communities.

Parenting stress and emotional wellbeing in mothers and fathers of preschool children

The aims of the study were to compare parenting stress and emotional wellbeing in mothers and fathers of preschool children, to look for predictors of different aspects of parenting stress in mothers and fathers, and to discriminate parenting stress from psychological distress and anxiety. We studied 256 mothers and 204 fathers of children aged 1-7 years. The Swedish Parenthood Stress Questionnaire (SPSQ) assesses stress related to parenting. Emotional wellbeing was defined by the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) and the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-X1) that measures psychological distress and anxiety, respectively. Fathers reported significantly more social isolation than mothers (P < 0.001). On all other parameters mothers, had higher scores, representing more stress and less wellbeing than fathers. Anxiety and psychological stress were strong predictors of parental stress in both mothers and fathers. Furthermore, maternal parental stress was predicted by birth of subsequent children and younger child age. Higher educational attainment predicted increased role restriction in fathers and more health problems in mothers. A principal component analysis (PCA) of the SPSQ, GHQ-28, and STAI-X1 showed that all endpoints of the analysis are positively correlated. Fathers reported significantly more social isolation, but less role restriction, incompetence and state anxiety than mothers. The SPSQ together with GHQ-28 and STAI-X1 allow a targeted screening aimed at contrasting parents who experience reduced emotional wellbeing with those who struggle with stress directly related to their parenting role.

Six-week postnatal depression predicts parenting stress profiles in mothers of preterm children

Objective : This study examined the relationship between maternal postnatal depression (PND) at 6 weeks and first-year parenting stress for mothers of very preterm (gestation < 32 weeks) singleton children. Background: PND is reported as a strong predictor of parenting stress, but few studies examine the effectiveness of parenting interventions according to PND status. In the preterm population, the differential benefit mothers with PND experience from parenting interventions is also unclear. Methods: Validated questionnaires were used to collect information on both PND at 6 weeks and first-year parenting stress from 123 mothers of very preterm singleton children. Results: After adjusting for baseline birth and social risks, mothers who had PND at 6 weeks were more likely to experience parenting stress (OR 3.6, 95%CI 1.2, 12, p = 0.03) and have higher parental distress (OR 5.5, 95%CI 1.6, 18.0, p < 0.01) during the first postpartum year. Conclusion: When assessing the benefits of parenting interventions in reducing parenting stress, the effects of early PND in mothers of preterm infants should not be underestimated.

Parenting Stress and Perceived Family Functioning of Chinese Parents in Hong Kong: Implications for Social Work Practice

This article reports the results of a telephone survey (n = 1002) conducted in November 2008, which aimed to identify parenting stress and perceived family functioning of Chinese parents in Hong Kong; to explore the effects of the parents’ socio-demographic characteristics (gender, family income, education and family structure) on the aforementioned stress and functioning variables; and to examine the interrelationship among these characteristics and the two variables in question. Results showed that the reported parenting stress was at average level, while the perceived family functioning was slightly below average. The results also indicated that the parenting stress of mothers, single parents, the low-income and the less-educated was higher than that of fathers, parents of nuclear and extended families, the high-income and the better-educated. Socio-demographic characteristics except the parent’s gender had similar effects on perceived family functioning. Higher parenting stress was associated with lower family functioning, and explained a larger variance in the perceived family functioning than the socio-demographic characteristics taken alone. The results of the study have provided empirical support regarding the interrelationships among the vulnerable groups in society, parenting stress and perceived family functioning. Implications of the study for social work practice are discussed.