Parental Socioeconomic Status Research Articles

Assessing the parental SES gradient in young Britons' partnership expectations, attitudes and its potential mediators.

A well-documented trend in family demography is that young adults from disadvantaged backgrounds tend to enter their first partnership earlier and forego marriage more often than their advantaged counterparts. Yet, limited research has explored whether there is also an association between parental background and expectations for partnership formation, which are considered important precursors of behaviours. Further, few studies have explored the potential mechanisms mediating these differences. This paper uses data from the British Household Panel Survey and Understanding Society to analyse the relationships between parental socioeconomic status and young Britons' expectations for marriage, cohabitation, and attitudes towards ideal age at marriage. Using the KHB decomposition as a mediation method, we verify whether these relationships are explained by two mechanisms measured during the young adults' adolescence: family structure socialisation and academic socialisation. We find that marriage expectations are socially stratified in the UK. Those from the least advantaged backgrounds have significantly lower expectations for marriage than the most advantaged, but this difference does not hold for cohabitation. Those from the least advantaged backgrounds are also more uncertain about their ideal age at marriage. Academic socialisation mediates these relationships to a limited extent. Family structure socialisation mediates a greater percentage, especially living with a single parent, rather than married parents, during adolescence.

DiffErential attainment and Factors AssoCiated with Training applications and Outcomes (DE FACTO) study: Trauma & Orthopaedic surgery in the UK.

The aims of this study were to describe the demographic, socioeconomic, and educational factors associated with core surgical trainees (CSTs) who apply to and receive offers for higher surgical training (ST3) posts in Trauma & Orthopaedics (T&O). Data collected by the UK Medical Education Database (UKMED) between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2019 were used in this retrospective longitudinal cohort study comprising 1,960 CSTs eligible for ST3. The primary outcome measures were whether CSTs applied for a T&O ST3 post and if they were subsequently offered a post. A directed acyclic graph was used for detecting confounders and adjusting logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios (ORs), which assessed the association between the primary outcomes and relevant exposures of interest, including: age, sex, ethnicity, parental socioeconomic status (SES), domiciliary status, category of medical school, Situational Judgement Test (SJT) scores at medical school, and success in postgraduate examinations. This study followed STROBE guidelines. Compared to the overall cohort of CSTs, females were significantly less likely to apply to T&O (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.46; n = 155/720 female vs n = 535/1,240 male; p < 0.001). CSTs who were not UK-domiciled prior to university were nearly twice as likely to apply to T&O (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.39 to 2.85; n = 50/205 vs not UK-domiciled vs n = 585/1,580 UK-domiciled; p < 0.001). Age, ethnicity, SES, and medical school category were not associated with applying to T&O. Applicants who identified as 'black and minority ethnic' (BME) were significantly less likely to be offered a T&O ST3 post (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.97; n = 165/265 BME vs n = 265/385 white; p = 0.034). Differences in age, sex, SES, medical school category, and SJT scores were not significantly associated with being offered a T&O ST3 post. There is an evident disparity in sex between T&O applicants and an ethnic disparity between those who receive offers on their first attempt. Further high-quality, prospective research in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period is needed to improve equality, diversity, and inclusion in T&O training.

Parental SES and family support as predictors of educational level: Testing the buffering effect of effortful control and peer support.

Exposure to family risk factors increases adolescents' chances of attaining a lower educational level. However, some adolescents attain a high educational level despite being exposed to family risk factors such as a lower parental socioeconomic status (SES) or receiving less family support. Using data from the Dutch TRAILS cohort study (NT1 = 2175; Mage = 11.1, SD = 0.55, 50.8% female), we investigated if higher levels of effortful control and peer support can buffer against the negative effects of a lower parental SES and less family support on educational level. Two multinomial logistic regressions were performed (from early to mid-adolescence and from mid-adolescence to young adulthood) with post hoc tests to contrast four ordinal educational levels: practical vocational, theoretical vocational, higher general, and (pre-)university. Adolescents with a higher parental SES were consistently more likely to end up at a higher educational level, but family support was hardly associated with educational level. Neither effortful control nor peer support buffered the associations of parental SES and family support with educational level. Effortful control did have a positive direct (compensatory) effect on the educational level. We conclude that other individual competencies or more structural changes may be more helpful buffers for reducing socioeconomic inequalities in educational attainment.

School Health Promotion, the Body Mass Index z-Score, and Psychosocial Health in Primary Schools of the Netherlands.

Childhood overweight and psychosocial issues remain significant public health concerns. Schools worldwide implement health promotion programs to address these issues and to support the physical and psychosocial health of children. However, more insight is needed into the relation between these health-promoting programs and the Body Mass Index (BMI) z-score and psychosocial health of children, while taking into account how school factors might influence this relation. Therefore, we examined whether the variation between primary schools regarding the BMI z-score and psychosocial health of students could be explained by school health promotion, operationalized as Healthy School (HS) certification, general school characteristics, and the school population; we also examined to what extent the characteristics interact. The current study had a repeated cross-sectional design. Multilevel analyses were performed to calculate the variation between schools, and to examine the association between HS certification and our outcomes. Existing data of multiple school years on 1698 schools were used for the BMI z-score and on 841 schools for psychosocial health. The school level explained 2.41% of the variation in the BMI z-score and 2.45% of the variation in psychosocial health, and differences were mostly explained by parental socioeconomic status. Additionally, HS certification was associated with slightly lower BMI z-scores, but not with psychosocial health. Therefore, obtaining HS certification might contribute to the better physical health of primary school students in general. This might indicate that HS certification also relates to healthier lifestyles in primary schools, but further research should examine this.

Parental socioeconomic status, school physical facilities availability, and students’ academic performance

Education is a key driver in reducing poverty and increasing shared prosperity. This study aimed to examine the impact of parental socioeconomic status and the school’s physical facilities availability on academic performance. A quantitative survey research approach was utilized taking the state junior high school students in Southern Papua Province, Indonesia, as the population and samples. Data on parental socioeconomic status and the school’s physical facilities availability were gathered using two quantitative survey questionnaires, while data on student academic performance was obtained by getting the surveyed students’ academic records. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis using the SPSS software version 21. The results revealed a significant positive impact of parental socioeconomic status and the school’s physical facilities availability on academic performance among the state junior high school students in Southern Papua Province, Indonesia, both partially and simultaneously. The result highlights the importance of addressing the disparities in access to quality education between students from different socioeconomic backgrounds. This study’s findings may endorse the efforts to eliminate class-based gaps in students’ academic performance in compulsory education. In addition, government policy on the socioeconomic status of parents and school grants should be implemented thoroughly to promote educational equity so that students from low economic backgrounds have equal access to quality education.

Parental socioeconomic status and adolescent development in Indonesia

ABSTRACT We examine the impact of parental socioeconomic status on adolescent cognitive and non-cognitive development using data on adolescents from the 2014–15 Indonesian Family Life Survey. The analysis is relatively new for a developing country, by including non-cognitive skills and by looking at adolescents rather than young children. Parental education has a greater cognitive skills effect than parental income and job status, especially for fathers. For non-cognitive skills, parental job status is important but only for mothers. Education policy could therefore focus especially on high school completion and higher education enrolment, while employment policy could improve women’s job flexibility.

Determinants and outcomes of preterm births in Nigerian tertiary facilities.

To describe the incidence, and sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with preterm birth and perinatal mortality in Nigeria. Secondary analysis of data collected through the Maternal Perinatal Database for Quality, Equity and Dignity (MPD-4-QED) Programme. Data from births in 54 referral-level hospitals across Nigeria between 1 September 2019 and 31 August 2020. A total of 69 698 births. Multilevel modelling was used to determine the factors associated with preterm birth and perinatal mortality. Preterm birth and preterm perinatal mortality. Of 62 383 live births, 9547 were preterm (153 per 1000 live births). Maternal age (<20 years - adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.52, 95% CI 1.36-1.71; >35 years - aOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.16-1.30), no formal education (aOR 1.68, 95% CI 1.54-1.84), partner not gainfully employed (aOR 1.94, 95% CI 1.61-2.34) and no antenatal care (aOR 2.62, 95% CI 2.42-2.84) were associated with preterm births. Early neonatal mortality for preterm neonates was 47.2 per 1000 preterm live births (451/9547). Father's occupation (manual labour aOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.20-1.93), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (aOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.02-1.83), no antenatal care (aOR 2.74, 95% CI 2.04-3.67), earlier gestation (28 to <32 weeks - aOR 2.94, 95% CI 2.15-4.10; 32 to <34 weeks - aOR 1.80, 95% CI 1.3-2.44) and birthweight <1000 g (aOR 21.35, 95% CI 12.54-36.33) were associated with preterm perinatal mortality. Preterm birth and perinatal mortality in Nigeria are high. Efforts should be made to enhance access to quality health care during pregnancy, delivery and the neonatal period, and improve the parental socio-economic status.

The Relation Between Parental Characteristics, Socio-economic Status and Pregnancy Outcomes in Padang City, Indonesia

Maternal nutritional levels during pregnancy play an important role during pregnancy. Abnormal nutritional levels in the mother can influence pregnancy outcomes. The socio-economic status of parents is thought to be a strong factor in pregnancy outcomes. The pregnancy outcome is not only the mother’s responsibility, but also the father plays an important role. Therefore, the nutritional problems of pregnant women must be a shared responsibility. This study aimed to examine the characteristics of pregnant women who received dadih vla Ed supplementation in the city of Padang. This research was an observational study on 88 pregnant women in the working areas of Nanggalo, Kuranji, and Andalas Health Centers in 2022. Data was analyzed using chi-square and Fisher exacts. Access to health care was related to pregnancy outcomes, while characteristics and social economic status of parents are not directly related to pregnancy outcomes. Most children born with low birth weight and low birth length come from mothers who do not work; the mother’s education level is high, and the father’s education level is high. Socio-economic status may be a potential factor in giving birth to children with a higher birth length. This study concluded that policymakers should target the socioeconomic status of parents to improve pregnancy outcomes. Keywords: education, occupation, pregnant women, social economic

Mediation by parent health literacy and behaviour of socioeconomic inequality in child overweight.

Socioeconomic inequalities contribute to childhood overweight. Identifying mediators could help reduce these inequalities. We assessed to what extent and how parental health literacy and health behaviours mediate the relationship between parental socioeconomic status and childhood overweight. Data were taken from the multigenerational prospective Dutch Lifelines Cohort Study. We included 6683 children, baseline age 9.8 years (SD = 2.6), with an average follow-up of 36.2 months (SD = 9.3). Overweight was defined using age- and sex-specific cut-offs. Three indicators of socioeconomic status were included: education, income and occupation. We assessed the mediating role of parental health literacy and health behaviours (smoking, diet, physical activity and alcohol) using causal mediation. Four additional years of education and an SD-increase in both income and occupation decreased the odds of childhood overweight by 42%, 12% and 20%, respectively. Only parental smoking independently mediated the relationship of both education (6.6%) and occupation (5.7%) with overweight. Parental health behaviours jointly explained 8.4% (education), 19.4% (income) and 9.8% (occupation) per relationship. Lastly, adding parental health literacy explained 10.8% (education), 27.4% (income) and 13.3% (occupation) of these relationships. We found large socioeconomic inequalities in childhood overweight. Remarkably, parental smoking was a key mediator. Therefore, prevention targeting smoking may reduce socioeconomic inequalities in childhood overweight.

Influence of Parents Socioeconomic Status on Newborn Telomere Length

Background: Telomeres, the marker of biological aging, are substantially influenced by parental untoward exposures and their socioeconomic status (SES). This study aimed to find the association between parents–newborn leukocyte telomere length (LTL) among different SES highlighting reprogramming during fetal life. Methods: The parents' and newborn blood samples (n = 612, 204 each) were collected from September 2021 and July 2022, from Ziauddin Hospitals, Karachi. The real time PCR was used to quantify telomere length (T/S ratio). IBM statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) was used to carry out analyses and graphs were formed by using GraphPad prism. A P-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of mothers range between 25-35 (27.5%) and fathers &lt;25 years (55.9). The mothers and their newborns in the upper middle SES had significantly longer LTL (2.7±1.30, 2.14±1.39, p&lt;0.001). Whereas low SES group showed insignificant difference between (Newborn vs. mother). Among father newborns upper middle and high SES groups showed significant differences in TL (p=0.001). Longer TL was seen in father-newborn of the upper middle group (2.69+1.37; 2.79+1.30) with significant difference (p=0.001). Conclusion: Newborns had longer TL compared to their parents, highlighting the in-utero reprogramming in all socioeconomic groups. These findings show the importance of risk factors and their comprehensive understanding and their significance in contributions during vital beginning period of newborns' TL.

Associations between parental civic engagement, negative beliefs towardcivic engagement and youths' future civic attitudes and behaviors.

Civic engagement (CE) in adolescence is associated with a higher level of engagement in adulthood and is reported to be beneficial to youth's development and societal well-being. Parents are among the most influential factors in adolescents' lives. This study examined the associations between parents' own civic participation, their negative beliefs toward youth CE and their child's future CE. While prior research documented positive associations between parental civic behaviors and youth CE, the role of parental negative beliefs has remained unexplored and could act as an additional barrier to adolescents' CE. A total of 234 adolescents (65% girls; mean age = 13.77) and their parents (79% mothers; mean age = 44.20), residing in the Canadian province of Quebec from 2016 to 2019, were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Parents completed measures of their civic activities and their negative beliefs regarding youth CE. Adolescents completed measures of future civic attitudes and behaviors. Hierarchical regressions revealed significant positive cross-sectional associations between parental civic behaviors and their child's future civic attitudes and behaviors. However, parental negative beliefs toward youth CE were negatively associated with youths' future civic attitudes and behaviors, even after considering parental civic behaviors and family socioeconomic status. Adolescents' age did not moderate these relationships. These findings highlight the significant role that parents could play in shaping CE of future generations. Interventions promoting youth CE should thus target both adolescents and their parents.

Investigating how early academic performance and parental socio-economic status predict and explain successful completion of secondary education in Germany

In educational sociology, it is of greatest interest to explain why some students are more successful than others and obtain higher educational qualifications or receive better grades, which can have long-lasting consequences. The present study compares the influence of early academic performance, which can be regarded as a proxy of overall intelligence, to the socio-economic status (SES) of the family, which measures how much a family can invest in the education of their offspring. Using large-scale German NEPS panel data (N = 5,208), the analyses test statistically how much variance of two outcome variables (acquisition of higher education eligibility and final grade) are explained by academic performance and SES; both measured approximately 9 years earlier at the beginning of secondary education. Dominance analyses reveal that performance has a larger influence (ca. 14% for both outcomes) than SES (ca. 8% for eligibility and ca. 4% for grades). Regression analyses show that high performance can better compensate for low SES than vice versa. These results indicate that performance is probably more relevant for academic success than the SES of one’s own family.

Socioeconomic disparities in the postnatal growth of preterm infants: a systematic review.

To determine the effect of parental socioeconomic status (SES) on the postnatal growth of preterm infants. A systematic review (PROSPERO registration CRD42020225714) of original articles from Medline, Embase, CINAHL Plus and Web of Science published 1946-2023 was undertaken. Studies were included if they reported anthropometric growth outcomes for preterm infants according to parental SES. Data extraction and assessments of bias and health equity impact were conducted using custom-designed forms. A narrative synthesis of twelve included studies was performed. Most infants were moderate to late preterm. The settings, growth outcomes, timings of growth measurement, and SES measures were heterogenous. Six studies demonstrated an adverse effect of low parental SES on the extrauterine growth of preterm infants, five studies showed no effect, and one study showed a potentially beneficial effect. All studies had a high risk of bias, especially confounding and selection bias. The health equity impact of included studies was largely negative. Limited and low-quality evidence suggests that socioeconomic minoritisation may adversely impact the growth of preterm infants, thereby widening existing socioeconomic health inequities. Observational studies informed by theorisation of the mechanistic pathways linking socioeconomic minoritisation to adverse postnatal growth are required to identify targets for intervention. Limited evidence suggests low parental socioeconomic status (SES) adversely affects the postnatal growth of preterm infants across different settings. Early growth of preterm infants predicts neurodevelopmental outcomes and the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease in adulthood. Systematic screening of over 15,000 articles identified only twelve studies which reported postnatal growth outcomes for preterm infants according to parental SES. The health equity impact of the included studies was systematically assessed, and found to be negative overall. This study highlights limitations in existing evidence on the association between parental SES and postnatal growth, and delineates avenues for future research.

Adult Child Financial Disadvantage and the Cognitive Trajectories Among Older Parents in the United States.

Adult child socioeconomic status (SES) has been identified as a predictor of older parents' cognitive aging. However, studies have primarily relied on educational attainment as the sole measure of adult child SES. We evaluated the relationship between adult children's financial disadvantage and cognitive outcomes of older parents in the United States. We used data from U.S. Health and Retirement Study (2000-2014, n = 15,053 respondents ≥51 years with at least 1 adult child). Adult child financial disadvantage was measured with 3 indicators of extremely low income, unemployment, and lack of homeownership. We used linear mixed models to estimate the association between adult child financial disadvantage and the rate of decline in verbal memory scores, controlling for respondents' sociodemographic characteristics. Having at least 1 adult child (vs no adult children) with extremely low income was found to be associated with lower verbal memory (b = -0.041, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.043, -0.039) at baseline. There was a small but significant association with the rate of decline in verbal memory z-scores (b = 0.004, 95% CI: 0.000, 0.008) and some evidence of heterogeneity by parent gender, marital status, and SES. Offspring financial disadvantage may be influential for older parents' initial level of memory function, although evidence of associations with memory decline was weak. Public policy interventions aimed at improving the economic conditions of adult children may indirectly benefit the cognitive performance of disadvantaged parents in theirlater life.

Heavy episodic drinking among French adolescents between 2005 and 2022: decreasing prevalence rates and increased risks.

To study the prevalence of alcohol use among French adolescents over time and factors associated with heavy episodic drinking (HED) among drinkers. Our analysis relies on six waves of a standardized cross, sectional survey conducted in mainland France between 2005 and 2022. The overall sample size comprises 179905 adolescents aged 17 (90166 males and 89739 females). Two outcomes were considered: declaring past month HED (at least one) and repeated HED (at least three) in the past month between 2005 and 2022. Relative risks and probabilities according to years of survey, gender and frequency of alcohol use (past 30 days) were estimated using modified Poisson regressions controlling for grade retention, schooling, living out of parental household, socioeconomic status, and other substance (tobacco, cannabis, other illicit substances) use. Despite a steady decline in alcohol use among French adolescents over the past two decades, the prevalence of HED still concerned one, third of 17-year-olds in 2022. The reduction in alcohol use conceals an increased likelihood of HED among occasional drinkers (<10 times a month). Moreover, the probability of HED among females is similar to that of males, or even higher depending on the frequency of use. HED is becoming an increasingly common behavior among adolescent drinkers. The decline in prevalence conceals a homogenization of behavior between genders. Our results also question underage access to alcohol, despite increasing legal restrictions. These results support general prevention in early adolescence aimed at all drinkers, and not only at the most frequent or "at-risk" drinkers.

Investigation of parental socioeconomic status as a determinant of dietary habits and disease severity of sickle cell disease children

Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) impacts dietary choices and poor dietary pattern has been reported to play a role in the etio-pathogenic mechanisms that give rise to various diseases. Objective: The study is designed to explore the relationship between parental SES and both the dietary habits and disease severity markers among sickle cell disease (SCD) pediatric patients. Methods: Participants’ hemoglobin genotypes and hematocrit levels were determined using standard methods. Questionnaire was administered to the participants to obtain information on qualitative parameters. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Significant level was set with P &lt; .05. Results: A high percentage of parents of SCD participants were of medium to high SES [73.33%- HbSC; 64.29%- HbSS]. While the rates of hospitalization of HbSS (92.85%) and HbSC (66.67%) were dissimilar, the rates of patients that had suffered vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) in the last three months prior to the study were comparable [46.67%-HbSC; 53.57%-HbSS]. The daily fruit/vegetable consumption habits of 3 genotypes were poor ranging from 15-25%. The hematocrit levels of the 3 groups were significantly different. Conclusion: The study suggests that high percentage of patients belong to medium-high SES, signifying that educational background of parents did not impact prevalence of the disease.

Parental socioeconomic status and preschool children’s school accompaniment patterns: Exploring the role of parents in commuting behavior

ObjectiveThe purposes of this study were: 1) to describe the preschool children's accompaniment patterns to school and 2) to analyze the association of the accompaniment person with the parental socioeconomic status. MethodsA total of 2356 parents and their preschool children (4.56 ± 0.87 years old, 46.9% girls) from Spain participated in this study. Parents self-reported their marital status, educational and professional level, and their children’s mode of commuting to school behavior. Binary logistic regressions models were fitted to analyze the associations between the accompaniment with the parental educational and professional level. ResultsThe preschool children were mainly accompanied by the mother (68%) and the father’s accompaniment rate was higher when the parents reported higher educational and professional levels (p < 0.05). When the parental educational and professional levels were lower (OR = 1.59 and OR = 1.85, respectively, p < 0.05) or the father’s educational and professional levels were higher (OR = 1.81 and OR = 1.61, respectively, p < 0.05) preschool children were more likely to be actively accompanied by the mother. ConclusionsThus, the preschool children were escorted by the mother and actively by the parents when the educational and professional levels were lower. These results highlight the importance of intervening through the father's involvement in high socioeconomic neighborhoods to increase active commuting to school.

Dropouts and its Reasons in a Community Campus: A Narrative Inquiry

This study has predominantly explored the primary challenges associated with the dropout rates in higher education institutions. Furthermore, this research paper seeks to analyze the dropout rates within bachelor's degree programs at Myagdi Multiple Campus (MMC) and delve into the underlying causes for these dropouts. Among the four primary factors contributing to the dropout rate under investigation in this study, the personal-related factor is identified as the most influential. It has explored a variety of the reasons of the dropout: the pursuit of foreign employment, not getting suitable job at homeland, low motivation rate for higher study and parental socio-economic status. Moreover, the objective of this study is to identify the reasons of the dropout in bachelor level fundamentally at a community campus, and attempt to recommend the positive feedbacks to the concerned authority for upliftment of the present situation. This study has employed interpretivism as the research paradigm, phenomenology as research design and narrative inquiry as research methodology. The theories that I have employed the dominant motivational theories in this study: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Tinto’s model. For the purpose, I have applied Google forms to collect forty participants' opinions through non-random judgement sampling and the phone calls for the interview with seven participants as the tools for collecting the required data for the designated study. Question included in form regarding student’s background and credentials, parents' education level, current educational status, occupation, income, specific reasons for dropping out, family support, satisfaction with MMC, and opinions on the duration of the bachelor's program. The implications of this study are to improve and boost up higher education policy for controlling and monitoring the existing dropout rate of the community campuses.

Rising socioeconomic disparities in childhood overweight and obesity in Belgium

BackgroundChildhood overweight, especially obesity, significantly impacts children’s health and poses an increased risk of adult-onset diseases. This study aims to analyse the evolution of childhood overweight and obesity in Belgium from 1997 to 2018 and assess its variation across parental socioeconomic status (SES).MethodsThe Health Interview Survey, a cross-sectional survey representative of the Belgian population, has been conducted since 1997, with the latest survey conducted in 2018. This study focuses on children aged 2–17 years. Body Mass Index (BMI, kg/m²) was derived from self-reported data, supplemented with proxy reports for children under 15 years old. Overweight and obesity were classified using age/sex-specific cut-off points. Highest parental educational level served as the indicator of SES. In addition to reporting the overall prevalence and the 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of childhood overweight and obesity by year, this study examines the absolute difference in prevalence between SES groups (low minus high) and calculates the Odds Ratio (OR, adjusted for age and sex) to evaluate the relative difference.ResultsThe overall prevalence of childhood overweight rose from 13.6% (95%CI = 11.2-16.1%) in 1997 to 18.9% (95%CI = 16.3-21.5%) in 2018; while it remained stable for obesity, fluctuating between 5.4% and 6.3% over the same period. This increase was more pronounced among children with low SES compared to those with high SES. Consequently, the absolute difference between children with low and high SES increased over time from 8.0% points (pp) in 1997 to 14.9 pp in 2018 for overweight, and from 3.1 pp to 6.8 pp for obesity. In terms of relative inequalities, overall, children with low SES exhibited significantly higher odds of overweight and of obesity than those with high SES (OR varying between 2 à 3 for overweight and between 2 and 4 for obesity).ConclusionsThe escalating disparities over time highlight SES as a significant risk factor for childhood overweight and obesity. Addressing these inequalities requires interventions such as providing healthy meals and increasing sports opportunities at school. Additionally, it is recommended to regulate fast food outlets near schools and limit unhealthy food marketing, particularly because children with low SES are more exposed to such influences.

부모의 사회경제적 배경이 자녀의 주택 확보 및 자산 축적에 미치는 영향

부모의 사회경제적 배경이 자녀의 주택 확보 및 자산 축적에 미치는 영향