Parental Socialization Research Articles

Restorative Parental Discipline and Types of Defending Bystander Intervention in Cyberbullying: The Mediate Role of Justice Sensitivity.

Parental socialization strategies are critical in explaining adolescents' online behavior. This study examined the relationships between parental restorative discipline, observed justice sensitivity, and cyber-bystander defender intervention (constructive and aggressive) in cyberbullying. The sample comprised 900 Mexican adolescents (40.2% male and 58.8% female), of which 450 were from secondary school (M age = 13.6, SD = 0.8) and 450 were from high school (M age = 15.4, SD = 1.3). Structural equation modeling with latent variables was performed. Overall, the results indicate that parental restorative discipline positively relates to the observer's justice sensitivity and the adoption of constructive interventions by cyber-bystander defenders. However, restorative discipline had no significant direct relationship with aggressive intervention. Observers' justice sensitivity mediates the association between restorative parenting discipline and aggressive or constructive defender interventions. Gender does not moderate the relationship proposed in the structural model. These findings suggest that parental restorative discipline explains constructive and aggressive cyber-bystander defender interventions in cyberbullying.

생부의 친생부인권과 임시출생신고에 관한 입법론

In this article, the author proposes legislation that would recognize the biological father’s right to deny paternity for a child born within wedlock, and allow the biological father to seek a provisional birth registration for such a child. The main points of the proposed legislation can be summarized as follows:
 On the biological father’s rights to deny paternity:
 1. Ⓐ Within 2 years from the date of the child’s birth, or Ⓑ within 1 year from the date the plaintiff discovers that he is the biological father, provided there is no social parenthood between the legal father and the child, and if the adult child consents to the denial themselves, the biological father may file for the denial of paternity against the legal father and the child/the mother with parental authority.
 2. Although the above requirements are met, the court may dismiss the biological father’s request for denial of paternity if such denial significantly harms or is likely to harm the welfare of the child.
 3. Any person who files for denial of paternity while aware that he is not the biological father will be subject to criminal punishment.
 On the provisional birth registration by biological father of the child:
 1. The biological father who has already filed for denial of paternity may apply for a provisional birth registration listing himself as the father of the registered child, by attaching test results conducted through scientific methods proving that he is the biological father.
 2. A provisional birth registration has the same effect as a formal one, except for matters regarding the child's legal father. Even if a provisional birth registration is made listing himself as the father of the registered child, the child’s legal father remains the mother’s husband until the court’s judgment denying the presumed paternity of the husband, and confirming the biological father's acknowledgment of his paternity is finalized.
 3. Upon finalization of the judgment in the lawsuit filed by the biological father for denying paternity, or termination of the legal proceedings for other reasons, the legal father and mother responsible for the birth registration, and the biological father who applied for the provisional birth registration are obligated to correct the provisional birth registration in accordance with the final judgment or parental law.

Predicting Satisfaction with Money Management and Life Satisfaction in Parents of Emerging Adult Students

AbstractMany parents cope with the prolonged financial dependence of their emerging adult children and problems arising from sharing a household, which may challenge parental satisfaction with money management (SMM) and life satisfaction (LS). We created and tested a conceptual model of potential pathways to parental SMM and LS. Data were collected in a sample of 482 student–parent pairs via an online survey that included adjusted questionnaires on financial functioning (Shim et al., Journal of Youth and Adolescence 39:1457–1470, 2010) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., Journal of Personality Assessment 49:71–75, 1985). Relying on the model of financial satisfaction from the student perspective (Sirsch et al., Emerging Adulthood 8:509–520, 2020), we proposed pathways of the family SES, financial parenting (explicit teaching and financial behavior; parent report; 22.8% fathers), and parent–child financial relationships (student report; Mage = 19.94; 45.2% males) to parental SMM and LS. We also anticipated intermediate relations of financial parenting with the students' self-reported financial learning outcomes (cognitive and behavioral/relational). The SES, proactive parental financial behavior, and favorable parent–child financial relationships predicted parental SMM and LS. Financial parenting was linked to the student's positive financial learning outcomes, but only financial knowledge further influenced the financial relationship with their parents. The findings suggest the benefits of successful parental financial socialization for both the offspring's finance-related outcomes and their parents' satisfaction.

“We Have Unique Experiences”: Familial Socialization of Children of Incarcerated Parents

As millions of parents are held behind bars, there is a growing concern not only for the outcome for these individuals, but for their children. Researchers have pointed to familial socialization as a way for children to navigate their perceived social identities and combat negative outcomes. Thus, this study explored how family members mitigate adverse life outcomes for 82 adult children of incarcerated parents in a similar function as other social identifications. The findings illustrate four interconnected agents of parental incarceration socialization: “the talk,” familial beliefs, relationship with the incarcerated parent, and expression and navigation. Similar to other social identities, a socialization process occurs for children of incarcerated parents, which informs how they should navigate society. This includes what to say to others, how to interact with the criminal legal system, how people will perceive them, and the challenges and opportunities they may face from childhood to adulthood.

Understanding the Impact of Parent-Child Relationships on Emotion Regulation: A Comprehensive Review

This paper explores the impact of parenting on adolescents' self-regulation, emphasizing the importance of parental socialization in shaping individuals' beliefs, worldviews, and behaviors. It highlights that effective emotion regulation in children is associated with parents' emotional support, positive affect, emotion coaching, and joint strategies. Conversely, difficulties in emotion regulation in adolescents are linked to parents' psychological control, permissiveness, expressed anger, and criticism. Furthermore, the study reveals that adolescents experience more positive affect when in the presence of their parents compared to when they are alone, indicating ongoing parental influence on emotion regulation throughout adolescence. Consequently, the paper underscores the need for practitioners working with parents and families to develop intervention and prevention efforts targeting three primary ways parents impact emotion regulation: modeling/observation, specific parenting practices related to emotion, and families' emotional climate. These efforts should focus on enhancing parents' emotion-regulation skills and teaching emotion-coaching techniques that emphasize warmth, responsiveness, and setting limits. Keywords: Parent-Child Relationships, Emotion Regulation, Adolescents, Parenting Practices, Intervention

FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI SAVING BEHAVIOR MAHASISWA YANG TINGGAL MANDIRI

This study aims to determine the effect of Financial Literacy, Parental Socialization, and Peer Influence on Saving Behavior of students who live independently. Primary data collection was carried out by distributing online questionnaires in the form of Google Forms to 160 respondents on the LINE and Telegram applications. The collected data were processed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results obtained are Financial Literacy, Parental Socialization, and Peer Influence can affect the Saving Behavior of students who live independently.

Convergent and divergent parental emotion socialization processes shape children's emotional responding

AbstractParents have an essential role in shaping children's emotional responses, a process called emotional socialization. Typically, researchers measure parental socialization behaviors via self‐report and in‐laboratory observations. However, the extent to which there is convergence between parents’ reported and enacted socialization practices is an open question. The aims of the current study were (1) to quantify the convergence/divergence in parents’ reported and enacted emotional socialization practices and (2) to analyze how convergence/divergence in specific parent socialization practices relates to children's emotional responding across different contexts (alone and with a parent). Participants were a diverse sample of 181 parent‐child dyads (children ages 3–11). We analyzed emotion socialization strategies (problem‐focused reactions, emotion‐focused reactions, expressive encouragement, punishing reactions, minimizing reactions, and distress reactions) as they related to children's behavioral and physiological responding to an emotional challenge. We found an overall pattern of divergence for most socialization strategies, but convergence for problem‐focused reactions. For children's observed distress, a convergent pattern of reported and enacted minimizing specifically was related to more distress while alone. For children's physiological reactivity, enacted problem‐solving was related to greater parasympathetic decreases across social context (from being alone to being with parent). Taken together, our findings suggest that convergence and divergence in parental emotional socialization practices may capture unique variability in how parents contextually respond to children's feelings, and children's emotional responding.

The role of parental maladaptive emotion socialization in the risk process for negative urgency and drinking behavior in adolescence.

Negative urgency (the tendency to act rashly when experiencing negative emotions) is a robust risk factor for a number of problem behaviors, including early adolescent drinking. Little is known about the factors that precede the development of negative urgency, and hence the full etiology of this component of risk. The current study aimed to investigate the possibility that facets of childhood maladaptive emotion socialization (the tendency for children's expressions of emotions to be met with punishment, minimized, or invoke a reaction of distress from their parents/caretakers) increases risk for the development of negative urgency and drinking behavior. Self-report measures of negative urgency, subfacets of maladaptive emotion socialization, and drinking behavior were collected during the 2021-2022 academic year from a sample of 428 high school students (mean age = 14.7, SD = 0.09, 44% female), assessed twice over the course of a semester, reflecting a 4-month longitudinal window. Distress emotion socialization predicted increases in negative urgency, minimizing predicted decreases in negative urgency, and punitive did not provide significant prediction. Additionally, results found that higher levels of both negative urgency and distress emotion socialization increased adolescents'likelihood of having tried alcohol. These processes were invariant across race and gender. The present study may inform the future creation of prevention and intervention efforts aimed at reducing maladaptive emotion socialization and increasing adaptive emotion socialization. Successful reductions in negative urgency as a consequence of increased adaptive emotion socialization may then lead to decreases in adolescent drinking and other impulsigenic behaviors.

Intergenerational bankruptcy risks: Learning from parents’ mistakes

This study investigates inter-generational transmissions of parental bankruptcy shock on children's financial behavior in adulthood. Our results show that younger children who were 9 years or below when their parents declared bankruptcy were 2–3 % points less likely to declare bankruptcy than their older siblings who were 10 years and older when the parents’ bankruptcy event occurred. We rule out alternative hypotheses, including birth order, cohort effects, and truncated sample bias. We find corroborative evidence for the “parent socialization” channel, where bankrupt parents, through interactions with children during childhood years, influence their financial behavior and reduce the risks of their children repeating the same mistakes in adulthood.

Applying the Index of Vulnerability approach to understand water insecurity and other social-ecological factors associated with depression among urban refugee youth in Kampala, Uganda

Water insecurity and other social-ecological factors may be associated with depression in low and middle-income contexts (LMICs). This is understudied among urban refugee youth in LMICs, who experience multiple forms of marginalization. We conducted a cross-sectional survey with a peer-driven sample of urban refugee youth aged 16–24 in Kampala, Uganda. We explored: the prevalence of depression (moderate, moderately severe); associations between social-ecological (structural, community, interpersonal, intrapersonal) factors and depression; and associations between an Index of Vulnerability (IoV) comprised of social-ecological stressors and depression. Among n = 335 participants (mean age: 20.8 years, standard deviation: 3.1), in multivariable analyses, longer time in Uganda, water insecurity, lower social support, parenthood, and recent intimate partner violence were associated with moderate depression; and longer time in Uganda, water insecurity, and lower social support were associated with moderately severe depression. IoV scores were associated with moderate depression among men and women, and moderately severe depression among women. The IoV scores accounted for more variance in moderate/moderately severe depression among women than any single indicator; among men, water insecurity was most strongly associated with moderate depression. Future research can explore strategies to address water insecurity and other social-ecological stressors to promote health and wellbeing with urban refugee youth.

Parental Financial Socialisation of Young Black African Adults in South Africa

Purpose: Parental financial socialisation is necessary to help young adults to effectively manage their finances and improve their financial well-being. This study examined parental financial socialisation of young black African adults by their parents in rural and low-income area in South Africa.
 Design/methodology/approach: Parental financial socialisation was measured through parental financial behaviour, parental financial monitoring, parental financial discussions, parental financial communications, and parental finan-cial teaching. This study adopted quantitative research approach and self-administered questionnaire to collect data from young black African adults in Fetakgomo Tubatse and Intsika Yethu municipalities because these municipal-ities are the most rural and low-income areas in South Africa. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data. The composite score was calculated to determine parental financial socialisation.
 Findings: The overall score of Parental financial socialisation was 53%, which is moderate. Thus, young black African adults are financially socialised by their parents. This result was surprising as parents in rural and low-income areas uphold cultural norms and values and consider discussing certain issues like money with children a taboo.
 Research limitations/implications: Due to the low levels of general literacy among the respondents, which neg-atively affected data collection; some young adults did not understand the questionnaire and withdrew from partic-ipating in the study. Furthermore, even though confidentiality and anonymity were guaranteed, respondents were reluctant to participate in the study. They feared exposing their financial position and displayed a lack of trust.
 Originality/value: This study is the first to investigate parental financial socialisation of young black African adults in rural and low-income area in South Africa. This study concluded by providing recommendations and suggestions for future research.

Passing on the Zzz’s: Adolescent sleep attitudes are associated with sleep behaviors and parental prioritization of sleep

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to examine adolescent attitudes about the importance of sleep and how they relate to adolescent sleep behaviors and parent sleep attitudes. MethodsParticipants included families with adolescents aged 10-17years and a parent (N = 170 dyads) who completed a virtual assessment. Adolescents reported on their sleep impairment and sleep hygiene behaviors, and all participants completed a newly developed scale to assess attitudes toward the importance of prioritizing sleep over other activities/responsibilities. ResultsResults suggest that older adolescents reported more negative sleep attitudes, and adolescents reported more negative sleep attitudes compared to adult/parent participants. More negative sleep attitudes were associated with poorer sleep hygiene behaviors. Parent sleep attitudes significantly predicted their adolescent’s sleep attitudes, even after adjusting for family income, education, and adolescent age and sex. ConclusionsThis is the first study to our knowledge to quantitatively examine adolescent sleep attitudes. Findings suggest that sleep attitudes are important for adolescent sleep, and may develop within the family system via parental socialization. Future research and implications for intervention are discussed.

It's how I was raised: How ethnic-racial socialization patterns influence antiracism actions in minoritized emerging adults.

Research highlights the benefits of critical action on individual and community well-being; however, more needs to be understood about the ways ethnic-racial socialization (ERS) influences emerging adults' participation in antiracism actions. The present study examined patterns of parental ERS messages received by a sample of 668 racially and ethnically minoritized emerging adult college students (Mage = 18.76, SD = 1.23; female = 81.8%), and their associations with the emerging adults' demographic characteristics and three forms of antiracism actions. A latent profile analysis revealed a five-profile solution and showed variability in patterns of parental cultural socialization and preparation for bias messages. Participants in profiles reflecting far higher than average frequencies of both messages (high frequency) and those who received mean preparation for bias and above-average cultural socialization (culturally focused) tended to engage most frequently across all forms of antiracism. Our findings suggest the importance of parental ERS messages for fostering engagement in antiracism actions among diverse college students. Results are informative for those who work with minoritized emerging adults navigating racist contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Prosocial Behaviour Development among Preschool Children: Effect of Peer Socialisation

This study applied a systematic literature review to explore the influence of peer socialisation on prosocial behaviour among preschool children. Using Manual content analysis, 57 studies were identified; variables covered peer socialisation and prosocial behaviour. The study revealed that the majority of research focused on the role of parental and siblings' socialisation in the home context and teachers' socialisation in the school context and their influence on prosocial behaviours among young children. However, few studies focused on the influence of peer socialisation on children's prosocial behaviour in preschools. The main analyses were revealed to be regression and multilevel. Few studies linked attachment theory with socialisation and prosocial behaviour. This is the first study to explore the influence of peer socialisation on prosocial behaviour among preschool children in Tanzania. Since prosocial behaviour is a foundation of positive emotional development and individual well-being, this study recommends that preschool curriculum should consider peer socialisation as an important aspect in promoting prosocial behaviour. Teachers in preschools should be advised to design frameworks that can guide peer socialisation among children in a bid to enhance sustainable and prospective prosocial behaviour, which has a great influence on positive emotional development, positive social interaction, and cognitive development among young children in preschool contexts

Supplemental Material for Putting Ourselves Together: School Belonging, Parental Socialization, and Teacher Support of Latinx Youth

Supplemental Material for Putting Ourselves Together: School Belonging, Parental Socialization, and Teacher Support of Latinx Youth

Putting ourselves together: School belonging, parental socialization, and teacher support of Latinx youth.

Putting ourselves together: School belonging, parental socialization, and teacher support of Latinx youth.

Black adolescents' experiences with racial socialization, racial identity, and critical reflection of need for school change of racial inequity

AbstractThis preliminary investigation explored associations between Black adolescents' experiences with parental racial socialization (racial pride and racial barrier messages), dimensions of racial identity (centrality and private regard), and critical reflection regarding the need for school change of racial inequity. One hundred fifty‐one (78 girls; 73 boys) high school students from the southeastern United States were sampled for this self‐report cross‐sectional investigation. Findings revealed significant, positive total effects of racial pride and racial barrier socialization on critical reflection. Furthermore, a significant specific indirect relationship between racial pride socialization and critical reflection through centrality (small to medium effect), but not private regard. Unexpectedly, no significant indirect associations of perceived racial barrier socialization on critical reflection through racial identity dimensions were found. Implications for our findings are discussed for school‐based practitioners and policymakers.

Parental ethnic-racial socializations messages direct and indirect associations with shift-and-persist coping among minoritized American adolescents.

The current cross-sectional study examined whether parental cultural socialization, preparation for bias messages, and adolescents' ethnic-racial identity (ERI) were associated with shift-and-persist coping strategy characterized by reappraising and accepting uncontrollable stressors (e.g., discrimination, poverty) while maintaining purpose and a positive future orientation. Participants were 367 diverse ethnically/racially minoritized (42.2% Black, 25.9% Latinx, 16.1% Asian/Asian American, 12.5% multiracial, 3.3% from other groups) adolescents (Mage = 15.85, SD = 1.17, 68.9% girls). Structural equation models examined the direct effects of parental cultural socialization and preparation for bias messages on youth's ERI and shift-and-persist, as well as the indirect effects of socialization messages on shift-and-persist. Preparation for bias and cultural socialization were directly related to a stronger ERI for adolescents, but only cultural socialization was directly associated with greater shift-and-persist. Stronger ERI was associated with greater shift-and-persist, and both cultural socialization and preparation for bias were indirectly associated with greater shift-and-persist. Frequent parental preparation for bias may be indirectly associated with minoritized adolescent's shift-and-persist coping, whereas cultural socialization impacts youth's shift-and-persisting both directly and indirectly. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Family financial socialization during emerging adulthood: Insights from a cross-lagged panel model.

The present study tested the Gudmunson and Danes (2011) family financial socialization model (FFSM) using three waves of longitudinal data gathered from a college cohort of emerging adults in the United States. Specifically, we aimed to test the validity of this model in emerging adulthood (Aim 1), to verify whether the effect of the parent's socialization on a child's end financial outcome is mediated by intermediary financial outcomes (Aim 2), and to verify whether the effects found when testing the FFSM are stable across time points (Aim 3). Our findings indicate that of eight paths in the model between family socialization processes and financial socialization outcomes, seven paths were significant, thereby lending support for the validity of FFSM in emerging adulthood (Aim 1). Second, we found no mediation effects of parental financial socialization on emerging adult financial behavior and well-being via the internalization of parents' beliefs, values, and practices (Aim 2). We offer plausible explanations for this result. Last, we verified that the financial socialization processes and their effects are generally invariant across the beginning, the middle, and the end of the emerging adulthood (Aim 3). We interpret our findings in the context of the extant literature on emerging adults' transition to adult independence and provide insights for practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Parental self-regulation and engagement in emotion socialization: A systematic review.

Parental emotion-related socialization behaviors (ERSBs)-including reactions to emotions, emotional expressiveness, and emotion-related discussion-can foster or hinder children and adolescents' self-regulation development. Toward a goal of identifying specific mechanisms by which children and adolescents develop skillful, adaptive self-regulation or, conversely, self-regulation difficulties and psychopathology, it is crucial to identify processes that shape and maintain parental engagement in ERSBs. This present study is a systematic review of the associations between parental self-regulation and three different ERSBs (reactions to emotions, emotional expressiveness, and emotion-related discussion), building upon research that posits parental top-down self-regulation (i.e., emotion regulation, executive function, and effortful control) is critical for parenting behavior. Fifty-three studies were identified for inclusion. All but four of these studies were cross-sectional, limiting conclusions that could be drawn regarding whether parental self-regulation is associated with ERSBs over time. Studies used a wide range of methods (e.g., self-report, physiological assessment, observer ratings) to assess both parental self-regulation and ERSBs, rendering a meta-analysis premature. Across studies included in the review, parental self-regulation was positively associated with supportive ERSBs and negatively associated with unsupportive ERSBs. Future directions for research and implications for translational efforts are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).