Parental Education Status Research Articles

Perceptions, biases, and inequality

This paper introduces perceived self-efficacy beliefs in an overlapping generations model and studies the effects of behavioral anomalies on human capital investments and aggregate inequality. These beliefs are not inherent but based on a person’s socio-economic background. Ex ante children are homogeneous, but parents are biased about the returns to their children’s education. Based on parental education and job status, parents may be over or under confident but otherwise, they are rational. We witness spillover effects that shift the incentives to educate children from the pessimistic parents to unbiased parents. Biases may induce or hinder investment. Over investment by one parent type may even crowd-out investments of other parent types. We find interesting effects of biases on the aggregate economy when parental warm glow is not low.

SANAL AĞLAR VE YABANCILAŞMA: DİJİTAL YERLİ ÖĞRENCİLERİN SANAL AĞLARDA KÜLTÜREL YABANCILAŞMASI

The aim of this study is to determine the cultural alienation levels of Digital Natives students in virtual networks and to reveal the background of the relationship between the detected alienation levels and different socio-demographic variables. In this study, mixed research method, in which qualitative and quantitative methods are used together, was used. While a questionnaire was applied to 300 people as a quantitative method, in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 students as a qualitative method. The socio-demographic information form developed by the researchers in the survey, in which students' information such as gender, age, class, parental education status, as well as the purpose and duration of use of virtual networks, and Digital Natives in the second part, reveal the cultural alienation levels of students. eliciting questions were asked. The survey consists of 20 questions in total. In the in-depth interviews, the questions of the survey were asked open-endedly without specifying it clearly, and the answers were recorded. The analysis of the survey data was evaluated using SPSS 25 and the data obtained through the interviews were interpreted together. The results are discussed in the light of the literature. Based on the survey and in-depth interviews, when the findings on the cultural alienation levels of Digital Natives students, which are revealed by their use of virtual networks, are evaluated together with their socio-demographic characteristics; It has been determined that Digital Natives students experience moderate cultural alienation, although not severe, in virtual networks. In addition, some socio-demographic variables of Digital Natives students were found to be related to the level of cultural alienation. Keywords: Virtual Network, Culture, Alienation, Digital Natives.

Sociodemographic and behavioural factors of adherence to the no-screen guideline for toddlers among parents from the French nationwide Elfe birth cohort

BackgroundExcessive screen time in infancy and childhood has been associated with consequences on children’s development and health. International guidelines call for no screen time before age 2 years, whereas in France, the most prominent guidelines recommend no screen before age 3 years. However, data are lacking on parental adherence to the no-screen guideline for toddlers and factors of adherence in France. Using data from the French nationwide Elfe birth cohort, we estimated adherence to the no-screen guideline at age 2 years and examined related factors, including sociodemographic characteristics, parental leisure activities and screen time.MethodsIn 2011, 18,329 newborns and their parents were enrolled in 349 randomly selected maternity units across mainland France. At age 2 years, screen exposure of 13,117 toddlers was reported by parents in phone interviews. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, parental leisure activities and screen time were collected from both parents. Three patterns of parental leisure activities were derived by principal component analysis: literate (e.g.,reading), screen-based, and physical/artistic activities. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of sociodemographic characteristics, parental leisure activities and parental screen time with adherence to the no-screen guideline for toddlers.ResultsOverall, 1809/13,117 (13.5%) families adhered to the no-screen guideline for toddlers. Adherence was reduced with maternal age < 40 years, low parental education, single-parent household and parental migration status. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, adherence to the guideline was positively associated with a parental literate activity pattern (mothers: odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.15 [1.08, 1.22]); fathers: 1.15 [1.07, 1.23]) and negatively with a screen-based activity pattern (mothers: 0.73 [0.69, 0.77]; fathers: 0.81 [0.76, 0.87]). With each additional hour of parental screen time, mothers and fathers were less likely to adhere to the guideline (mothers: adjusted odds ratio 0.80 [0.77, 0.83]; fathers: 0.88 [0.85, 0.91]).ConclusionsAdherence to the no-screen guideline for toddlers in France was low. Parental leisure activities and parental screen time are major factors of adherence to the no-screen guideline and could be considered in targeted public health interventions.

Knowledge and Attitude to Biomedical Research of the Post-Graduate Medical Students in Bangladesh

Background: Research is the integral part of post-graduation course curriculum. If steps are not taken at an early stage by medical postgraduates who will walk in the path of research in future, the quality of research and its application may be compromised. Students had variable perceptions towards research. The findings of this study could provide insights to improve research training.&#x0D; Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess knowledge and to find out attitude to biomedical research of the post-graduate medical students in Bangladesh. Materials &amp; Methods: This cross-sectional type of descriptive study was carried out in the community Medicine Department of Rajshahi Medical College over a period of 12 months from January to December 2020 among the post-graduate students of different medical colleges. Approval from the Ethical Review Committee (ERC) was obtained prior to the commencement of the study. Purposive sampling technique was used. Pre-designed, validated, structured questionnaire was used to gather information from 325 participants on knowledge and 5-point Likert scale was used for assessment of attitude.&#x0D; Results: In this study excellent knowledge was considered in ≥ 80% correct answers and positive attitude was considered in ≥ 60 score. Out of the 325 study respondents, majority (53.5%) of them were male and pursuing post-graduation in different subjects. Among the respondents, 145 (44.6%) of students had good knowledge, 119 (36.60%) of students had excellent knowledge and 190 (58.5%) had positive attitude toward medical research. Relationship of level of knowledge on biomedical research was not statistically significant for age, sex, religion, marital status, parental and spouse educational status (P&gt;0.05). But association of knowledge was statistically significant for running post-graduation course, type of research involvement and type of medical college of MBBS passing (P &lt; 0.05). Relationship of attitude to biomedical research of the respondents was not statistically significant for age, religion, type of research involvement, type of medical college of MBBS passing, running post-graduation course, marital status, parental and spouse educational status (P&gt;0.05). But male had more positive attitude to biomedical research than female (P&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: The study revealed that the respondents had a good knowledge and positive attitude toward biomedical research but they were not able to transform their knowledge and attitude into actual practices.&#x0D; TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 51-61

Examination of the Executive Function Skills of 5-Year-Old Children Receiving Pre-School Education According to Some Variables

The aim of this study is to examine the executive function skills of 5-year-old children receiving pre-school education in terms of gender, duration of pre-school education, parental education and age status, maternal employment status, children's digital game playing status and digital game playing frequency variables. The study was carried out through the descriptive survey model, which is among the quantitative research methods, and the convenience sampling method, which is among the non-random sampling methods. The population of the study consists of 5-year-old children receiving pre-school education and the sample group consists of 332 children in the 5-year-old group who attend independent kindergartens affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in Ağrı and who are allowed by their parents to participate in the research. 'The Childhood Executive Function Inventory (CHEXI)-Teacher Form' and the Child Information Form prepared by the researchers were used within the context of the study. As a result of the study, no significant difference was found in CHEXI-Teacher Form scores in terms of the variables of duration of preschool education, parent education and age status, and maternal employment status. However, it was observed that CHEXI-Teacher Form scores were significantly higher for boys compared to girls, for children who play digital games compared to those who do not, and for children who play digital games more than once a day compared to children who play less frequently.

School performance of children with neurofibromatosis 1: a nationwide population-based study.

Children with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) may have a high burden of somatic disease and cognitive impairments, which can lead to poor academic performance. We evaluated school grades from exams ending mandatory schooling (usually around age 15 or 16 years) of children with NF1 in a population-based registry study using a within-school matched design. The study included 285 children with NF1 and 12,000 NF1-free peers who graduated from the same school and year during 2002-2015. We estimated overall and gender-specific grades by subject and compared the grades of children with NF1 with those of NF1-free peers in linear regression models. We also examined the effect of social and socioeconomic factors (immigration status and parental education, income and civil status) on grades and age at finalizing ninth grade. School grades varied considerably by socioeconomic stratum for all children; however, children with NF1 had lower grades by an average of 11-12% points in all subjects. In the adjusted models, children with NF1 had significantly lower grades than their NF1-free peers, with largest negative differences in grades observed for girls with NF1. Finally, children with NF1 were 0.2 (CI 0.1-0.2) years older than their peers on graduating from ninth grade, but only maternal educational modified the age at graduating. In conclusion, students with NF1 perform more poorly than their peers in all major school subjects. Gender had a strong effect on the association between NF1 and school grades; however, socioeconomic factors had a similar effect on grades for children with NF1 and their peers.

Dietary Practices among Adolescents in a Rural Area in Kerala

BACKGROUND&#x0D; The rapid physical growth and development in adolescence are associated with increased nutritional needs and this depends on the dietary pattern and eating habits of the adolescents. Adolescence is also a period of increased vulnerability to obesity which is not only linked to food intake but also due to a lack of physical activity in the growing years. Dietary habits that are established during adolescence are often sustained till adulthood. Hence the purpose of the study was to understand the prevalence of unhealthy dietary practices among adolescents that could enable schools to create a health-promoting culture by teaching healthy food choices and creating awareness of the ill effects of unhealthy dietary practices.&#x0D; METHODS&#x0D; A cross-sectional study was conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire among adolescents in the age group 15 to 17 years in a panchayat in Kerala. The socio-demographic characteristics, the family details and dietary practices were recorded, height and weight were measured, and BMI was calculated and ELIZ health pathway for adolescents (EPHA) was used for categorising the study participants. A diet score was also calculated to estimate the prevalence of unhealthy dietary practices among adolescents.&#x0D; RESULTS&#x0D; The prevalence of inadequate consumption of fruits was 60.9 % and inadequate consumption of vegetables was 36.9 %. Based on the dietary score, 36.7 % had poor dietary habits and 36.6 % had good dietary habits. A significant association was found between the type of school, occupation of mother, educational status of parents, type of family and inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS&#x0D; An unhealthy lifestyle does not just appear in adulthood, it stems from practices children develop during their childhood and adolescence. Awareness regarding the risk factors of non-communicable diseases should be provided to children to enable primordial and primary prevention as powerful tools to prevent these diseases in future.

Social determinants in research on economic freedom of university graduates: a bibliometric and content analysis

Objective. Find the social determinants that influence or contribute to achieving economic freedom in students or university graduates.&#x0D; Design/Methodology/Approach. The study presents a quantitative methodology, with a descriptive exploratory scope, through a bibliometric analysis using the SciMAT software on 748 scientific publications collected from Scopus on the topic: "Economic Freedom", all with a holistic approach. In this period, from 2005 to 2020. Said analysis identifies the main authors, organizations, countries, sources, research areas and development of this field of research.&#x0D; Results/Discussion. A conceptual evolution map is obtained for each thematic area of the social determinants that influence or contribute to achieving economic freedom in students or university graduates in the period 2005-2020. Three areas remain as determinants: social factors, emotional behavior and educational status. The scientific community has focused its attention on the university graduate as a person who has individual aspirations and perspectives; however, there are also variables such as parental education, educational status, socioeconomic and psychological factors, etc.&#x0D; Conclusions. The concept of economic freedom has evolved in recent years; researchers on the subject have reached conclusions or consensus, describing the elements or general conditions that constitute it. This paper delimits the scientific discussion on "economic freedom" in three thematic areas: social factors, emotional behavior, and educational status, which affect students or university graduates.

A Study Of Anxiety Levels Of Children Attending Preschool Instirutions According To Teachers’ Views

The goal of this study is to reveal anxiety levels of children attending preschool institutions according to teachers’ views, identify any correlation between anxiety levels and demographic features of children and their teachers. Study group of the research comprise 1465 children attending preschool institutions in Ankara province. Study data were collected by means of Personal Data Form and Preschool Children Anxiety Scale- Teacher’s Form. The study was designed in screening model, one of the qualitative research methods. Study results conclude that anxiety levels are significantly correlated with children’s age. It was also revealed that anxiety levels are not significantly correlated with children’s age, parental educational status, monthly income and family structure. It is revealed that children’s anxiety levels are correlated with teachers’ educational status; anxiety levels of children whose teachers are graduates of high school are lower while anxiety levels of children whose teachers have master’s degree are higher than other children.

Malnutrition

Background: Child malnutrition continues to exist as a major public health concern worldwide mainly in most of the low- and middle-income countries such as India. The screening of the school children is an effective tool to quantify the current prevalence in the country. There are various determinants that influence the risk of malnutrition as parental educational status, socioeconomic status, and family size are considered important determinants of the nutritional status of the child. Objective: The present study in selected school in Varanasi District aimed to evaluate the overall the prevalence of malnutrition (i.e., stunting, underweight, overweight, and obesity) in 11–15 years aged school children of urban and rural parts of Varanasi and analyze the associated socioeconomic factors. Materials and Methods: The school-based study of 729 (336 from rural and 393 urban) school children was carried out and compared against World Health Organization reference standards to determine the nutritional status. The association of various socioeconomic factors was analyzed. Results: The prevalence of undernutrition (stunting) in both the study areas is 20.8% (24% in rural and 21.7% in urban). In body mass index analysis, 15.77% were thin, 6.25% were severely thin and only 2.38% were overweight in rural area while 14.24% were thin, 7.8% were severely thin and 11.9% were overweight in the urban area schools. The significant association between house type, mother education, father education, mother education, and father education with nutritional status. Conclusion: Malnutrition is the emerging problem for adolescent age group children in India. The nondietary determinants of the malnutrition need to be addressed with comprehensive strategy.

Prevalence of Abscesses Associated with Carious Primary Teeth in Preschool Children and its Association with Age, Gender, Location, and Parent's Education and Social Class: An Observational Study.

AimThe aim of the study is to find out the prevalence of periapical abscesses within carious primary teeth. Tooth abscesses in preschool children are a source of extra attention and worry for parents. Untreated carious primary teeth have a high chance of developing into a periapical abscess.Study designThe study design adopted was an analytical observational study.Materials and methodsChildren (n = 300) of which 56.7% males, and 43.3% females were evaluated for prevalence of abscesses associated with carious primary teeth. Teeth were examined by the WHO criteria of caries detection1 and abscesses associated with carious teeth were observed based on clinical signs and symptoms. Statistical analysis of data was done by Z-test with the help of SPSS 16 version.ResultsPrevalence of abscesses in anterior and posterior carious primary teeth was highest at the age of 3–5 years, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the prevalence of abscesses and genders. A significant difference (Z = 2.15, p < 0.05), (Z = 4.17, p < 0.001) was observed in prevalence of abscesses of anterior and posterior carious primary teeth among urban and rural populations respectively. If parents are graduates, the development of tooth abscesses in carious primary anterior and posterior teeth was significantly reduced. The social class of parents also significantly affects the development of tooth abscesses in carious primary anterior and posterior teeth.ConclusionIn the study, 30% abscess prevalence within carious primary teeth of preschool children was observed. Carious primary posterior teeth are two times more prone to develop abscesses as compared to carious primary anterior teeth. Social class and the education status of parents also affect the prevalence of abscesses.Clinical significanceData on abscesses prevalence in primary teeth helps Government to plan preventive, interceptive, restorative, and preventive educational programs at the school level.How to cite this articleSrivastava VK. Prevalence of Abscesses Associated with Carious Primary Teeth in Preschool Children and its Association with Age, Gender, Location, and Parent's Education and Social Class: An Observational Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(3):287-292.

Robust determinants of neurocognitive development in children: evidence from the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study.

Neurocognitive development is a dynamic process over the life course and is influenced by intrauterine factors as well as later life environment. Using data from the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study from 1994 to 2008, we investigate the association of in utero, birth, and childhood conditions with offspring neurocognitive development in 686 participants of the cohort, at age 12 years. The life course exposure variables in the analysis include maternal pre-pregnancy size and nutrition during pregnancy, offspring birth measurements, nutrition and physical growth at age 12 years along with parental education and socio-economic status. We used the novel Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) approach; which has been shown to have better predictive performance over traditional tests of associations. Our study employs eight standard neurocognitive tests that measure intelligence, working memory, visuo-conceptual and verbal learning, and decision-making/attention at 12 years of age. We control for nutritional-metabolic information based on blood measurements from the pregnant mothers and the children at 12 years of age. Our findings highlight the critical role of parental education and socio-economic background in determining child neurocognitive performance. Maternal characteristics (pre-pregnancy BMI, fasting insulin during pregnancy) and child height at 12 years were also robust predictors on the BMA. A range of early factors - such as maternal folate and ferritin concentrations during pregnancy, and child's head circumference at birth - remained important determinants of some dimensions of child's neurocognitive development, but their associations were not robust once we account for model uncertainty. Our results suggest that intrauterine influences on long- term neurocognitive outcomes may be potentially reversible by post-birth remediation. In addition to the current nutritional interventions, public health policy should also consider social interventions in children born into families with low socio-economic status to improve human capital.

Frequency of Contributing Factors behind Parental Refusal for Lumbar Puncture in Children in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Aim: To determine the frequency of contributing factors behind parental refusal for lumbar puncture in children. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study: Department of Paediatrics, Jinnah Hospital Lahore and Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore from 1st January 2021 to 30th June 2021. Methodology: One hundred and thirty nine parents whose children met the screening requirement were enrolled. Children’s age, sex, parent's educational status and socio-economic position, were recorded. Parents' reasons for refusing lumbar puncture (as defined by operational standards) were recorded. Results: There were 63.3% males and 36.7% females with mean age 4.9±3.02 years. According to contributing factors, 70% of parents thought it is risky while 12% were afraid of the needle, 34% had a terrible experience and 23% didn't want an intrusive technique. Conclusion: The chief factor for parents' discontent with lumbar puncture in their kids was that it’s a hazardous treatment. Most parents are uninformed of the value of lumbar puncture in assessing and treating children, it appears that the higher the parent's awareness leads to more positivity they have in this respect. Keywords: Cerebrospinal fluid, Lumbar puncture, Factors

Investigation of the Associations between Diet Quality and Health-Related Quality of Life in a Sample of Swedish Adolescents.

Most adolescents do not consume a high-quality diet, while self-reported mental health problems within this group are increasing. This study aimed to investigate the association between diet quality and health-related quality of life, and to explore the differences in diet quality and health-related quality of life between gender and parental education status. In this cross-sectional study, a detailed web-based recall method was implemented to determine dietary intake, which was analysed using the newly developed Swedish Healthy Eating Index for Adolescents 2015 (SHEIA15) and the Riksmaten Adolescents Diet Diversity Score (RADDS), to determine diet quality. The KIDSCREEN-10 questionnaire was used to measure health-related quality of life, and parental education was self-reported through questionnaires. Parental education was divided into two groups: ≤12 years or >12 years. The study included 1139 adolescents from grade 7 (13–14 years old), 51% were girls. The results showed that girls had higher scores for healthy eating and diet diversity but lower scores for health-related quality of life. A positive association was found between diet diversity and health-related quality of life (Adj R2 = 0.072, p = 0.001), between vegetable/fruit consumption and health-related quality of life (Adj R2 = 0.071, p = 0.002), and between healthy eating and diet diversity (Adj R2 = 0.214, p < 0.001). No association was found between healthy eating and health-related quality of life for all participants. The mean scores for healthy eating and diet diversity were significantly higher in the higher education parental group. In conclusion, higher diet diversity and increased fruit and vegetable consumption could be a strategy to improve health-related quality of life among adolescents. There is a need to promote better diet quality, especially in households of low parental education. In addition, there is a further need to investigate the potential benefits of improved diet quality on mental health and overall well-being.

Investigating Secondary School Students' Level of 21st Century Skills

Aims: In this study, the 21st century skills of secondary school students were examined according to gender, grade level, educational status of parents and Internet variables.&#x0D; Study Design: The survey method was used as the method of the research.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The study group of the research consists of 421 secondary school students studying in six schools in Salihli district of Manisa province in the 2021-2022 academic year.&#x0D; Methodology: “Secondary School Students' 21st Century Skills Scale” was used to collect data and descriptive statistics, Mann Whitney U Test, Kruskal Wallis H-Test were used in the analysis of the data.&#x0D; Results: According to the data obtained as a result of the study, it has been determined that the 21st century skills of secondary school students are at a high level. Secondary school students' 21st century skills did not differentiate in a statistically significant way depending on the gender and educational status of parents while it was determined that there was a significant difference in terms of the grade level and the internet connection variable.&#x0D; Conclusion: It was determined that the students' 21st century skills levels were at a high level. It was determined that gender and parents’ educational status did not make a significant difference in the 21st century skills of secondary school students while grade level and internet connection at home did.

Predictors of Compliance to Gluten-Free Diet in Children with Celiac Disease

Background: Celiac disease (CD) is a common autoimmune disorder that presents intestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms. It is also associated with cardiovascular diseases and malignancies, and mortality risk. The only way to control the disease is to follow a strict gluten-free diet (GFD) for the rest of life. Objectives: This survey aimed to investigate GFD non-adherence and causes in the pediatric setting. Methods: In this study, 187 children aged between 2.5 to 14 years old with a confirmed diagnosis of CD at least for a year were studied using a questionnaire-based interview in a census study between 2018 to 2019 in a referral center in southern Iran. Results: About 40% of children adhered to a GFD poorly. This group significantly complained of more symptoms than the group with high adherence. Improper access was the most important cause of non-adherence to a GFD. The mean current weight and at the time of diagnosis as well as the mean current BMI and at the time of diagnosis in the non-adherent group were significantly lower than the adherent group. However, IgA anti-transglutaminase antibodies and histopathologic examination did not change remarkably. Furthermore, no significant relationship was found between following a GFD and age, age at the time of diagnosis, gender, and parental educational status. Conclusions: According to our results, inaccessibility, high costs, and lack of food labeling were the primary reasons for non-adherence to GDF. Therefore, to increase compliance, easy access to GFD with proper food labeling and suitable price should be implemented.

Asymptomatic Helicobacter pylori infection among rural children and adolescents in Bangladesh

Background and objectives: The Helicobacter pylori infection rate varies according to the age, location of the residence and socioeconomic status. The aim of the present study was to investigate the status of H. pylori infection among the asymptomatic Bangladeshi rural children and adolescents. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in a rural area under Pabna district about 150 km north-west of capital Dhaka. Asymptomatic and apparently healthy rural children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years were enrolled in the study. A structured questionnaire was used to record the socio-demographic and clinical information. The rate of H. pylori infection was determined by the presence of H. pylori antigen in faeces and/or anti-H. pylori IgG and/or IgA antibodies in blood. H. pylori stool antigen was detected by lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay and serum anti-H. pylori IgG and IgA antibodies were estimated by ELISA method. Results: A total number of 185 asymptomatic and apparently healthy children and adolescents were enrolled of which 34, 131 and 20 were in 6-10, 11-15 and 16-18 years age groups respectively. The overall H. pylori infection rate was 79.5% (95% CI: 0.729, 0.85) by positive stool antigen or by the presence of serum anti-H. pylori IgG/IgA antibodies. The rate of H. pylori infection significantly (p=0.05) increased with progress of age. H. pylori infection rate was 67.6%, 80.2% and 95% in 6-10, 11-15 and 16-18 years age groups respectively. The concentration of serum anti-H. pylori IgG/IgA antibodies did not differ across the age groups. The infection rate was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher among the children of illiterate parents compared to the children of literate parents. Conclusion: The study demonstrated a high prevalence of H. pylori infection among children and adolescents in a rural setting. Gender and family history did not affect H. pylori prevalence but increasing age and poor educational status of parents were associated with a higher H. pylori prevalence. IMC J Med Sci 2022; 16(2): 007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.16.017 *Correspondence: J. Ashraful Haq, Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, 1/A, Ibrahim Sarani, Segunbagicha, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Email: jahaq54@yahoo.com

Inequality in the Effects of Primary School Closures due to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from the Netherlands

Using a large dataset of around 500,000 students from about 1,900 schools, this paper shows the effect of two school closures and 1.5 years of the COVID-19 pandemic on standardized learning growth for mathematics, reading, and spelling in Dutch primary education. We find that the school closures have a negative effect on standardized learning growth, amounting to an annual average of 5.5 weeks of learning loss. When analyzing differential effects by socioeconomic status, parental education, household income, household structure, household size, and migration status, we find that the negative effect is larger for the more vulnerable students.

Factors of Parents-Reported Readiness for Hospital Discharge in Children with Acute Leukemia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Aim The aim of this study is to investigate the existing status and to explore the influencing factors of parents-reported readiness for hospital discharge in children with acute leukemia (AL) in China and to propose optimizing pathways and recommendations of discharge readiness for clinical reference. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted for the 122 children with AL who were discharged from the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University; their parents were investigated by using the modified Chinese version of Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale (RHDS) and Quality of Discharge Teaching Scale (QDTS). Data were collected between September 2020 and May 2021.Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to explore the influencing factors of readiness for hospital discharge. Results The 122 children with AL included 52 females and 70 males with mean age 6.08 years. The total RHDS score was 7.7 ± 1.2, and 68.9% of the participants had high readiness for hospital discharge (RHDS score >7). The total QDTS score was 7.6 ± 2.0. Parent marital status (OR = 4.86, 95% CI: 1.31–18.05), education status (OR = 3.86, 95% CI: 1.18–12.55), family per capita monthly income (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01–2.99), and high QDTS (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.11–2.68) were risk factors for high RHDS. Conclusions Our data suggest parents of children with AL had high readiness for hospital discharge and had the ability to take care of their children after discharge. Parental marital status, education status, QDTS score, and family per capita monthly income were independently associated with high RHDS.

Relationships between Family Socioeconomic Status and Mathematics Achievement in OECD and Non-OECD Countries

This article examines the relationships between family socioeconomic status (SES) and mathematics achievement across countries while taking into account (a) the country’s development status and (b) the types of resources (physical versus human) available at home. The 2012 round of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) data were analyzed using the necessary condition analysis (NCA) procedures. The study found that only the human resource aspects of family SES, that is, parental education and parental occupational status, were statistically significant necessary conditions for mathematics achievement across more developed, OECD countries. By contrast, none of the 10 SES variables showed statistically significant, necessary conditions for mathematics achievement across less developed, non-OECD countries. Therefore, the necessary conditions for countries’ mathematics achievement differ depending on their developmental status and by different measures of family SES. Some practical implications are discussed along with limitations and directions for future studies.