Parental Risk Factors Research Articles

Parental risk factors and children entering out-of-home care: The effects of cumulative risk and parent’s sex

BackgroundParental difficulties, including mental ill health, substance misuse, domestic violence and learning disability have been associated with children entering out-of-home care. There is also evidence that these issues may co-occur within families. Understanding how the co-occurrence of these difficulties is associated with care entry is complex because they may co-occur in the same or different household members and have different impacts on the likelihood of care entry when they occur in mothers, fathers or in single parent households. MethodAdministrative data from local authority children’s services in Wales were linked with demographic data to identify households in which children lived prior to entering care. Linkage to birth data identified biological mothers. Linkage with primary care, emergency department, hospital admissions and substance misuse services data enabled indicators of substance misuse, mental health, assaults in the home, learning disability and neurodivergence in the adults in those households to be identified. A series of multilevel binary logistic regression models were used to explore the odds of a household having one or more children entering care if risk factors were present. These considered the effects of individual risks, and cumulative risk both in individual adults in the household, and across the whole household. The effects of the number of adults, having adults with no risks and the differential impacts of risks in biological mothers, other women or men were also explored. Additional models explored these factors in single adult households. ResultsCumulative risks increased the likelihood of care entry, however this effect disappeared when individual risks were controlled for. The presence of an individual with no risks in the household acted as a protective factor. Overall, the impact of the risks on the odds of care entry was substantially greater if the risks were present in the biological mother than if they occurred in other adults (men or women) in the household. In single adult households risk factors had a much greater impact when they occurred in households headed by women as opposed to men. ConclusionSubstantial differences in the effects of risk factors in female and male adults are apparent and further research is needed to understand why this is occurring to ensure that parents are treated equally in terms of support and statutory intervention regardless of their sex.11Throughout this paper we refer to the “sex” of the parents /adults in households, as opposed to their “gender.” This is because in the analysis we carried out the sex of these individuals was determined by their GP records. We have chosen to use the term “sex,” rather than “gender,” as we believe this data is more likely to reflect their biological sex, rather the gender that the individuals identify as.

Prenatal, perinatal and parental risk factors for autism spectrum disorder in China: a case- control study.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is heritable neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), but environmental risk factors have also been suggested to a play a role in its development. Prenatal, perinatal and parental factors have been associated with an increased risk of ASD in children. The aim of the present study was to explore the prenatal, perinatal, and parenting risk factors in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from Beijing, China by comparing them with typically developing (TD) children. A sample of 151 ASD children's parents who from rehabilitation institutions in Beijing were enrolled in this study, and an additional 151 children from kindergartens in Beijing were recruited as a control group (child age: mean = 4.4 years). TD children were matched according to age, sex and maternal education. We explored the maternal AQ (Autism Spectrum Quotient) scores (mean:19.40-19.71, no significant difference between two groups) to referring the genetic baseline. This study evaluated 17 factors with unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Birth asphyxia was associated with a more than a thirteen-fold higher risk of ASD (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 13.42). Breastfeeding difficulties were associated with a higher risk of ASD(AOR = 3.46). Parenting influenced the risk of ASD, with low responding (LR) and harsh or neglectful parenting associated with a higher risk of ASD in offspring (AOR = 2.37 for LR, AOR = 3.42 for harsh parenting and AOR = 3.01 for neglectful parenting). Maternal fever during pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of ASD in offspring (AOR = 3.81). Many factors were associated with ASD in offspring. Further assessment is needed to elucidate the role of modifiable environmental factors to inform prevention strategies.

Parental risk factors and moderators of prolonged digital use in preschoolers: A meta-analysis

AbstractProlonged digital use is prevalent among young children. Still, it is unclear which parental risk factors contribute to this and whether cultural background (western vs. non-western) and parental role (mother vs. father/parents) could moderate this impact. A systematic literature search identified 52 empirical studies with 54,334 children in a random-effects meta-analysis. The analysis revealed that preschoolers’ prolonged digital use was significantly associated with parental digital use (r = .24, 95%CI [0.17, 0.30]), low socioeconomic status (r = .10, 95%CI [0.08, 0.13]), and passive parenting behavior (r = .17, 95%CI [0.10, 0.25]), and significantly but weakly correlated with psychological distress (r = .15, 95%CI [0.07, 0.23]). There were effect size differences between the sub-items in both passive parenting behavior and psychological distress factors. In addition, cultural background moderated the associations between preschoolers’ digital use and parents' digital use (Q = 8.38, p < .01) and passive parenting behaviors (Q = 3.32, p = .06). In contrast, the moderating effects of the parental role were not significant (Qs < 4.16, ps > .13). These findings suggest that specific items of parental factor, particularly those related to parenting practices, should be considered as the risks of preschoolers’ prolonged digital use. Future studies should pay more attention to cultural differences and the roles of fathers.

The influence of socioenvironmental risk factors on risk-taking behaviors among Bahamian adolescents: a structural equation modeling analysis

ABSTRACT Background Adolescents’ risk-taking behaviors can have profound impacts on their future health. Few studies have established a relationship between multiple social environmental factors and adolescent risk behaviors. We used structural equation modeling to examine the role of parental monitoring and environmental risks on adolescents’ behavioral intentions and risk behaviors. Methods Data were collected through the baseline survey of a national implementation project among 2205 Grade 6 students in 24 government schools in The Bahamas in 2019. Structural equation modeling examined relations among parental monitoring, environmental risk factors, behavioral intentions, and risk behaviors. Results Students had engaged in various delinquent, substance use, and sexual risks. In the structural equation model, parental monitoring demonstrated direct negative (protective) effects on behavioral intentions and risk behaviors, whereas environmental risk factors had a direct positive effect on adolescent behavioral intentions and risk behaviors. The model had an R2 value of 0.57 for adolescent risk behaviors. Conclusion Parental monitoring and environmental risk factors had strong influences on risk-taking behaviors of early adolescents. Future adolescent health behavior interventions should consider offering additional prevention resources to early adolescents who are exposed to multiple environmental risk factors.

“They had clothes on their back and they had food in their stomach, but they didn't have me”: The contribution of parental mental health problems, substance use, and domestic violence and abuse on young people and parents

BackgroundThe parental risk factors of mental health problems, substance use, and domestic violence and abuse each individually negatively impacts children's health and developmental outcomes. Few studies have considered the lived experience and support needs of parents and children in the real-world situation where these common risks cluster. ObjectiveThis study explores parents' and young people's lived experiences of the clustering of parental mental health problems, parental substance use, and domestic violence and abuse. MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 mothers, 6 fathers, and 7 young people with experiences of these parental risk factors. Transcribed interviews were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. ResultsFour themes were developed, 1) cumulative adversity, 2) the impact of syndemic risk, 3) families navigating risk, and 4) family support. Parents and young people described family situations of stress wherein they experienced cumulative impact of multiple parental risk factors. Parents sought to navigate stressors and parent in positive ways under challenging conditions, often impeded by their own childhood trauma and diminished confidence. Parents and young people spoke of the need for, and benefits of having, support; both as a family and as individuals, to successfully address this trio of parental risks and the related impact. ConclusionsThis study highlights the high level of stress families experience and the efforts they go to mitigate risk. Services and interventions need to reflect the complexity of multiple needs and consider both the whole family and individuals when providing support.

How Do Parental Factors Increase the Probability for Autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?

Two prevalent neurodevelopment disorders in children are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The fifth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders describes autism as a condition marked by limitations in social communication as well as restricted, repetitive behavior patterns. While impulsivity, hyperactivity, and lack of concentration are signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Boys experience it more frequently than girls do. This study sought for possible factors that put children at risk for autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and it investigated the association between neurodevelopment disorders in children and parental risk factor in Iraqi population. This was a cross sectional, comparative study applied in The National Center for Autism/Medical City Complex from January to April 2022.In which120 child withneuro development disorders and 120 controls participated. The data collected from the questionnaires was analyzed using SPSS 25. Independent T-test and Chi-Square test were carried out for the bivariate analysis of the data. Among the tested variables four parent-related factors were significantly (P-value < 0.05) associated with neurodevelopment disorders in children: Family history of psychiatric illness, smoking of any parent, pregnancy and labor complications, used progesterone during pregnancy. In addition to these significant parent-related risk factors, paternal age at conception time were significantly (P-value < 0.05) associated with neurodevelopment disorders of children. Based on this case control study, mothers with pregnancy & labor complications, paternal age at conception, smoking of any parent,mothers used progesterone during pregnancy and family history of psychiatric illness, had higher risk of neurodevelopment disorders.

"God gave you a special child because you are special": difficulties, coping strategies, and parental burnout of Jewish mothers - a qualitative study.

"Parental Burnout" is a specific syndrome resulting from an imbalance between continuous exposure to chronic parenting stress and available protective resources. Mothers of children with special needs have an increased risk of Parental Burnout due to dealing with various difficulties from carrying out long-term childcare. To examine difficulties, coping strategies, and PB (risk factors and protective resources), among ultra-Orthodox and non-Orthodox Jewish mothers of children with special needs with high or low levels of Parental Burnout. A qualitative study. Twelve mothers of children with special needs identified with high or low Parental Burnout via a quantitative study were interviewed. The constant-comparative analysis method was used to analyze the findings. Three themes and twelve categories emerged: 1. Difficulties involved in motherhood with six categories: (a) caregiver burden, (b) task overload, (c) physical and mental self-neglect, (d) environmental, couple-hood, family and social neglect, (e) recognizing the gap between their child with special needs and other children of the same age, (f) the environment's contradictory expectations from the mother; 2. Coping strategies with four categories: (a) practical, (b) spiritual, (c) social and (d) emotional; and 3. Parental Burnout, consequences and coping with two categories: (a) personal and environmental risk factors (e.g., fear of the future, difficulty in trusting others in taking care of their child), and (b) personal and environmental protective resources (e.g., sharing similar circumstances with other mothers, a belief in God). The findings contribute to understanding the unique difficulties, coping strategies and differences in risk factors and protective resources of Parental Burnout among ultra-Orthodox and non-Orthodox Jewish mothers of children with special needs. In order to alleviate the difficulties experienced by mothers and thus also reduce Parental Burnout risk factors and provide effective protective resources, it is recommended to develop empirically based professional guidance for policymakers, child development specialists, nurses, physiotherapists, and informal caregivers.

Preschool Emotional Problems in the Post-Pandemic Era between Parental Risk and Protective Factors

The psychosocial adaptation of children born or experiencing their early years during the COVID-19 pandemic remains uncertain. In order to implement prevention strategies, it is, therefore, a priority to deeply analyze children’s mental health in this post-pandemic phase and to identify family risk and protective factors. Indeed, recent studies reveal that children’s emotional distress increased with the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in situations of high parental stress. The study investigates associations between some parental characteristics (coping strategies, parental burnout, resilience, perception of social support, and promotion of children’s social-emotional competence) and children’s emotional symptoms, considering gender differences. A total of 358 parents of children aged 2 to 6 years participated in this study. Regression analyses show that parental burnout is a predictor of emotional symptoms; moreover, for females, higher levels of emotional symptoms are associated with parental maladaptive coping strategies, whereas for males, the parent’s ability to promote children’s emotional competence is a protective factor. Results emphasize the importance of supporting parental well-being as a critical factor in shielding children from the repercussions of adverse situations.

Multi-disciplinary support for families with complex needs and children on the edge of care in the UK: a mixed methods evaluation

ABSTRACTFamilies on the ‘edge of care’ face complex intersecting issues that can work against positive changes and lead to the re-involvement of social care. A multi-disciplinary service working alongside social work and community services teams to respond to the multiple needs of vulnerable families was evaluated. A mixed methods evaluation drew upon service data and cost saving modelling, interviews and a survey of social care practitioners. The evaluation data relates to the period February 2021 -July 2022 and covers 81 families, of whom 41 families had their cases closed. There was a high level of engagement with families with complex issues who struggle to engage with community-based services, with improvements in parental and child risk factors. The programme was successful for many of the families that engaged and half of the children had their safeguarding level stepped down. Significant net cost savings were estimated for avoided care placements plus additional savings such as reduced social care staff hours. The service was clearly seen as an effective and valuable service by social care practitioners and was characterised as having good working relationships, good communication and distinct but complementary roles. The service offered a positive support service model to families based on trust, consistency and immediacy.

Dynamic regulatory processes among child welfare parents: Temporal associations between physiology and parenting behavior.

This study examined how temporal associations between parents' physiological and behavioral responses may reflect underlying regulatory difficulties in at-risk parenting. Time-series data of cardiac indices (second-by-second estimates of inter-beat intervals - IBI, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia - RSA) and parenting behaviors were obtained from 204 child welfare-involved parents (88% mothers, Mage = 32.32 years) during child-led play with their 3- to 7-year-old children (45.1% female; Mage = 4.76 years). Known risk factors for maltreatment, including parents' negative social cognitions, mental health symptoms, and inhibitory control problems, were examined as moderators of intra-individual physiology-behavior associations. Results of ordinary differential equations suggested increases in parents' cardiac arousal at moments when they showed positive parenting behaviors. In turn, higher arousal was associated with momentary decreases in both positive and negative parenting behaviors. Individual differences in these dynamic processes were identified in association with parental risk factors. In contrast, no sample-wide RSA-behavior associations were evident, but a pattern of increased positive parenting at moments of parasympathetic withdrawal emerged among parents showing more total positive parenting behaviors. This study illustrated an innovative and ecologically-valid approach to examining regulatory patterns that may shape parenting in real-time and identified mechanisms that should be addressed in interventions.

O-199 Imprinting disorders in singletons conceived by assisted reproductive technology in Sweden

Abstract Study question Is singleton birth from assisted reproductive technology (ART) associated with imprinting disorders (IDs) independent of parental infertility and other background factors? Summary answer Singletons conceived using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and frozen embryos have higher risks of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS). What is known already Previous studies have suggested elevated risk of IDs in children conceived with ART compared with children conceived with spontaneous conception (SC). It is not clear to what extent the observed associations could be explained by parental infertility and related risk factors. Knowledge on specific ART procedures and their association with IDs is also limited. Study design, size, duration A nationwide register-based cohort study was carried out in which all liveborn singletons in 1997-2017 in Sweden were included with follow-up to 2018. Participants/materials, setting, methods Among 1 998 825 singletons, 60 210 were conceived using ART. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) version 10 was used to identify three distinct ID groups: PWS/SRS, BWS, and central precocious puberty (CPP). Cox regression, combined with inverse probability treatment weights to account for birth year, parity, pregnancy loss history, parental age and country of origin, was used to compare ART singletons with all SC singletons and those born to couples with known infertility. Main results and the role of chance A total of 1012 children were diagnosed with the IDs of interest (654 PWS/SRS, 255 BWS, and 109 CPP), and 49 of them were conceived through ART. Compared with all SC singletons, higher risk of PWS/SRS and BWS was observed in ART singletons and the weighted hazard ratios (wHRs) were 1.57 [95% CI, 1.09-2.26] and 2.57 [95% CI, 1.60-4.12], respectively. The elevated risks remained when comparison was restricted to SC singletons of couples with known infertility, though the wHR for BWS was somewhat attenuated (1.87, 95% CI: 1.04-3.36). No difference in risk of CPP was observed between singletons conceived with and without ART irrespective of parental infertility. Further subgroup analysis revealed that ICSI in combination with frozen embryo transfer was responsible for the higher risks of PWS/SRS (wHR 6.32, 95% CI: 3.34-11.95) and BWS (wHR 9.04, 95% CI: 4.34-18.82). Limitations, reasons for caution The use of the Swedish ICD-10 did not allow distinction of PWS and SRS. The number of CPP cases in ART singletons was too small (N = 3) to make inference. Wider implications of the findings This study found that ART-conceived singletons, particularly those conceived using ICSI and frozen embryos, had a higher risk of IDs independent of parental infertility. However, the underlying mechanism is not clear, and the role of type and severity of infertility warrants further investigation. Trial registration number not applicable

Erratum to Parental stress mediates the effects of parental risk factors on dysfunctional parenting in first-time parents: A dyadic longitudinal study

Erratum to Parental stress mediates the effects of parental risk factors on dysfunctional parenting in first-time parents: A dyadic longitudinal study

Perinatal, obstetric and parental risk factors for asthma in the offspring throughout childhood: a longitudinal cohort study.

Asthma is a common chronic and burdensome disease which typically begins in childhood. The aim of this study was to assess perinatal and obstetric factors which may increase the risk of developing asthma in the offspring. Data from five consecutive waves (n=7,073 children, from birth to 15 years old) from a nationally-representative birth cohort of people born in the United Kingdom between 2000 and 2002, the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS), were used. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to graphically display the risk of developing asthma from early childhood to adolescence. The Z-based Wald test was used to prove significant covariate loading. Cox regression analyzing the influence of covariates on asthma development risk showed a significant likelihood ratio test, χ2(18)=899.30, p<0.01. A parent with asthma (OR=2.02, p<0.01), a younger maternal age at delivery (OR=0.98, p<0.05), and the use of assisted reproductive technology (OR=1.43, p<0.05) were associated with an increased risk of developing asthma in the offspring. Perinatal factors (a younger maternal age, assisted reproductive technology) and a parental factor (aparent with asthma) increased the risk for developing asthma in the offspring.

Navigating adolescent depression and anxiety in the context of parenting plan evaluations

AbstractThis article touches upon theories accounting for the rise in adolescent anxiety and depression and how the prevalence of adolescent anxiety and depression affects how we navigate parenting plan evaluations. This article also discusses the importance of screening youth for depressive and anxious symptoms and assessing family, parental, and youth risk and protective factors related to adolescent depression and anxiety. This article also highlights the importance of assessing for mediating factors that increase the risk of anxiety and depression in youth in the context of parental separation, such as interparental conflict, financial difficulties, and limited contact with one parent. This article also identifies various methods of assessing depression and anxiety, including the adolescent interview, observations during the interview, and self‐report measures. Additionally, this article discusses potential interventions that address mediators of the impact of divorce, such as parenting problems, family conflict, or the parent–child relationship.

Evaluating risk factors in relation to preschool social–emotional skills using a person‐centred approach

AbstractFew studies have utilised a person‐centred approach when it comes to understanding risk factors in young children. The present study uses this type of approach while examining risk factors in relation to social–emotional skills. Parent reports for 444 preschool‐aged children disclosed each child's exposure to eight different risk factors, as well as their social–emotional abilities. A latent class analysis was utilised to examine subgroups of risk, rather than using a cumulative approach, to see whether specific risk factors differentiated participants. Subgroup differences in distal social–emotional skills were then examined. The subgroup with systemic, economic and parent stress risk factors showed the lowest social–emotional abilities, in comparison to subgroups with only systemic or a combination of systemic and economic risks. These results suggest that addressing parent stress may be particularly relevant when considering children's social–emotional development. Implications for interventions and clinical practice are discussed.

Inter-cohort analysis of parental risk factors for development of infants

Children develop rapidly in the first year of life and this period should create a solid ground for their health in future. Diseases of the nervous system, mental and behavioral disorders occupy leading places among causes of childhood disability. Given that, the aim of this study was to search for parental risk factors endangering physical and neuropsychic development of infants. Infants living in Vologda region were selected as a research object. Our informational basis was represented by sample data of the prospective monitoring over children’s health (894 children from five different cohorts born in 1998, 2001, 2004, 2014 and 2020); statistical and sociological data on prevalence of risk factors in Russia and in the region. The information was provided by healthcare workers (obstetrician-gynecologist, neonatologist, and pediatrician) and children’s mothers. The applied methodology included inter- and intra-cohort sociological analysis; calculation of relative risk (RR) to assess a correlation between developmental delay and parental factors. Child development was assessed by a pediatrician using abnormal psychology and adaptation approaches. We analyzed Russian and foreign studies that focused on the same research subject. We calculated relative risks of various social-demographic, socioeconomic, biomedical and environmental factors for the development of children who participated in the cohort monitoring. This allowed us to identify those with prognostic value including young age of parents (RR = 1.40); a single-parent family (RR = 1.46), bad relationships between spouses (RR = 1.36); low purchasing ability of a family (RR = 1.59), poor living conditions (RR = 1.66); a future mother being exposed to chemicals and toxic substances (RR = 1.31), gas pollution (RR = 2.02), hand high temperatures (RR = 1.56) at her workplace one year prior to childbirth; a smoking mother (RR = 1.56); a father having a sexually transmitted disease (RR = 3.23); abnormal pregnancy. The identified risk factors for child development occur prior to childbirth and are manageable. Awareness about them makes it possible to neutralize their negative influence when a pregnancy is being planned. Our analysis of statistical and sociological data has revealed a descending trend for prevalence of practically all the analyzed risk factors. Still, some factors cause certain concern including high prevalence of smoking among women, future mothers included; prevalence of anemia in pregnant women; unresolved financial issues and poor living conditions of a considerable share of families who are expecting a child; effects produced on women by harmful working conditions. The results of this study can be used for developing programs aimed at protecting child’s health at any level, from an individual to the national one.

Интеркогортный анализ родительских факторов риска развитию ребенка на первом году жизни

Children develop rapidly in the first year of life and this period should create a solid ground for their health in future. Diseases of the nervous system, mental and behavioral disorders occupy leading places among causes of childhood disability. Given that, the aim of this study was to search for parental risk factors endangering physical and neuropsychic development of infants. Infants living in Vologda region were selected as a research object. Our informational basis was represented by sample data of the prospective monitoring over children’s health (894 children from five different cohorts born in 1998, 2001, 2004, 2014 and 2020); statistical and sociological data on prevalence of risk factors in Russia and in the region. The information was provided by healthcare workers (obstetrician-gynecologist, neonatologist, and pediatrician) and children’s mothers. The applied methodology included inter- and intra-cohort sociological analysis; calculation of relative risk (RR) to assess a correlation between developmental delay and parental factors. Child development was assessed by a pediatrician using abnormal psychology and adaptation approaches. We analyzed Russian and foreign studies that focused on the same research subject. We calculated relative risks of various social-demographic, socioeconomic, biomedical and environmental factors for the development of children who participated in the cohort monitoring. This allowed us to identify those with prognostic value including young age of parents (RR = 1.40); a single-parent family (RR = 1.46), bad relationships between spouses (RR = 1.36); low purchasing ability of a family (RR = 1.59), poor living conditions (RR = 1.66); a future mother being exposed to chemicals and toxic substances (RR = 1.31), gas pollution (RR = 2.02), hand high temperatures (RR = 1.56) at her workplace one year prior to childbirth; a smoking mother (RR = 1.56); a father having a sexually transmitted disease (RR = 3.23); abnormal pregnancy. The identified risk factors for child development occur prior to childbirth and are manageable. Awareness about them makes it possible to neutralize their negative influence when a pregnancy is being planned. Our analysis of statistical and sociological data has revealed a descending trend for prevalence of practically all the analyzed risk factors. Still, some factors cause certain concern including high prevalence of smoking among women, future mothers included; prevalence of anemia in pregnant women; unresolved financial issues and poor living conditions of a considerable share of families who are expecting a child; effects produced on women by harmful working conditions. The results of this study can be used for developing programs aimed at protecting child’s health at any level, from an individual to the national one.

The relationship between parental risk factors with degree of severity in myopia

Link of Video Abstract: https://youtu.be/5LTsY60dY0s Background: Myopia is one of the numerous visual problems that continue to increase in incidence throughout the world. Various genetic and environmental factors are thought to influence the onset of myopia. Myopia is known to have a significant impact on the economy, vision problems, and a decrease in quality of life so that it needs serious attention. This study aims to explore the relationship between parental risk factors with degree severity of myopia. Methods: This study is an analytic observational study research design. The population of this study are patients diagnosed with myopia in the Ophthalmology Outpatient Clinic of Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included as samples. Data are gathered through medical records and by questionnaire, this includes age and spherical equivalent (SE) in right eye or left eye. Degree of severity was classified based on SE. Myopia’s degree of severity and parental history are then analyzed to determine the relationship. Results: A total 72 patients were included in this study. The majority of participants have a familial history of parental myopia. The degree of severity with the highest frequency is low myopia. The results of statistical tests showed that there was no relationship between history of parental myopia and the severity of myopia in the right eye (RE) (p-value = 0.712) and the severity of myopia in the left eye (LE) (p-value = 0.565). Conclusion: There was no relationship between the history of parental myopia and the severity of myopia.

Socio-ecological predictors of dietary inflammatory scores and associations with childhood and adolescent adiposity: A protocol for a rapid scoping review of observational studies.

Diet-related inflammation is associated with adiposity. Obesity and inflammation in early life may have adverse health outcomes in later life; however, the socio-ecological predictors of a pro-inflammatory diet in childhood and adolescence are not well understood. This rapid scoping review aims to summarise the current state of research from observational studies investigating socio-ecological predictors (childhood, parental, familial, demographic and chronobiological risk factors) and their association with diet-associated inflammation and adiposity in children and adolescents. This scoping review will be conducted using the frameworks based on the Joanna Briggs Institute and Arksey and O'Malley and the Population, Concept and Context (PCC) mnemonic. Searches were conducted in OVID Medline, Cinahl and Embase, with adaptations as required. The piloted study selection process will utilise two reviewers for study selection, with reference lists checked for included studies. A third reviewer will moderate disagreements. Data will be extracted by one reviewer and calibrated by a second reviewer. The results will be reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist and PRISMA-ScR flow diagram. The main findings will be synthesised into themes and concepts narratively. Tables and graphs will present frequencies, study details and categorical descriptions. This scoping review will provide an overview of the research conducted to date regarding predictors of diet-related inflammation in childhood and their associations with adiposity. Better understanding of the factors associated with a more inflammatory diet in childhood may be useful for clinicians and policy makers when designing and implementing health interventions.

Parental Influence on Child Mental Health Post-Hurricane Harvey

PurposeMany children who face natural disasters experience significant mental health consequences. Parents play a prominent role in the likelihood of child mental health outcomes after a weather-related disaster. This study aimed to examine the relationship between parent risk factors and children’s psychological well-being post Hurricane Harvey.MethodsParents (n = 140) completed a survey that measured hurricane exposure, parental depression and anxiety, parenting behaviors, and assistance given and received during or after Hurricane Harvey. Additionally, parents were asked to complete questionnaires assessing one of their children’s post-disaster psychosocial functioning and distress.ResultsResults indicated that heightened parent anxiety was significantly associated with an increased risk for emotional symptoms, conduct problems, and hyperactivity-inattention symptoms in children. Additionally, inconsistency in parental discipline was significantly associated with an increased risk of child conduct problems. Further, higher numbers of assistance types received by parents—a proxy indicator of resource loss—was associated with higher child emotional distress scores.ConclusionsBroader systems-level interventions that address parents’ physical and emotional needs may help mitigate maladaptive reactions in children and facilitate greater post-disaster psychosocial adjustment.