Parental Rearing Styles Research Articles

PERCIPIRANI VASPITNI STAVOVI RODITELJA KAO PREDIKTORI INTERPERSONALNE ORIJENTACIJE STUDENATA

Istraživanja pokazuju da vaspitni postupci roditelja doprinose formiranju različitih osobina ličnosti i interpersonalnih relacija koje deca uspostavljaju tokom razvoja. Cilj rada je bio da se ispita kakva je prediktivna moć vaspitnih stavova roditelja u predviđanju interpersonalne orijentacije studenata, tačnije, pojedinih aspekata filantropske i mizantropske orijentacije. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 238 studenata oba pola različitih fakulteta Univerziteta u Prištini, prosečne starosti 21.61. Za prikupljanje podataka korišćeni su Skala za procenu vaspitnih stavova roditelja VS i Skala interpersonalne orijentacije IO. VS skala meri dve dimenzije vaspitanja, afektivnu (polovi toplo−hladno vaspitanje) i dimenziju kontrole (polovi popustljivo−ograničavajuće vaspitanje). Rezultati multiple regresione analize pokazuju da je percipirano toplo vaspitanje majke značajan prediktor prijateljstva, aspekta filantropske orijentacije, i socijalne izolacije (sa negativnim predznakom), aspekta mizantropske orijentacije. Hladno vaspitanje majke je značajan prediktor nepoverenja, aspekta mizantropske orijentacije, dok je ograničavajuće vaspitanje majke značajan prediktor potrebe za ljudima i prijateljstva, aspekata filantropske orijentacije. Vaspitni stavovi oca se nisu pokazali značajnim u predviđanju interpersonalne orijentacije studenata. Generalno gledano, percipirani vaspitni stil majke važniji je nego vaspitni stil oca za objašnjenje interpersonalne orijentacije osobe, a pritom je veći doprinos afektivne dimenzije vaspitanja nego dimenzije kontrole. Nalazi se diskutuju iz ugla raspoložive empirijske evidencije u ovoj oblasti psihologije i ukazuje na pravac budućih istraživanja.

Bullying, vinculação e estilos educativos parentais em adolescentes do 3º ciclo do ensino básico

Objetivos: Dado que a literatura salienta o impacto da vinculação e do comportamento parental nos comportamentos de bullying, temos como objetivo estudar os comportamentos de bullying, de visibilidade crescente em adolescentes no contexto escolar, e a sua relação com a qualidade da vinculação e os estilos educativos parentais. Método: A amostra deste estudo envolveu 50 adolescentes, 26 raparigas e 24 rapazes, com idades entre os 12 e os 17 anos (M = 14,24). O protocolo foi composto por: Questionário de Exclusão Social e Violência Escolar (QEVE), Inventário de Vinculação na Adolescência (IPPA) e A Parental Rearing Style Questionnaire for use with Adolescents (EMBU-A). Resultados: Os adolescentes da nossa amostra tendem a ser mais observadores em situações de bullying, sendo os tipos de violência mais frequentes a exclusão social e a agressão verbal. As vítimas de bullying são mais frequentemente jovens de nível socioeconómico baixo e as raparigas são mais observadoras de exclusão social e agressão verbal do que os rapazes. No que respeita à vinculação, os jovens com mais comportamentos agressivos percecionam menor comunicação e confiança em relação ao pai e aos amigos e quando se sentem alienados face aos seus pares, estão mais sujeitos a serem vítimas de bullying. Por fim, relativamente aos estilos educativos parentais, os adolescentes mais agressivos tendem a ser os que sentem maior rejeição e menor suporte emocional maternos. Conclusões: Fica, então, sublinhada a importância para os comportamentos de bullying dos estilos educativos parentais e da qualidade da vinculação dos jovens com as figuras significativas. Estas conclusões remetem-nos para implicações ao nível da prevenção deste fenómeno, sendo importante não só considerar variáveis individuais, mas também como o sujeito interage em todos os seus sistemas de pertença, focando a construção de relações afetivas.

The Relationships between Perceived Parental Rearing Style and Anxiety Symptoms in Malaysian Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas

Anxiety is among the most prevalent forms of psychopathology in adolescence. The Schema Theory emphasizes the role of the quality of the early experiences and parents-child relationship and its impact through the cognitive schemas on emotional health. The present study examined the influence of parental behavior rearing and cognitive schemas on the development of anxiety in Malaysian adolescents. Further, the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the link between parenting variables and anxiety symptoms in adolescents were examined. Using multiple cluster sampling, 38 classrooms from 11 international secondary schools in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia were selected. A sample of 612 nonclinical adolescents (226 girls and 386 boys) aged 13-18 years (mean age = 15.48 years) completed the questionnaires measuring perceived parenting behaviors (EMBU-C), early maladaptive schemas (YSQ-S3) and anxiety symptoms (SCAS). The results indicated that there were positive correlations among adverse parenting behavior styles, EMSs and anxiety. Further, with regression analyses revealing two parenting styles (Anxious Rearing and Rejection) also, four particular EMSs were significant predictors of anxiety in adolescents. Furthermore, some early maladaptive schemas do mediate the relations between parenting variables and anxiety in adolescent. Findings of current study provide evidence for the notion that the relationship between negative parental rearing behaviors and anxiety is explained by maladaptive cognitive schemas. Finally, clinical significance of the findings was discussed.

Online Responses towards Parental Rearing Styles Regarding Hand-held Devices

This article reviewed the literature on parental rearing styles and used responses from an online discussion forum to investigate people’s opinions towards parental rearing styles and strategies when children use hand-held devices. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) was used as an analysis method via micro, meso and macro multi-level interpretations. The majority of online responses agree that parents’ positive engagement using an authoritative rearing style play an important role in children’s use of hand-held devices, while authoritarian, permissive and uninvolved rearing styles hindered children’s development. Five positive parenting strategies were promoted by online responses, which included accepting technology, managing the use of technology, being responsible for children’s technology choice, setting playing time, and encouraging children to have no-technology time. Educators and parents who are interested in using hand-held devices with children will find this article useful in understanding positive strategies to implement when children use these devices.

父母教养方式与师范生攻击行为的关系研究

目的：考察师范类大学生父母教养方式和攻击性行为的关系。方法：使用父母教养方式问卷和攻击性问卷，采用分层随机抽样方法对某大学160名师范类大学生进行了调查。通过问卷法探讨了父母教养方式与大学生攻击行为的相关情况。结果：(1) 师范生父母教养方式存在显著的年级和专业差异。(2) 师范生攻击行为在性别和专业上差异显著。(3) 不同的父母教养方式在身体攻击和愤怒两方面存在差异。(4) 父母教养方式与攻击行为之间存在一定相关。Objective: To study the relationship between Parental Rearing Style and normal Students’ aggres-sive behavior. Method: 160 college students from normal university were investigated though Pa-renting Style Questionnaire and Aggression Questionnaire. Results: (1) Significant grade differences and major differences in university students’ Parental Rearing Style were observed. (2) There was significant gender and major difference in college Students’ aggressive behavior. (3) There were significant differences in aggressive behavior and anger between Parental Rearing Style and ag-gressive behavior. (4) There was significant interaction between Parental Rearing Style and ag-gressive behavior.

The Mediating Effect of Parentification on Perceived Parental Rearing Styles and Social Anxiety among College Students

The Mediating Effect of Parentification on Perceived Parental Rearing Styles and Social Anxiety among College Students

1213 – Parental rearing styles, eating habits/behaviours and eating disorders symptoms, in a sample of adolescents

There are few studies in the international and national literature exploring the association between parental rearing styles, eating habits/behaviours and symptoms of Eating Disorders (ED). To examine the associations between the dimensions of Parental Rearing Style Questionnaire for Adolescents (EMBU-A), the dimensions of a test assessing eating disorders symptoms (Eating Attitudes Test-25/EAT-25), Body Mass Index (BMI), items assessing eating habits/behaviors and sociodemographic family and health variables; to explore which are the predictors of symptoms of eating disorders and eating habits/behaviours. 402 adolescents (girls: n = 241, 60%) between 12 and 18 years old (M = 14,2, SD = 1,62) answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, the EMBU-A and the EAT-25. We found a negative association between Emotional Support (EMBU-A), all the EAT-25 dimensions and EAT-25 total score. There was, generally, a positive association between the Overprotection and Rejection dimensions (EMBU-A) and the same results of the EAT-25. Sports’ practice was associated with a higher mean score of Motivation for Thinness and the total score of the EAT-25. In the predictive analyses, Emotional Support showed to decrease the likelihood of adolescents manifesting ED symptoms and Rejection to increase that likelihood. Emotional Support seems to be protective of ED symptoms and dysfunctional eating habits/behaviors appearance in adolescents, while Rejection appears to increase the risk of these two outcomes. These dimensions should be worked together with parents, eventually, by psicoeducational programs. At schools and health centers, programs can be implemented to improve eating habits/behaviors and help prevent ED development

Tendency to Develop Post-Traumatic Stress and Learned Resourcefulness in Relation to Perceived Parental Rearing Style

Tendency of an individual to develop post-traumatic stress might depend on various factors such as locus of control. This study focused on the relation between tendency to develop post-traumatic stres and perceived parental style. A total of 61adults (20-25) were given “My Memories of Upbringing”, “Impact of Event” and “Learned Resourcefulness” inventories. Our results suggest a negative relation between learned resourcefulness and perceived parental rejection and overprotection scores indicating a risk for developing post-traumatic stress in terms of “Impact of Event” inventory.

Mental Health, Personality, and Parental Rearing Styles of Adolescents with Internet Addiction Disorder

The objectives of this study were to compare the personality profiles of adolescent males with and without Internet addiction disorder (IAD), and to determine if IAD is associated with specific parental rearing behaviors. A total of 304 subjects (204 IAD positive and 100 IAD negative controls) completed three instruments: Symptom Checklist-90-revision (SCL-90-R), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised (EPQ-R), and Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran--'My Memories of Upbringing' (EMBU). SCL-90-R profiles of adolescents with IAD revealed comparatively higher mean scores for all of the nine domains, and significantly higher scores for obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, and paranoid ideation; the mean global symptom index of adolescents with IAD was also significantly higher by approximately 10%. EPQ profiles of adolescents with IAD showed that Internet-dependent individuals tended to exhibit a significantly lower degree of extraversion and a significantly higher degree of psychoticism when compared with the control group. EMBU profiles revealed that adolescents with IAD generally rated both maternal and paternal rearing practices as lacking in emotional warmth, being over-involved, rejecting, and punitive (mothers only). The results of this study confirm that IAD often occurs concurrently with mental symptoms and personality traits such as introversion and psychoticism. Adolescents with IAD consistently rated parental rearing behaviors as being over-intrusive, punitive, and lacking in responsiveness. These findings suggest that the influences of parenting style and family function are important factors in the development of Internet dependency.

Patterns of Parental Rearing Styles and Child Behaviour Problems among Portuguese School-Aged Children

The majority of studies investigating the effects of parental behaviour on the child’s adjustment have a dimensional approach. We identified the existence of various patterns in parental rearing styles and analysed the relationship between different parenting patterns and behavioural problems in a group of school-aged children. A longitudinal, multi-informant study was conducted. The sample consisted of 519 school-aged children from the Portuguese general population. Parental rearing styles were measured using the EMBU-C, a questionnaire that evaluates children’s perception of parental rearing dimensions. The assessment of child behavioural problems included the evaluation of internalizing and externalizing problems, and data from multiple reporters (parents and teacher). One year later, after a school transition, the adjustment of a sub-sample of 220 children was evaluated again. Cluster analysis identified four types of parental rearing styles: low support, supportive-controller, rejecting-controller, and supportive. In both assessment periods, low support and rejecting-controller parenting patterns showed higher levels of behavioural problems than the supportive and supportive-controller parenting patterns. These patterns show significant differences between them regarding behavioural problems and have a higher predictive value regarding externalizing problems (versus internalizing problems).

Relationships between adolescents’ memory of parental rearing styles, social values and socialisation behavior traits

This study explores the relationships between memories of parental-rearing (measured through the EMBU), social values and socialised behaviour traits in an adolescent population, and also the psychometric properties of a measure of social values in the adolescent population. Four hundred and eight boys and 424 girls from the general population constituted the sample. Social values were assessed by a new self-report questionnaire composed of 30 items. A previous analysis of this measure revealed a three factor structure (Benevolence, Social power, and Security) with good psychometric properties. Behaviour traits were assessed by the participants’ teachers. Results show that aggressive subjects remember their parents as more rejecting, overprotective, favouring, and less warm. On the contrary, benevolent subjects were more responsible, sensitive, sociable, and their parent-rearing style was seen as warmer. Social values were moderately predicted by Emotional Warmth and Rejection.

Perceived Parental Rearing Style, Self-Esteem and Self-Criticism as Predictors of Happiness

This study set out to determine to what extent three recalled parental (care, discouragement of behavioural freedom, denial of psychological autonomy), self-esteem, and self-criticism predicted self-rated happiness in a normal, non-clinical, population of young people in their late teens and early 20s. Three hundred and sixty-five participants completed four questionnaires: Parental Bonding Instrument (Parker, Tupling and Brown: 1979, British Journal of Medical Psychology 55, pp. 1–10), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg: 1965, Society and the Adolescent Self-Image (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ)), Self-Criticism Questionnaire (Brewin, Firth-Cozens, Furnham and McManus: 1992, Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101, pp. 561–566), and the Oxford Happiness Inventory (Argyle, Martin and Crossland: 1989, Recent Advances in Social Psychology: An International Perspective (Elsevier, North Holland)). Regressions showed self-esteem (the positive five items) to be the most dominant and powerful correlate of happiness. Maternal care was a significant correlate of both self-esteem and self-criticism. Maternal care was the only direct correlate of happiness when paternal and maternal rearing styles were examined together suggesting that the warmth showed by mothers towards their children was particularly beneficial in increasing the offsprings' scores on self-reported happiness.

Self-esteem and self-efficacy; perceived parenting and family climate; and depression in university students.

This study examined associations among self-esteem and self-efficacy; perceived unfavorable Parental Rearing Style (perceived PRS) and unfavorable family climate in the family of origin; and depression in undergraduates still in frequent contact with their families (N = 186). Unfavorable perceived PRS and family climate were construed as "affectionless control," in which parents and family provide little affection, but excessive control. Constructs were measured by the Self-Esteem Inventory, the Self-Efficacy Scale, the Child Report of Parental Behavior Inventory, the Family Environment Scale, and the Beck Inventory. Perceived "affectionless control" in both PRS and family climate accounted for about 13% of the variance in self-esteem, self-efficacy, and depression. Neither introversion nor depression mediated the relation between family socialization and self-esteem.

Perceived parental rearing styles of agoraphobic and socially phobic in-patients.

The perceived parental rearing practices and attitudes of agoraphobics, social phobics and non-patient normal controls were investigated, employing the EMBU, an inventory for assessing memories of upbringing. Findings obtained previously with out-patients were replicated with in-patients as subjects. Compared with the controls, agoraphobics rated both their parents as having been less emotionally warm but only their mothers as having been rejective. Socially phobic in-patients rated both their parents as having been rejective, as having lacked emotional warmth, and as having been over-protective. Comparisons between agoraphobics and social phobics showed differences in certain aspects of parental rearing, with the socially phobic in-patients assigning ratings more negatively than the agoraphobic group.

THE CONSTANCY OF STRUCTURE OF PERCEIVED PARENTAL REARING STYLE IN GREEK AND SPANISH SUBJECTS AS COMPARED WITH THE DUTCH

To be able to contribute to the cross‐cultural study of child‐rearing practices and psychopathology, this study sought to examine the cross‐national generalizability of parental rearing constructs by analyzing self‐report data on the EMBU, an instrument designed to assess memories of one's parents' rearing behavior. Of the four primary factors identified originally with Dutch individuals, namely Rejection, Emotional Warmth, Overprotection and Favoring Subject, the first three were replicated in a similar form in a Greek and a Spanish sample of normal research volunteers. Other properties of the factors, their corresponding scales, and the items constituting the scales were such that it would be warranted to carry out mean scale level or pattern comparisons between subjects from the respective countries on the three constructs evidencing cross‐national constancy. Scale‐level factor analysis of these constructs produced identical two‐ factor compositions (CARE and PROTECTION) across the Greek, the Spanish and the Dutch samples which further supported this conclusion.

Drug Addiction and Parental Rearing Style: A Controlled Study

The parental rearing practices of 43 multiple drug addicts and 111 control subjects were compared using the EMBU, a psychometrically reliable instrument to assess parental attitudes and rearing behavior. Significant differences between addicts and controls were found on three dimensions: Rejection, Lack of Emotional Warmth, and Overprotection. The results were most striking for paternal rejection and lack of paternal emotional warmth.