Parental Lines Research Articles

Heterozigosidade, adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica de genótipos de sorgo sacarino

ABSTRACT Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is a promising energy crop for bioethanol production. This study aimed to investigate the influence of genetic structure on the adaptability and phenotypic stability of sweet sorghum lines and hybrids regarding the main agro-industrial traits, as well as selecting hybrids that associate high ethanol yield and yield stability in different growing environments. A total of 45 genotypes were evaluated in experiments conducted in a 5×9 triple alpha lattice design in three locations in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The following traits were measured: fresh matter production, juice extraction percentage, total soluble solids content, tons of Brix per hectare, and ethanol production. Adaptability and phenotypic stability were assessed by the Wricke and Annicchiarico methods. Sweet sorghum adaptability and phenotypic stability depend on genotype genetic structure, with hybrids being more stable than parental lines. Additionally, H2x9 and H3x8 were the most promising hybrids.

Glypican-3 deficiency in liver cancer upregulates MAPK/ERK pathway but decreases cell proliferation.

Glypican-3 (GPC3) is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatoblastomas and represents an important therapeutic target but the biologic importance of GPC3 in liver cancer is unclear. To date, there are limited data characterizing the biological implications of GPC3 knockout (KO) in liver cancers that intrinsically express this target. Here, we report on the development and characterization of GPC3-KO liver cancer cell lines and compare to them to parental lines. GPC3-KO variants were established in HepG2 and Hep3B liver cancer cell lines using a lentivirus-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 system. We assessed the effects of GPC3 deficiency on oncogenic properties in vitro and in murine xenograft models. Downstream cellular signaling pathway changes induced by GPC3 deficiency were examined by RNAseq and western blot. To confirm the usefulness of the models for GPC3-targeted drug development, we evaluated the target engagement of a GPC3-selective antibody, GC33, conjugated to the positron-emitting zirconium-89 (89Zr) in subcutaneous murine xenografts of wild type (WT) and KO liver cancer cell lines. Deletion of GPC3 significantly reduced liver cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion compared to the parental cell lines. Additionally, the tumor growth of GPC3-KO liver cancer xenografts was significantly slower compared with control xenografts. RNA sequencing analysis also showed GPC3-KO resulted in a reduction in the expression of genes associated with cell cycle regulation, invasion, and migration. Specifically, we observed the downregulation of components in the AKT/NFκB/WNT signaling pathways and of molecules related to cell cycle regulation with GPC3-KO. In contrast, pMAPK/ERK1/2 was upregulated, suggesting an adaptive compensatory response. KO lines demonstrated increased sensitivity to ERK (GDC09994), while AKT (MK2206) inhibition was more effective in WT lines. Using antibody-based positron emission tomography (immunoPET) imaging, we confirmed that 89Zr-GC33 accumulated exclusively in GPC3-expression xenografts but not in GPC3-KO xenografts with high tumor uptake and tumor-to-liver signal ratio. We show that GPC3-KO liver cancer cell lines exhibit decreased tumorigenicity and altered signaling pathways, including upregulated pMAPK/ERK1/2, compared to parental lines. Furthermore, we successfully distinguished between GPC3+ and GPC3- tumors using the GPC3-targeted immunoPET imaging agent, demonstrating the potential utility of these cell lines in facilitating GPC3-selective drug development.

Marker-assisted breeding accelerates the development of multiple-stress-tolerant rice genotypes adapted to wider environments.

Rice, one of the major staple food crops is frequently affected by various biotic/abiotic stresses including drought, salinity, submergence, heat, Bacterial leaf blight, Brown plant hopper, Gall midge, Stem borer, Leaf folder etc. Sustained increase of yield growth is highly necessary to meet the projected demand in rice production during the year 2050. Hence, development of high yielding and multiple stress tolerant rice varieties adapted to wider environments will serve the need. A systematic MAB approach was followed to pyramid eight major QTLs/genes controlling tolerance to major abiotic/biotic stresses viz., drought (qDTY1.1 and qDTY2.1), salinity (Saltol), submergence (Sub1), bacterial leaf blight (xa13 and Xa21), blast (Pi9) and gall midge (Gm4) in the genetic background of an elite rice culture CBMAS 14065 possessing high yield and desirable grain quality traits. Two advanced backcross derivatives of CBMAS 14065 possessing different combinations of target QTLs namely #27-1-39 (qDTY1.1+qDTY2.1+Sub1+xa13+Xa21+Gm4+Pi9) and #29-2-2 (qDTY1.1+qDTY2.1+Saltol+Xa21+Gm4+Pi9) were inter-mated. Inter-mated F1 progenies harboring all the eight target QTLs/genes were identified through foreground selection. Genotyping of the inter-mated F4 population identified 14 progenies possessing all eight target QTLs/genes under homozygous conditions. All the fourteen progenies were forwarded up to F8 generation and evaluated for their yield and tolerance to dehydration, salinity, submergence, blast and bacterial leaf blight. All the 14 progenies exhibited enhanced tolerance to dehydration and salinity stresses by registering lesser reduction in their chlorophyll content, relative water content, root length, root biomass etc., against their recurrent parent Improved White Ponni/CBMAS 14065. All the 14 progenies harboring Sub1 loci from FR13A exhibited enhanced survival (90 - 95%) under 2 weeks of submergence /flooding when compared to their recurrent parent CBMAS 14065 which showed 100% susceptibility The inter-mated population showed a enhanced level of resistance to bacterial leaf blight (Score = 0 to 2) against blast (Score - 0) whereas the susceptible check CO 39 and the recurrent parent CBMAS 14065 recorded high level of susceptibility (Score = 7 to 9). Our study demonstrated the accelerated development of multiple stress tolerant rice genotypes through marker assisted pyramiding of target QTLs/genes using tightly linked markers. These multiple stress tolerant rice lines will serve as excellent genetic stocks for field testing/variety release and also as parental lines in future breeding programs for developing climate resilient super rice varieties.

Phenomic Selection for Hybrid Rapeseed Breeding.

Phenomic selection is a recent approach suggested as a low-cost, high-throughput alternative to genomic selection. Instead of using genetic markers, it employs spectral data to predict complex traits using equivalent statistical models. Phenomic selection has been shown to outperform genomic selection when using spectral data that was obtained within the same generation as the traits that were predicted. However, for hybrid breeding, the key question is whether spectral data from parental genotypes can be used to effectively predict traits in the hybrid generation. Here, we aimed to evaluate the potential of phenomic selection for hybrid rapeseed breeding. We performed predictions for various traits in a structured population of 410 test hybrids, grown in multiple environments, using near-infrared spectroscopy data obtained from harvested seeds of both the hybrids and their parental lines with different linear and nonlinear models. We found that phenomic selection within the hybrid generation outperformed genomic selection for seed yield and plant height, even when spectral data was collected at single locations, while being less affected by population structure. Furthermore, we demonstrate that phenomic prediction across generations is feasible, and selecting hybrids based on spectral data obtained from parental genotypes is competitive with genomic selection. We conclude that phenomic selection is a promising approach for rapeseed breeding that can be easily implemented without any additional costs or efforts as near-infrared spectroscopy is routinely assessed in rapeseed breeding.

AXIN1/MYC Axis Mediated the Osimertinib Resistance in EGFR Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells.

Osimertinib, a promising and approved third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), is a standard strategy for EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, developed resistance is unavoidable, which reduces its long-term effectiveness. In this study, RNA sequencing was performed to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The PrognoScan database and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) were used to identify the key genes for clinical prognosis and gene correlation respectively. Protein expression was determined by western blot analysis. Cell viability assay and Ki67 staining were used to evaluate the effect of osimertinib on tumor cells. Finally, we screened out two hub genes, myelocytomatosis oncogene (Myc) and axis inhibition protein 1 (Axin1), upregulated in three osimertinib-resistant cell lines through RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Next, cell experiment confirmed that expression of C-MYC and AXIN1 were elevated in different EGFR mutant NSCLC cell lines with acquired resistance to osimertinib, compared with their corresponding parental cell lines. Furthermore, we demonstrated that AXIN1 upregulated the expression of C-MYC and mediated the acquired resistance of EGFR mutant NSCLC cells to osimertinib in vitro. In conclusion, AXIN1 affected the sensitivity of EGFR mutant NSCLC to osimertinib via regulating C-MYC expression in vitro. Targeting AXIN1/MYC signaling may be a potential new strategy for overcoming acquired resistance to osimertinib.

The roles and mechanisms of TGFB1 in acute myeloid leukemia chemoresistance

Relapsed or Refractory (R/R) Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) patients usually have very poor prognoses, and drug-resistance is one of the major limiting factors. In this study, we aimed to explore the functions of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGFB1) in AML drug-resistance. First, TGFB1 levels in serum and bone marrow are higher in R/R patients compared with newly diagnosed patients, this phenomenon could be due to different sources of secreted TGFB1 according to immunohistochemistry of marrow biopsies. Similarly, TGFB1 expression in AML drug-resistant cell lines is higher than that in their parental cell lines, and blocking the TGFB signaling pathway by specific inhibitors decreased resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. On the other hand, exogenous TGFB1 can also promote AML parental cells senescence and chemotherapy resistance. Next, we found SOX4 level is upregulated in drug-resistant cells, and parental cells treated with exogenous TGFB1 induced upregulation of SOX4 levels. Interference of SOX4 expression by siRNA diminished the TGFB1-induced sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. Finally, we conduct metabolomic analysis and find Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism pathway, and Glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway are decreased after inhibiting TGFB signaling pathway or interfering SOX4 expression. This study concludes that TGFB1 level in R/R AML patients and drug-resistant strains is significantly increased. Blocking the TGFB signaling pathway can enhance the chemosensitivity of drug-resistant cells by suppressing SOX4 expression and metabolic reprogramming.

Study of Tomato Source Material for Breeding Highly Productive Hybrids

In world agriculture, the tomato plays a leading role due to its high nutritional properties, high yields, adaptive abilities and a wide range of uses in fresh, culinary and processing industries. The global tomato market volume is more than 160 million tons. In the ranking of countries, Russia is in 6th place in terms of area and 11th in terms of gross production of tomatoes. Unfortunately, at the moment, a significant part of tomato seed material is imported. The implementation of the import substitution program creates the need to develop domestic breeding and seed production of this crop. The purpose of these studies was to conduct a breeding assessment of parental tomato lines for productivity traits based on statistical analysis methods and to identify promising source material for further breeding work to develop highly productive hybrids. As a result of the research, three best combinations were identified in terms of productivity of hybrids: 2f2-16(8-2) x Veneta, 108t/20 x Victor and 2f216(8-2) x Victor, which have a positive effect of specific combining ability, have average and high positive effects of the general combining ability of both maternal and paternal lines. Two maternal lines 108t/20 and 3f-14 showed a positive general combining ability for early and total productivity and its components. therefore, these parents can be successfully used in future breeding programs.

CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing in Indica Rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica var. CR-5272).

Tissue culture optimization protocols limit indica rice breeding. Such a challenge is vital because emergent techniques still rely on tissue culture methods and could allow the breeding of new varieties with higher production and toleration of adverse environmental effects caused by climate change. Genome editing technology, using CRISPR/Cas9, is a fast and precise method for accelerated plant breeding. It limited its use in indica subspecies because of the recalcitrant response to in vitro culture methods. This chapter describes a protocol for CRISPR/Cas9 editing in indica subspecies, specifically in the CR-5272 variety derived from parental lines IR-822, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and biolistic transformation.

Evaluation of the performance of parental lines and their F1 hybrids for qualitative traits in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L)

Evaluation of the performance of parental lines and their F1 hybrids for qualitative traits in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L)

Exploring the genetic diversity and population structure of aerial yams (Dioscorea bulbifera L.) DArT-seq and agronomic traits.

Dioscorea bulbifera is an edible yam specie with aerial bulbils. Assessing the genetic diversity of D. bulbifera accession for cultivation and breeding purposes is essential for it genetic improvement, especially where the crop faces minimal attention. The aims of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of Dioscorea bulbifera accessions collected from Nigeria and accessions maintained at the genebank of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan. Accessions were profiled using quatitative and qualitative phenotypic traits and Diversity Array Technology SNP-markers. Multivariate analysis based phenotypic traits revealed high variability among the evaluated accessions and all phenotypic traits assessed were useful in discriminating the aerial yam accessions. Clustering analysis based phenotypic traits revealed the presence of two well defined clusters. Using DArT-Seq marker, the 94 accessions were classified into three genetic group through the admixture and the phylogeny analysis. The comparision of phenotypic and genotypic clustering revealed inconsistency membership across the two clustering methods. The study established a baseline for the selection of parental lines from the genetic groups for genetic improvement of the D. bulbifera.

Identification of stable QTLs and candidate genes associated with plant height and spike length in common wheat

Context Plant height and spike length are important traits with significant impact on the potential yield of wheat. It is essential to dissect their genetic control in order to improve yield potential through breeding. Aims We aimed to identify genomic regions with stable and major-effect quantitative trail loci (QTLs) associated with plant height and spike length in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Methods Three recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping populations were created by crossing a common parental line, Roshan, with three different cultivars: Sabalan, Falat, and Superhead. The RILs were grown over 3 years at five locations under water-stressed and well-watered conditions. Plant height and spike length were measured during each experiment, and inclusive composite interval mapping was used to analyse the data in both single-and multi-environment analyses. Key results Single-environment analysis detected 32 additive QTLs in the three populations. Three novel, stable and non-epistatic QTLs were identified: qPH1D for plant height in the Sabalan background; and qSL1D and qSL1B.3 for spike length in the Falat and Superhead backgrounds, respectively. Between the flanking markers on chromosomes 1B, 1D and 4B, 191 genes were predicted, 20 of which were identified as potential candidates with roles in wheat plant height and spike-related traits. Conclusions The study identified stable QTLs for plant height and spike length in wheat, providing valuable markers for future breeding programs and enhancing yield potential. Implications These results lay a good foundation for fine mapping of QTLs/genes for molecular marker-assisted breeding in wheat in the future.

ВЛИЯНИЕ КРОССА РОДИТЕЛЬСКИХ ЛИНИЙ НА ВОСПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНЫЕ И ПРОДУКТИВНЫЕ КАЧЕСТВА КОРОВ

The article presents the results of a comparative assessment of the reproductive and productive qualities of cows depending on the cross of parental lines in the conditions of Plemzavod "Urozhay" LLC, Ilishevsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The research material was based on data from the Selex program. Dairy cattle" for the period from 2019 to 2023. The object of the study was the breeding stock of the herd belonging to the lines Vis Back Idial 1013415, Reflection Sovering 198998, Montvik Chieftain 95679 with a total number of 419 heads. It has been established that the highest milk productivity is ensured by a cross between the paternal line R. Sovering and the maternal line R. Sovering with a milk yield of 6599 kg. The most optimal service period is provided by the combination of the paternal line V.B. Aidial with the maternal line M. Chieftain, with a duration of 112.5 days. The highest value of the reproductive capacity coefficient was obtained by crossing the paternal line of M. Chieftain with the maternal line of M. Chieftain – 0.94

Genomic Selection in Animal Breeding

Genomic selection endeavors to determine the reproductive values and characteristics of offspring in a given population through the utilization of high-density genetic markers. In contemporary breeding methods, classical approaches involve extended labor-intensive processes. In contrast, genomic breeding methods expedite these processes while reducing labor and time requirements. Traditional breeding management often necessitates protracted procedures to enhance the efficiency of a trait. Genomic breeding methods are economically more efficient than classical breeding techniques. With advancing technology, the identification of parental lineages for future generations occurs more rapidly compared to classical breeding methods. Various methods are available for conducting genomic selection, with marker-assisted selection being one of them. In both approaches, the utilization of selection strategies in animal husbandry plays a crucial role in determining parental lines for future generations and achieving increased productivity. The objective of this study is to compare classical selection methods with genomic selection methods.

Impact of mutations in starch synthesis genes on morphological, compositional, molecular structure, and functional properties of potato starch.

Morphology, composition and molecular structure of starch directly affect the functional properties. This study investigated the morphological, compositional, and molecular structure properties of starch from starch branching enzyme gene (SBE) and granule-bound starch synthase gene (GBSS) mutated potato, and their associations with thermal, pasting, and film-making properties. SBE mutations were induced in native variety Desiree while GBSS mutations were herestacked to a selected SBE mutated parental line. Mutations in SBE resulted in smaller starch granules and higher amylose content, while GBSS mutations in the SBE background reduced amylose content. Mutations in SBE, particularly with GBSS mutations, significantly increased total phosphorus content. 31P NMR spectroscopy revealed higher proportions of C6-bound phosphate than of C3-bound phosphate in all studied lines. Amylopectin unit chain and internal chain distributions showed higher proportions of long chains in mutated lines compared with Desiree. These amylopectin long-chains were positively correlated with gelatinizationand, pasting temperatures, and temperature at peak viscosity. Short amylopectin chains showed positive correlations with breakdown viscosity, but negative correlations with the crystal melting temperature of retrograded starch. Total phosphorus content was positively correlated with the crystal melting temperature of retrograded starch. Starch from different lines was used to produce a series of potato starch films that differed in morphology and functional properties. A negative correlation was observed between Young's modulus of films and the long amylopectin-chain fraction. Thermal gravimetric analysis revealed highest thermal stability of Desiree starch films, followed by films from SBE-mutated high-amylose lines. Oxygen transmission rate and oxygen permeability analyses showed that films made with starch from selected GBSS and SBEs mutated line maintained comparable oxygen barrier properties to Desiree film. These insights on the impact of genetic mutations on starch properties indicate potential applications of in-planta starch modification for specific end-uses including packaging.

Evaluation of the performance of parental lines and their F1 hybrids for yield and attributing traits in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch. ex. Poir.)

Evaluation of the performance of parental lines and their F1 hybrids for yield and attributing traits in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch. ex. Poir.)

Cytogenetic and agro-morphological study of Wheat addition lines possessing Thinopyrum elongatum and Aegilops triuncialis chromosomes

Novel genetic variation can be induced by introgression of alien chromosomes in wheat for which wheat-alien addition lines carrying 45 chromosomes are instrumental. In the course of developing wheat addition lines with 45 chromosomes, two different parental lines Wheat-Thinopyrum elongatum disomic addition lines (Wheat-Th. DALs; 2n=44)) and Wheat-Th. elongatum- Aegilops triuncialis 3CSAT double monosomic addition lines (Wheat-Th. DMALs; 2n=44) need to cross. The present study mainly focuses on the effects of chromosomal additions in wheat background by comparing the morphological and agronomic traits of the parental lines. Both the parental lines were reconfirmed 2n=44 cytologically by using squash technique. Pollen fertility was highest (75%) in Wheat-3CSAT-6E DMAL and lowest (44.73%) in Wheat-5E DAL, whereas, spike length was longest (8.71 cm) in Wheat-3CSAT-3E DMAL and shortest (5.92 cm) in Wheat-1E DAL. Plant height was highest (97.6 cm) in Wheat-3CSAT-5E DMAL and lowest (55.33 cm) in Wheat-7E DAL. The plant height of DMALs always exceeded that of DALs. Furthermore, seed set was highest (31 seeds per spike) in Wheat-7E DALs and lowest (13 seeds per spike) in addition lines disomic for 4E chromosomes. The effect of different alien chromosomes in wheat is discussed in this paper.

Root attributes governing drought stress adaptation and the associated molecular markers in chromosome segment substitution lines in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The wild relatives of cultivated rice offer crucial resistance genes for combating stresses like drought. Developing rice varieties with drought tolerance is possible through chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs), which blend the genetic background of a high-yielding parent with specific chromosome segments from a donor parent. This study aimed to study the effect of drought stress on various root traits of chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) and their relationship with specific molecular markers. Ninety-six genotypes, including 80 chromosome segment substitution lines (Curinga x O. rufipogon and Curinga x O. meridionalis), 9 New Rice for Africa (NERICAs) and 7 controls were grown in Basket and PVC pipe methods for phenotyping different root traits. Under drought stress (DS), MER16, MER20, RUF10, RUF16, RUF44, NERICA1, and NERICA3 showed superior performance for most of the root traits. These evaluations were supplemented with association analysis of 17 root trait-linked simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with root phenotypic traits. The marker RM201 is strongly associated with multiple root traits, found to be independent of three growth conditions (well-watered “WW” under Basket, WW condition and DS conditions under PVC pipe). The marker RM316 is associated with root volume, and the marker RM7424 and RM1054 show maximum root length. In conclusion, these markers can be used in marker-assisted breeding programs, and the lines carrying them can be used as parental lines in variety-development programs for drought tolerance.

Plant Population Density and N Rate Influence the Growth and Seed Producibility of Intermediate Maturing Maize Parental Line at Sub-humid Agro-Ecology of Western Oromia, Ethiopia

Plant Population Density and N Rate Influence the Growth and Seed Producibility of Intermediate Maturing Maize Parental Line at Sub-humid Agro-Ecology of Western Oromia, Ethiopia

THE STRUCTURE OF THE WORLD COLLECTION OF WINTER SOFT WHEAT IN TERMS OF DISEASE RESISTANCE IN THE SOUTHERN FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

To prevent crop losses from pathogens, new varieties with a broad genetic basis of group resistance should be introduced into the production process. The purpose of research was to describe the collection of soft winter wheat in terms of resistance to the most common diseases in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of ukraine. 1406 samples of soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) From 33 countries were taken for research. The significant influence of the amount of precipitation and the level of hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) on the indicator of the number of susceptible samples of wheat to specific pathogens of soft winter wheat was established. Selection work has significantly influenced the creation of more stable varieties in recent years compared to the 70's of the twentieth century. The method of remote hybridization using foreign genes helps to obtain lines more resistant to specific pathogens of soft winter wheat. Creating a special collection of samples resistant to the most common diseases of soft winter wheat allows you to systematize the selection of parental lines on specific grounds.

Identification of long-term flood-resistant genes in rice hybrid samples

Rice is an important grain crop known for its ability to grow in flooded soil. Sometimes rice plants resist weeds and herbicides’ application ineffectively and unprofitably. The varieties that have flood-resistant genes can help solve this problem, so the study of DNA markers is of great importance. Floodresistant loci contain the Sub1 gene, which is activated under anaerobic conditions. The locus contains three similar genes Sub1A, Sub1B, Sub1C, but only the gene Sub1A improves resistance to such conditions. The purpose of the study is to find the most effective Sub1A marker for identifying genes for tolerance to prolonged flooding in domestic hybrid rice samples as a natural method of weed control. As donors there have been used foreign varieties (Inbara-3, BR-11, TDK-1, IR-64, CR-1009, Swarna), and Russian varieties (Novator, Magnat, Stepnyak, Bakhus, Komandor, Kuban-3, Boyarin, Kontakt) as recipient forms. From the populations of F5-F9 generations, there have been selected 96 early maturing hybrids. To identify the gene in hybrid plants, three sets of locus-specific primers, the most widely used according to the literature, were used: Sub1A(1F1R), Sub1A(2F2R), and Sub1A(3F3R).The region amplicon Sub1A(1F1R) was found in 17 samples among 96 studied hybrids, the region amplicon Sub1A(2F2R) was found in 17 samples, and the Sub1A(3F3R) primer has initiated nonspecific amplification and did not allow the identification of genotypes. To further verify the phenotypic expression of the introduced locus, the morpho-physiological response of all hybrid rice lines under flooding conditions was analyzed. Under flooding conditions, the number of germinated rice seeds in the parental lines (Novator, Boyarin and Stepnyak) decreased, as well as in hybrids that did not inherit the locus according to molecular genetic analysis. As a result, it is recommended to carry out analysis using two markers to improve efficiency