Parental Participation In Care Research Articles

Investigation of predictor factors of the nursing students attitudes toward parents' participation in care

PurposeA positive attitude toward family-centered care practices should be developed in undergraduate education. This study aimed to investigate nursing students' attitudes toward parental participation in child patient care and the factors that influence it. Design and methodsThis study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study data were collected from the nursing department of a university located in the west of Turkey. The study was conducted with 260 nursing students. The descriptive Features Form, Family-Centered Care Practices Form, and Parental Participation Attitude Scale were used in data collection. ResultsThe students' average parental participation attitude in care scores was at a moderate level. It has been determined that gender, hospitalization experience, education on family-centered care, and support from instructors in family-centered care practices had a positive effect on the student's attitudes toward parental participation in care (p < 0.05). The regression analysis showed gender and family-centered care education as predictors of student’ attitudes toward parent participation in care. ConclusionsIt was found that students' attitudes toward parental participation in the care of child patients were at an indecision level and not at the desired grade, and it was affected by gender, hospitalization experience, education, and instructor support. Practice implicationsThe development of family-centered care practices should begin in nursing education. It is recommended that detailed attention be given to topics related to family-centered care in nursing education, and seminars be organized on this subject. Thus, nursing students can both develop a positive attitude toward family-centered care and learn to work together with the family.

Challenges and strategies for continuing the Kangaroo Method in the COVID-19 pandemic

Describe the challenges faced and strategies applied by healthcare professionals for the continuity of the Kangaroo Method during the covid-19 pandemic. Qualitative research was conducted using a virtual form from October 2020 to February 2021. Was obtained the participation of 26 health professionals who developed actions of the Kangaroo Method in the Brazilian territory. The data was subjected to thematic-categorical content analysis. Two categories emerged: Changes and Challenges for the Kangaroo Method in the pandemic setting of covid-19; and, Strategies for overcoming and continuing Kangaroo Method practices in times of covid-19. The pandemic generated changes in neonatal care that could weaken the good practices of the Kangaroo Method, such as welcoming, family-baby contact, and parental participation in care. Overcoming strategies were evidenced, such as using technology to mediate interaction with the family and the continued investment in breastfeeding.

Effects of parents' voice on reducing heel puncture pain in high-risk newborns: A randomized controlled trial.

High-risk newborns, such as premature or severely ill infants, often experience painful treatments and separation from their parents. While previous studies have focused on the positive impacts of a mother's voice on newborns' physiology and pain response, research on the father's voice and vocal acoustics in high-risk newborns is limited. To examine whether parents' voices reduce heel puncture pain in high-risk newborns and the relationship between parents' vocal acoustics, physiological parameters and pain response. A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted with 105 high-risk newborn-parent dyads. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: recorded mother's voice, recorded father's voice or control group without any recorded voice. Outcome measures included heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation and pain response assessed using the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale. Data analysis utilized generalized estimation equations, and parents' vocal acoustics were analysed using Praat voice credit software. The mother's voice group exhibited significantly lower heart rates at 1, 5 and 10 min after the procedure, along with lower respiratory rates and pain levels at 5 and 10 min after the procedure compared with the control group. Similarly, the father's voice group demonstrated significantly lower heart rates at 1 and 5 min after the procedure, decreased respiratory rates at 5 and 10 min after the procedure and reduced pain levels at 1 and 5 to 10 min after the procedure compared with the control group. Higher minimum and mean pitches in parents' voices correlated with slower heart rates, while slower parental speech was associated with reduced newborn pain. Both maternal and paternal vocal interventions alleviated pain during heel puncture procedures among high-risk newborns. The noninvasive intervention serves as a reference for parental participation in care. Nurses can help parents to intervene with the acoustic characteristics that alleviate pain among high-risk newborns.

Parental participation in care during Neonatal Intensive Care Unit stay: a validation study

Introduction: Although the Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) can offer lifesaving care for vulnerable newborns after birth, separation from the parents, pain, sleep disruptions, and environmental stressors can be traumatic experiences for these critically ill newborns. At the same time, the new parents can experience a situation they are not prepared for, such as separation from the newborn, and fear of the unknown, which, together disrupt the family ties, which are created and strengthened right during the moment of birth. Evaluating the participation of the parents in neonatal care during their children’s stay in the NICU allows health professionals to highlight possible gaps in the correct management of the babies by the parents, intervening where it is necessary, with proper education and support. Aim: To validate the Italian version of “The Scale of Parental Participation in Care: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit” (PPCS: NICU). Methods: The study was conducted in a 22-bed mixed (medical and surgical) NICU of a public hospital. The study participants comprised parents whose infants were admitted to the NICU from April to August 2022. Results: A total of 128 parents were included in the study. Exactly half of the sample was female, and the average age was 33.43 ± 6.51 years; 31.25% (n=40) of the sample already had a first child. Those who had a history of previous abortion were 25% (n=32). Additionally, 3.12% (n=4) of parents experienced a previous death of their child. About the type of delivery, 54.69% (n=70) of the sample experienced vaginal birth, 17.19% (n=22) of them underwent an elective cesarean, and 28.12% (n=36) underwent an emergency cesarean. Item analysis was performed on all 16 items. The corrected total item correlation coefficients for the scale items were adequate between 0.408 and 0.821. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.926. Conclusion: The Italian version of the PPCS: NICU shows high reliability and therefore, it can be used in the context of Italian NICUs to assess the degree of parental participation in neonatal care, allowing early identification of critical issues by parents in the care of newborns admitted to NICU.

Assessment of Parent and Nurse Perceptions of Parental Participation in Hospital Paediatric Care

Background: Parent and nurse perceptions about the care of hospitalized children have been examined in developed countries, but little is known in developing countries. Objective: The study aims to evaluate the perceptions of nurses and parents towards parental participation in care for hospitalized children and associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used to collect data from nurses and parents in paediatric units in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia using a convenience sampling technique. Data were collected using the Parent Participation Attitude Scale (PPAS), and the agreement and differences between groups were analysed. Results: The present results found that both parents and nurses agreed on 7 out of 20 statements regarding parental involvement in care for their children. Nurses in paediatric surgery had a higher perception of involving parents (P = 0.002), while nurses in Well Baby Nursery (WBN) ward had the lowest perception. The present findings confirm that married caregivers had higher perceptions (P = 0.035) than their single counterparts. Conclusion: Parent participation attitude was agreed on for seven statements between parents and nurses. More studies are required to explore the relationship between healthcare providers and parents with regard to parental participation in caring for hospitalized children.

The impact of family-centered care interventions on neonatal and parental outcomes in a Turkish hospital

AimThis study aimed to improve nurses’ attitudes towards parental engagement and to examine the impact of implementing nursing interventions related to family-centred care on neonatal and parental outcomes in a university hospital in Turkey. MethodsA quasi-experimental, nonequivalent, and post-test research design was used. Using convenience sampling, the study was completed with 128 preterm infants and their parents, including 64 in the experimental group and 64 in the control group at a neonatal intensive care unit of a university hospital. The control group data were collected from medical records and parents before practising family-centred nursing interventions developed for the experimental group. In addition, nurses were given a four hour training session aimed to improve their attitudes towards parental participation in care, with the nurses’ attitudes measured before, immediately after, and one month after the training. The experimental group data were collected from medical records and parents after 10 nursing interventions based on family-centred care supported by managers began to be implemented by trained nurses in the neonatal intensive care unit. The Parent-Preterm Infant Characteristics Form, Maternal Attachment Inventory, Empowerment of Parents in the Intensive Care-Neonatology (EMPATHIC-N), and Parental Engagement Attitude Scale were used for the data collection. FindingsWhile nurses’ scores of attitudes toward parental participation obtained immediately after and one month after the training were higher than those before the training, the scores one month after were lower compared to those immediately after. The results indicated that discharge weight gain of infants in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group and that there was no significant difference between the groups in length of stay at neonatal intensive care unit. The maternal attachment and satisfaction scores of the parents in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group. ConclusionImplementing family-centred nursing care interventions, developed based on unit needs and supported by managers, with trained neonatal intensive care nurses positively impacted parent-infant attachment, parent satisfaction, and infant weight gain.

Changes of Infant- and Family-Centered Care Practices Administered to Extremely Preterm Infants During Implementation of the NIDCAP Program.

Introduction: Many studies have evaluated the Neonatal Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP), but few studies have assessed changes in infant- and family-centered developmental care (IFCDC) practices during its implementation.Objectives: The primary objective of this single center study was to investigate the impact of the implementation of the NIDCAP program on IFCDC practices used for management of extremely preterm infants (EPIs). The secondary objective was to determine during implementation the impact of this program on the short-term medical outcomes of all EPIs hospitalized at our center.Methods: All EPIs (<28 weeks gestational age) who were hospitalized at Strasbourg University Hospital from 2007 to 2014 were initially included. Outborn infants were excluded. The data of EPIs were compared for three time periods: 2007 to 2008 (pre-NIDCAP), 2010 to 2011, and 2013 to 2014 (during-NIDCAP implementation) using appropriate statistical tests. The clinical and caring procedures used during the first 14 days of life were analyzed, with a focus on components of individualized developmental care (NIDCAP observations), infant pain management (number of painful procedures, clinical pain assessment), skin-to-skin contact (SSC; frequency, day of initiation, and duration), and family access and involvement in the care of their children (duration of parental presence, parental participation in care). The short-term mortality and morbidity at discharge were evaluated.Results: We examined 228 EPIs who received care during the three time periods. Over time, painful procedures decreased, but pain evaluations, parental involvement in care, individualized observations, and SSC increased (all p < 0.01). In addition, the first SSC was performed earlier (p = 0.03) and lasted longer (p < 0.01). There were no differences in mortality and morbidity, but there were reductions in the duration of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.02) and the time from birth to first extubation (p = 0.02), and an increase of weight gain at discharge (p = 0.02).Conclusion: NIDCAP implementation was accompanied by progressive, measurable, and significant changes in IFCDC strategies. There were, concomitantly, moderate but statistically significant improvements in multiple important outcome measures of all hospitalized EPI.

Factors Predicting Parent Participation in Caring for Hospitalized Children with Chronic Diseases

Background: Being hospitalized with chronic disease is a stressful situation for most children that can be affect their well-being. Parent participation in child care is required for getting a better outcome. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify factors predicting parent participation in caring for hospitalized children with chronic diseases. Methods: In this study, the participants consisted of 234 parents of hospitalized children with chronic diseases and 125 nurses who cared for the children in four tertiary hospitals in central Thailand. Self-reported questionnaires were used in data collection. Data were analyzed using a descriptive statistic, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, and ordinal regression. Results: The results revealed that parent participation in caring for hospitalized children with chronic diseases had a statistically significant positive relationship with perceived self-efficacy in caring for hospitalized child, information support from health care providers, and communication between parents and nurse (r = .39, .34, and .39 p &lt; .01, respectively). Using ordinal regression analysis, the parents’ perceived self-efficacy in caring for their child was the only predictor of parent participation in caring for hospitalized children with chronic diseases, accounting for 72.65%. Conclusion: Parents’ perceived self-efficacy in child care was the only predictor with a strong influence on parent participation in child care. This can be used as preliminary data for developing an effective intervention program for enhancing parent participation that would result in better health and quality of life for those children.

Developing the Scale of Parental Participation in Care: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Examining the Scale’s Psychometric Properties

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to develop the Scale of Parental Participation in Care: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and to examine the Scale’s psychometric properties. MethodsThe draft scale’ items were created through relevant literature reviews, focus group interviews with nurses, and content validity evaluations by experts. Study data were collected in the neonatal intensive care unit of a public hospital in Turkey from June 2019 to February 2020. The study participants were comprised of 205 parents with an infant in the neonatal intensive care unit. The Scale’s content validity and construct validity were evaluated to determine the validity of the scale. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, item-total score correlations, and intraclass correlation were calculated to evaluate the Scale’s reliability. ResultsContent validity index values of the draft form of the scale ranged from 0.93 to 1.00. The final scale consisted of 18 items. From the exploratory factor analysis, it was found that the scale structure comprised a single factor that accounted for 51.92% of the total variance. Concerning the reliability of the Scale, it was calculated that Cronbach’s alpha level was 0.93; item total correlations ranged from 0.48 to 0.78; intraclass correlation level was 1.000. ConclusionIt was found that the Parental Participation in Care Scale: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit was valid and reliable in this sample.

Don't forget the foal: the nursing requirements of hospitalised foals when the mare is the primary patient

In the postpartum period, there are a range of factors that could result in the hospitalisation of the mare. To minimise the long-term impact that the hospitalisation period has on the physical and behavioural development of the foal, veterinary practices should have a protocol in place to care for a foal even though the mare is the primary patient. When mares are admitted, detailed information should be gathered from the owner about both the mare and the foal. This provides valuable information needed to plan appropriate nursing care. Important factors that need to be considered when planning care include the nutritional needs of the foal, the development of the selective bond between the mare and the foal, and the handling of them as patients. Where possible the owner should be encouraged to participate in the care of their mare and the foal during the hospitalisation period. This will help the owner feel more involved in the provision of care and give them a better understanding of the mare and foal's care requirements after discharge. This is a technique used in human paediatric nursing and is known as parent participation in care.

Close Collaboration with Parents intervention improves family-centered care in different neonatal unit contexts: a pre\u2013post study

BackgroundThe quality of family-centered care and parental participation in care in neonatal units differ widely across the world. Appropriate education might be an effective way to support medical staff in neonatal units to collaborate with parents and implement family-centered care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the educational intervention on the quality of family-centered care in eight Finnish neonatal intensive care units from both the staff and parent perspectives.MethodsA mixed-method pre–post intervention study was conducted in eight neonatal intensive care units in Finland. Data were collected from staff and parents using the Bliss Baby Charter audit tool and semi-structured interviews.ResultsThe quality of family-centered care, as assessed by staff and parents, increased significantly after the intervention in all eight units. The intervention was able to help staff define and apply elements of family-centered care, such as shared decision making and collaboration between parents and staff. In interviews, staff described that they learned to support and trust the parents’ ability to take care of their infant.ConclusionsThe educational intervention increased the quality of family-centered care and enabled mutual partnership between parents and staff.ImpactThis study shows that the educational intervention for the whole multi-professional staff of the neonatal unit improved the quality of family-centered care.The Close Collaboration with Parents intervention enabled mutual partnership between parents and staff.It also provides evidence that during The Close Collaboration with Parents intervention staff learned to trust the parents’ ability to take care of their infant.

A Quality Improvement Project to Improve the Use of Mother's Own Milk (MOM) With Precision Oropharyngeal Therapy

Bioprotective properties of mother's own milk (MOM) support the use of targeted MOM administration methods, including oropharyngeal therapy (OPT) with MOM, which may mimic the protective effects of swallowed amniotic fluid, thereby improving infant health outcomes. To increase the use of MOM-OPT in premature infants in the first week of life. Quality improvement methods were used to implement precision dosing of OPT. After changing processes and replacing the colostrum immune therapy practice with longer-term precision OPT, the percentage of ordered doses administered to infants in the first week of life increased from 24% to 64%. There was also a 15% increase in very low birth-weight infants who received MOM (from 50% to 65%) at discharge. There were no reported adverse events related to OPT administration. Replacing the unit's short-term colostrum immune therapy protocol with the longer-term precision OPT increased the number of doses given in the first week of life and increased the number of very low birth-weight infants discharged receiving MOM. Researchers should consider studying the reported positive effects of OPT related to infant response (positive oral stimulation, reduction in oral aversion, and improved oral feeding skills), parent participation in care, and maternal milk expression behaviors (longer milk expression duration).

Family-centred care of children and young people in the acute hospital setting: A concept analysis.

To provide an operational definition of family-centred care as it applies to hospitalised children. The objective was to provide clarification of the concept by comprehensively analysing the evidence. Terms associated with family-centred care include partnership-in-care, negotiated care, parental participation/involvement in care, care-by-parent and child-centred care. The absence of a universally accepted definition contributes to its inconsistent implementation. Concept analysis is acknowledged as a form of inquiry to develop the knowledge base of nursing. Rodgers' evolutionary approach to concept analysis was used as a guiding framework. The systematic literature search yielded 30 theoretical papers; the results are outlined on a PRISMA flow diagram. Surrogate terms identified include partnership-in-care, negotiated care and parent participation. Parental participation in care, the development of respectful and trusting partnerships, information sharing and all family members as care recipients were identified as attributes to family-centred care. There is limited evidence that family-centred care enhances the child's, parents' and families' experience of hospitalisation and is associated with reduced anxiety for parents. There is a lack of attention to cultural and societal changes, which impact on those receiving and delivering care. While we know that family-centred care is widely endorsed and enhances well-being, there is a lack of empirical evidence about the impact on health outcomes for children. While children's nurses have been applying some elements of family-centred care to their clinical practice for decades, the concept continues to evolve. Further research examining the effects of family-centred care for children, their families, healthcare professionals and healthcare organisations reflecting cultural diversity and norms must be conducted. This research should include the effects of family-centred care on parents caring for their child in hospital, how family-centred care supports parents to make healthcare decisions and the outcomes of family-centred care for children and families.

Don't forget the foal: the nursing requirements of hospitalised foals when the mare is the primary patient

In the post-partum period, there are a range of factors that could result in the hospitalisation of the mare. To minimise the long-term impact that the hospitalisation period has on the physical and behavioural development of the foal veterinary practices should have a protocol in place to care for a foal even though the mare is the primary patient. When patients are admitted detailed information should be gathered from the owner about both the mare and the foal. This provides valuable information necessary to plan appropriate nursing care. Important factors that need to be considered when planning care include the nutritional needs of the foal, the development of the selective bond between the mare and the foal and the handling of them as patients. Where possible the owner should be encouraged to participate in the care of their mare and the foal during the hospitalisation period. This will help the owner feel more involved in the provision of care and have a better understanding of the mare and foal's care requirements post discharge. This is a technique used in human paediatric nursing and is known as parent participation in care.

PICU Early Mobilization and Impact on Parent Stress.

Early mobilization of critically ill children may improve outcomes, but parent refusal of mobilization therapies is an identified barrier. We aimed to evaluate parent stress related to mobilization therapy in the PICU. We conducted a cross-sectional survey to measure parent stress and a retrospective chart review of child characteristics. Parents or legal guardians of children admitted for ≥1 night to an academic, tertiary-care PICU who were proficient in English or Spanish were surveyed. Parents were excluded if their child's death was imminent, child abuse or neglect was suspected, or there was a contraindication to child mobilization. We studied 120 parent-child dyads. Parent mobilization stress was correlated with parent PICU-related stress (rs [119] = 0.489; P ≤ .001) and overall parent stress (rs [110] = 0.272; P = .004). Increased parent mobilization stress was associated with higher levels of parent education, a lower baseline child functional status, more strenuous mobilization activities, and mobilization therapies being conducted by individuals other than the children's nurses (all P < .05). Parents reported mobilization stress from medical equipment (79%), subjective pain and fragility concerns (75%), and perceived dyspnea (24%). Parent-reported positive aspects of mobilization were clinical improvement of the child (70%), parent participation in care (46%), and increased alertness (38%). Parent mobilization stress was correlated with other measures of parent stress and was associated with child-, parent-, and therapy-related factors. Parents identified positive and stressful aspects of mobilization therapy that can guide clinical care and educational interventions aimed at reducing parent stress and improving the implementation of mobilization therapies.

Paediatric pain management: knowledge, attitudes, barriers and facilitators among nurses - integrative review.

To identify and synthesize evidence regarding the knowledge and attitudes of nurses, and barriers and facilitators to effective pain assessment and management in infants and children. Pain among children is a common experience. Relief from pain is a fundamental human right, yet hospitalized children continue to experience unrelieved pain. Provision of effective pain management is an integral part of the nurse's role. Guided by Whittemore & Knafl's five-stage framework, primary peer-reviewed studies published in English between 2000 and 2018 were searched usingCINAHL, PubMed, ProQuest, PsycINFO and Scopus. The initial search yielded 292 papers. Twenty-seven papers were included in this review: quantitative (n=18), qualitative (n=5) and mixed-methods (n=4). Findings showed that nurses internationally have poor knowledge and attitudes of basic pain assessment and management principles. Barriers to effective pain management include the absence of pain education and assessment tools, parents' reluctance to report pain and insufficient prescription of analgesia by physicians. Facilitators for the effective management of pain include parental participation in care, trusting and respectful relationships between nurses and children, and adequate nurse-patient ratios. The review findings suggest a need to improve education for nurses, doctors and the patients' family in relation to paediatric pain management, communication and interprofessional collaborations. There is a need to maximize facilitators and overcome barriers, such as those identified in this review, to ensure the quality of paediatric pain management. Nursing and health policy should mandate the prioritization of paediatric pain management and the clinical roles and responsibilities of the interdisciplinary team members. Undergraduate, postgraduate and in-service education for nurses and other health professionals should also address paediatric pain management. In-service education on paediatric pain management should be compulsory for all health professionals caring for children.

Developing family-centred care in a neonatal intensive care unit: An action research study

AimTo develop, implement and evaluate family-centred interventions to promote parental involvement in caregiving in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. MethodologyA participatory action research approach was used to implement two changes in practice a) improved skin-to-skin contact b) unlimited parental presence at the cot-side. The changes were underpinned by a family-centred philosophy of care and education. Data were collected from staff using a questionnaire, focus groups and interviews, and from parents using focus groups and interviews. Qualitative data were analysed using Framework and quantitative data analysed using descriptive and t-test statistics. SettingA Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in England. FindingsChanges in practice were successfully implemented. Nurses reported positively on improvements in Family Centred Care; most notably information-sharing with parents, providing family support, enabling parental participation in care and improved competence supporting parents in care-giving. These changes were reflected in parental feedback. ConclusionUnderstanding the context of the neonatal unit can support cultural change when change is actively facilitated and owned by the staff concerned. Acknowledging parents as the main caregiver can be challenging for nurses and they require support and education to enable them to manage the changes necessary to provide Family-Centred Care.

Developing a Family-Centered Care Model for Critical Care After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury.

This study examined the family experience of critical care after pediatric traumatic brain injury in order to develop a model of specific factors associated with family-centered care. Qualitative methods with semi-structured interviews were used. Two level 1 trauma centers. Fifteen mothers of children who had an acute hospital stay after traumatic brain injury within the last 5 years were interviewed about their experience of critical care and discharge planning. Participants who were primarily English, Spanish, or Cantonese speaking were included. None. Content analysis was used to code the transcribed interviews and develop the family-centered care model. Three major themes emerged: 1) thorough, timely, compassionate communication, 2) capacity building for families, providers, and facilities, and 3) coordination of care transitions. Participants reported valuing detailed, frequent communication that set realistic expectations and prepared them for decision making and outcomes. Areas for capacity building included strategies to increase provider cultural humility, parent participation in care, and institutional flexibility. Coordinated care transitions, including continuity of information and maintenance of partnerships with families and care teams, were highlighted. Participants who were not primarily English speaking reported particular difficulty with communication, cultural understanding, and coordinated transitions. This study presents a family-centered traumatic brain injury care model based on family perspectives. In addition to communication and coordination strategies, the model offers methods to address cultural and structural barriers to meeting the needs of non-English-speaking families. Given the stress experienced by families of children with traumatic brain injury, careful consideration of the model themes identified here may assist in improving overall quality of care to families of hospitalized children with traumatic brain injury.

Parent Participation in care of Hospitalized Children: Concept Analysis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper was to explore the meaning of parent participation (PP), to clarify the concept of PP as a benefit to children and their families, and to increase understanding of PP in pediatric nursing practice.METHODS: Walker and Avant's approach to concept analysis was used. A search of multidisciplinary literature published between 1994 and 2012 was undertaken using the keyword, 'parent participation' combined with hospitalized children.Attributes, antecedents and consequences were inductively derived from the citations analyzed (n=30).RESULTS: PP was identified as having three attributes: Negotiation, Performing caring activity, Providing individualized care. Antecedents of PP were 'Parents &amp; pediatric nurses' attitudes', 'Children's age', 'Children's conditions'. Consequences of PP were 'Effective partnership', 'Mutual empowerment'.CONCLUSION: Parent participation as defined by the results of this study should contribute a foundation for theory development in pediatric nursing practice.

Parents' participation in taking care of hospitalized children: a

AbstractBackground and objectiveAlthough “parents' participation in taking care of hospitalized children” is considered as anindispensible principle today, it is still among the concepts with no consensus about it. The mainobjective of this study is to define “parents' participation in taking care of hospitalized children”using hybrid model.Materials and methodsIn this research analysis of “parental participation in parents' participation in taking care ofhospitalized children” was performed using a hybrid model in three steps: literature review(theoretical step), field work, and combination of literature review and field work.FindingsBased on the step of literature review, the best definition for the concept of “parental participation intaking care of hospitalized children” was selected. In the field work step, dimensions of mentionedconcept were extracted; and finally definition of this concept by mixing theoretical and field workstep was proposed as: mutual relationship and gaining parents’ trust, giving required informationand educations to the parents about care and treatment process, asking parents for doing neededhome care jobs, involving the parents in care processes, and finally defining participation/decisionmaking authorities (clarifying the parents role).ConclusionThe findings of this study elucidated dimensions of parental participation in NICU where givingattention to them can lead to their putting to practice.Key Words: Parental participation, Hospital, Nursing, Hybrid model*Corresponding Author:Mahvash Salsali, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Tehran University ofMedical Sciences, Tehran, IranE-mail : m_salsali@hotmail.comREFERENCES-Aein F Alhani F Mohammadi E et al (2009). 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