Parental Demands Research Articles

Parental Roles and Challenges in Managing Pediatric Obesity: Insights from Focus Group Interviews in Korea.

Pediatric obesity is a global public health concern. South Korea is witnessing a notable increase in obesity rates among children and adolescents, despite various governmental interventions. Parents play a crucial role in preventing and managing pediatric obesity, as they are typically the primary observers of their child's weight and daily habits. This study involved 10 parents of overweight or obese children and adolescents in South Korea, identified from a 2023 student health examination. Focus group interviews were conducted to explore participants' experiences, followed by a rigorous qualitative content analysis of the data. The analysis revealed one main theme, parental roles and challenges in managing pediatric obesity, that encompassed five categories: parental awareness and perception of pediatric obesity; causes of pediatric obesity; parental strategies for managing obesity; barriers to management; and support systems and resources. Parental recognition of their child's obesity was predominantly initiated through student health examinations at school, and the cause of obesity was multifactorial. Parents use various strategies, such as dietary changes and exercise promotion, but face barriers, including stigma and resource constraints. Parents demand comprehensive support from schools, healthcare providers, and community programs to effectively manage obesity. These findings highlight the need for tailored interventions to address parents' specific obstacles in managing pediatric obesity. Enhancing parental awareness, providing clear information, and strengthening support systems are essential for preventing and managing pediatric obesity in South Korea.

Resource effects of COVID‐induced work‐from home: A qualitative study of parental and non‐parental white collar workers in Germany

AbstractGermany is a corporate environment that is sceptical towards digitalization and work‐from‐home, and in which it is customary to separate professional and personal spheres of life. The COVID‐19 pandemic, and ensuing government‐mandated shutdowns, changed all that by inducing extensive work‐from‐home conditions for most of the white collared workforce. These conditions blurred professional and personal spheres of life, introduced additional care‐work burdens and changed individual's contextual resources. Assuming that individuals seek to protect and conserve resources (COR theory), also across work‐home domains (W‐HR theory), our qualitative, interview‐based study highlights the resource implications which COVID‐induced extensive work‐from‐home had on parental and non‐parental white‐collar workers in Germany. We identify seven main ways in which individuals coped with COVID‐induced work‐from‐home. We find that parental workers, in particular, female employees who aim at work‐life integration, not work‐life separation, coped with the situation the best. Out of this emerge implications for the management of the workplace of the future, in particular the need to acknowledge that integrating parental responsibilities and work demands may bring about work‐home enrichment, and the requirement to facilitate and support this enrichment.

Heterogeneity in School Value Added and the Private Premium

We estimate and validate test score–based measures of school quality (school value added, or SVA) in Pakistan. We document substantial variation in SVA within villages and within the public and private sectors, leading to a wide range of possible estimates of the private premium. We also show that parents value SVA. Heterogeneity in parental demand for quality helps explain both the evolution of the market over time and cross-market variation in school quality. The supply side responds to parental demand for quality in the private sector, but there is no evidence it does so in the public sector. (JEL H44, I21, I26, I28, O15)

Co-Existence Patterns of Social Norms and Positive Defending Intention Among Adolescents as School Bullying Bystanders.

School bullying occurs frequently in primary and secondary schools, which is a global problem and it often brings serious physical and mental harm to the victims. When school bullying occurs, there may be a large number of bystanders in addition to the bullies and victims. What actions bystanders take affects the progress of school bullying. Relevant studies indicate that social norms including how peers around them react (descriptive norms) and how important adults such as teachers and parents demand (injunctive norms) play important roles in bystanders' action-taking, but limited studies have considered individual differences. Therefore, this study used a person-centered approach to explore the co-existence patterns of social norms and bystanders' defending intention to further understand their relations. We surveyed 1,384 junior high school students in China by self-report questionnaires, and they were asked to assess their defending intention when witnessing school bullying events under different contexts of social norms. Through latent profiles analysis, five co-existing patterns were identified: no norms-no defending group (4.8%), parent norms-no defending group (3.6%), weak norms-low defending group (24.3%), teacher-peer norms-medium defending group (40.6%), teacher-peer norms-high defending group (26.7%). In four out of the five patterns, students' levels of defending intention were highly consistent with the levels of peer and teacher norms, but largely contradicted parent norms. This suggests that descriptive norms from peers and injunctive norms from teachers, other than those from parents are crucial for promoting bystanders' defending intention, which provides important enlightenment for school bullying prevention. These findings provide important enlightenment for the prevention and control of school bullying in the future.

학부모 교육열의 종단적 변화 유형 탐색

This study aims to categorize the patterns of change in parents' educational enthusiasm and explore student- and parent-level predictors for each group. For this purpose, data from the 3rd to 8th waves of the Korean Education Longitudinal Study 2013 (KELS 2013) were analyzed, focusing on the parents of students who transitioned from middle school to high school. Using Growth Mixture Modeling(GMM), changes in parents' educational expectations and shadow education expenditures were examined. First, distinct subgroups of parents were identified in terms of educational enthusiasm. Changes in educational expectations were categorized into low expectation maintenance group, decreasing expectation group, and high expectation maintenance group, while changes in shadow education expenditures were classified as increasing expenditure group, medium expenditure maintenance group, and high expenditure maintenance group. Second, the predictors of educational enthusiasm included student gender, academic performance in the first year of middle school, parental education, occupational characteristics, and average monthly income. Based on these findings, this study recommends higher education policies that consider parental demands, the expansion of various public education services, and educational programs targeted at parents with low socioeconomic status.

Ethnocultural technologies of vocal training of students of pedagogical universities of China

The training of music teachers in China's pedagogical universities is based on strategies for linking national cultural traditions and innovative education systems in other countries. Today, special attention is paid to the training of music teachers, which is due to the increased demand of children and parents for music education. The deepening of such training is facilitated by the special specializations of students, which allow them to acquire knowledge and performing skills in a particular type of musical activity in the final semesters of study at the university. But, since students receive education in pedagogical universities, this performance training should be based on Chinese ethnocultural traditions, and be organically combined with pedagogical training. The article examines an ethnocultural technologist based on the traditions of the national Chinese opera, contributing to the formation of stage skills necessary both for staging an opera performance by students and for replenishing the pedagogical baggage of a school music teacher. The introduction of this technology into the "Performing Arts" subject of the "Vocal Music" specialization among fourth-year students has shown its effectiveness both for staging fragments of opera performances, not only by Chinese but also by Western composers and for replenishing the pedagogical skills of future music teachers.

Did changing work and family demands during COVID-19 (de)motivate academic parents to craft sustainable careers?

Covid-19 has introduced many contextual changes into individuals' work and family lives, affecting their career sustainability. Although previous studies have provided evidence for these changes, little is known about how changing contextual demands (de)motivated them to take proactive initiatives for crafting sustainable careers. This study aims to explore how changing work and family demands of academic parents during Covid-19 affected their career sustainability indicators and career initiatives regarding health, happiness, and productivity. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 21 academic parents during the post-lockdown period of Covid-19 in Turkey. We analyzed the qualitative data by using content analysis via MAXQDA software. Results revealed differing career sustainability experiences and initiatives regarding gender roles, career stage, and work/family demands and resources. Notably, women academics with higher contextual demands and lower contextual resources and early-career academics reported relatively adverse experiences concerning their health, happiness, and productivity. Besides, even though early-career academics faced problems with sustaining their career development, they were relatively more oriented to engage in career initiatives, such as reorganizing developmental needs, improving career skills, and seeking career support and guidance. This study sheds light on the context, time, and person aspects of sustainable careers during Covid-19. Moreover, the study represents one of the first investigations into the proactive initiatives for crafting sustainable careers during the pandemic and provides a deeper insight into the (de)motivators for career proactivity.

Phenomenology Study of Experiences and Reasons of Women Married Early in Kokop District, Bangkalan Madura

Early marriage has become a national problem in the field of reproductive health which we still encounter in the surrounding environment. Difficult economic conditions, lack of knowledge and family education so that children must be married at a young age. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of early marriage, both the experience and reasons for doing the early marriage.The method used in this study is a qualitative method using a phenomenological approach to explore in depth the experiences and reasons for early marriage. The research location is in Kokop, Bangkalan Regency, East Java. Data collection techniques were carried out by in-depth interviews with six women who had early marriage as main informants and one religious leader, and one health worker as triangulation. The data obtained were analyzed by describing and finding statements then grouped into the main points of the statements found.The results of the analysis of this study resulted in 4 themes discussed, namely the demands of parents, personal factors, culture and past experiences. The cause of this early marriage is due to arranged marriages and forced by parents, in addition to this reason those who do early marriage on consensual basis without knowing well the impact of early marriage. The experience of early marriage that has been experienced has made an important lesson that their children will not be married at an early age on the grounds that they are not ready and mature economically and healthily.The study of these three themes can provide benefits for understanding the experiences and reasons for early marriage, and we can prevent this from happening according to the reasons for each occurrence.

Factors behind Antibiotic Therapy: A Survey of Primary Care Pediatricians in Lombardy.

Antimicrobial resistance represents one of the most significant future health challenges in terms of both clinical and economic impacts on healthcare systems. The reason behind this issue is the misuse of antibiotics for the treatment of non-bacterial pathologies. The objective of this study is to investigate the factors underlying antibiotic prescription in pediatricians in the Lombardy region. The study was conducted by means of a 32-item questionnaire that investigated both pediatricians' knowledge of antimicrobial resistance and the factors determining the choice to prescribe antibiotic therapy. A total of 253 pediatricians participated in the survey. Most participants (71.6%) reported as highly relevant the need for a national plan against AMR. However, approximately half of the respondents declared the phenomenon of AMR as uncommon in pediatric settings. Among the identified associated factors, diagnostic uncertainty was associated with a stronger fear of legal repercussions and the influence of parental pressure when prescribing antibiotics. The inability to diagnose the bacterial origin of an infection might be the primary driver of prescribing choices, rather than other non-clinical factors, such as parental demands or a fear of lawsuits.

Determinants of parental demand of human papillomavirus vaccination for adolescent daughters in China: Contingent valuation survey.

Several types of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have been approved for use in adolescent girls in China. These vaccines are regulated as non-National Immunisation Program vaccines and are optional and generally fully self-paid by vaccinees. To assess parents' demand for HPV vaccination by eliciting their willingness-to-pay for their adolescent daughters to be vaccinated against HPV and to examine the determinants of demand for HPV vaccination in China. A contingent valuation survey was conducted across three cities in Shandong Province in eastern China. We selected 11 junior middle schools with different socioeconomic features and randomly selected 6 classes in each school, and questionnaires were distributed to all girls aged 12-16 in the 66 classes for their parents to complete. A payment card approach was used to elicit parental willingness-to-pay for HPV vaccination for their daughters. We also collected a wide array of socioeconomic and psychological variables and interval regressions were applied to examine the determinants of parental willingness-to-pay. A total of 1074 eligible parents who completed valid questions were included in analyses. Over 85% of parents believed HPV vaccines were, in general, necessary and beneficiary. However, only around 10% believed that their daughters would be infected by HPV. About 8% of parents would not accept HPV vaccine even if the vaccine were free mainly due to concerns about the potential side effects and vaccine safety and quality issues, and 27.37% would only accept the vaccine if it were free. The median willingness-to-pay was 300 CNY (42 USD). Several factors were positively correlated with higher willingness-to-pay: income, urban residence (relative to rural residence), mothers (relative to fathers), parents' beliefs about vaccine benefits, whether they should make decisions for their daughters, and whether their daughters would be susceptible to HPV. Though education-level was not significantly correlated with willingness-to-pay in the main regressions, a subgroup analysis revealed interesting dynamics in the relation between education and willingness-to-pay across different income-levels. There is a large gap between parents' willingness-to-pay and the market price of HPV vaccine for girls in China. Parents generally believed the HPV vaccines were beneficial and necessary but when asked for their daughters, most parents did not believe their daughters would be infected by HPV despite the high prevalence in China. Future focus should be on ensuring the provision of accurate health information about HPV prevalence, vaccine quality, and safety to promote vaccine uptake, and promotional efforts tailored to different income groups might yield better effects. Government involvement in negotiating more widely acceptable and affordable prices or subsidising may be necessary for protecting high-risk population groups.

Private schools and inequality

Abstract Among the significant inequalities within Britain’s school system, the greatest lies in the resources gap and the social segmentation between fee-paying and state schools. Published estimated average effects of attending private schools in Britain on academic performance are modest, but nevertheless significant at each stage of education. Cumulatively, by the end of a school career the private school pupil has gained notably higher qualifications compared with a state school pupil with an observably similar background—enough to ensure a distinct advantage in access to a high-status university, a good job and high pay. These gains add to the educational advantages of growing up with an affluent family background. An unusually high proportion of private school alumni occupy highly influential positions in business, in the judicial system, in the press and in politics. A further financial advantage from private school stems from an increased probability of partnering with a richer spouse. The hallmark of a good school policy for reducing inequality would be one that opens up access to private schools, so that participation is no longer constrained as much by financial background, and diminishes substantially the inequalities between schools’ resources. Feasible reforms are of two kinds: those that would lower parental demand for private schooling, inducing enlargement of the state sector, and those that would directly integrate pupils from the state sector into currently private schools. Currently, bursaries are far too small to make a substantial difference.

Parents' work demands on next day's cortisol awakening response - the moderating role of family-to-work conflict

BackgroundConstant availability, overtime and feeling overwhelmed by work can impact employees' wellbeing and their biological stress responses. Especially working parents often struggle to balance the demands of their work and family life and were found to be distracted from their work due to family responsibilities. The Family-to-Work Conflict (FWC) indicates the extent to which participating in work is made difficult by family demands. Recent studies have found associations between FWC and biological outcomes such as the Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR), a measure of an individual's Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA)-axis activity. This diary study investigates the effect of parental work demands on next day's cortisol response as well as the moderating role of FWC and the mediating role of fatigue. MethodsOver the course of five consecutive days (from Monday to Friday), 168 observations were made on a total of 42 parents. Participants had at least one child and worked a minimum of 20 hours per week. Salivary cortisol samples were obtained immediately, 15 and 30 minutes after awakening each day. Work demands, FWC and fatigue were assessed using standardized questionnaires. Within-person effects were examined using multilevel modeling and mediation analyses. ResultsOur results indicate that there are no main effects of work demands on next day's cortisol response. The multilevel analysis revealed that FWC predicts lower wakening cortisol levels and confirmed FWC as an increasing moderator between work demands and next day's HPA-axis activity. Further, work overload was found to increase fatigue, which in turn leads to higher CAR on the following day. This indicates that fatigue mediates the relationship between work demands and CAR. Our findings add to a growing body of research demonstrating further predictors for HPA-axis activity and emphasise the importance of considering family related demands when investigating biological outcomes for working parents.

A Review of Developmental Scales in Pediatric Practice: Recent Guidelines.

Imitation, fine motor abilities, eye-to-hand coordination, perception, gross motor abilities, mental abilities, and verbal cognitive abilities are assessed on the developmental scale. The behavioral scale also assesses social interaction, emotional expression, activity, curiosity, sensory reactivity, and language. The current developmental scales in pediatrics are discussed in this paper. These scales have evolved. International scales for Indian children are difficult to administer due to cultural differences in self-care and gender roles. If parental awareness and demand are raised, postnatal growth interventions for psychosocial development will benefit infants in developing nations. Routine screening involves identifying an appropriate opportunity, acquisition, tool selection, administration, interpreting data, scoring, counseling, and training.

Le stress parental chez des familles migrantes : le rôle des réseaux transnationaux

Parenthood can be a source of stress, especially for parents with young children. For migrants, the task is made more complex by cultural differences and the child's integration into a psychic filiation. Traditionally, parents rely on a social group to help them cope with the demands of parenthood. However, this support may be lacking in migratory situations. The literature in psychology has little data available on the composition of social support networks, particularly for transnational networks. The aim of this study is therefore to explore both the local and transnational support networks for migrant parents with respect to a sense of stress for parents. The sample consisted of 62 migrant parents living in Switzerland, and a quantitative and qualitative methodology was used to analyze the data. The results revealed that migrant parents maintain both local and transnational social networks to cope with the challenges of parenting. First-time arrivals have a less well-developed local support network and a corresponding higher level of parental stress. The density of the local support network increases with the duration of residency in Switzerland.

질적 메타분석을 통해 살펴본 교사-부모 관계에 관한 영유아교사의 경험

Objectives This study aims to identify factors that influence the formation of teacher-parent relationships as early childhood educators experience interactions with parents, and to explore how these variables affect changes in early childhood educators. Methods To achieve this, a qualitative meta-analysis was conducted on qualitative research materials regarding early childhood teacher-parent relationship experiences. The analysis included 18 qualitative research papers published in domestic journals (KCI listed) from 2000 to 2023. Through processes of data coding between in-dividual studies, case categorization and classification across studies, comparative analysis between studies, and deriving and interpreting results, the changes in teachers during the early childhood teacher-parent relationship process were identified. Results First, the factors of negative experience in the teacher-parent relationship were parental disposition, ex-cessive demands of parents, imbalance in the relationship, teachers' own factors, problems in the teacher training process, and emotional dissonance. Second, the teacher-parent relationship was shown to be a change stage in three stages: teacher-parent relationship experience, coping, and growth into a professional early childhood teacher. Conclusions This study attempted to clarify in depth by comprehensively comparing and interpreting individual qualitative studies on the experience of teacher-parent relationships. We identified relevant factors linked to the teacher-parent relationship and derived comprehensive results.

Mediational role of risk perception in the relationship between vaccination knowledge and intention

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that parents demand for information on vaccinations is universal. Nonetheless, parental knowledge demonstrated mixed results in vaccination intention, attitude, uptake, or confidence. In contrast, risk perception is a consistent predictor of vaccination-related outcomes. ObjectiveThis study aimed to establish risk perception as a mediator between vaccination knowledge and intention. MethodUsing a multistage random sampling technique, a cross-sectional survey was conducted with expectant mothers from maternity and child health clinics in the districts of Petaling, Klang, Gombak, and Hulu Langat. 416 respondents answered the self-administered questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS version 27 for descriptive statistics and Amos version 27 with bootstrapping procedure for mediation analysis. ResultsVaccination knowledge predicted risk perception [std β = 0.743, p = 0.036], risk perception predicted vaccination intention [std β = 0.934, p = 0.006], and risk perception fully mediate the relationship between vaccination knowledge and intention [std β = 0.694, p = 0.016]. The mediation model showed satisfactory fit indices: χ2/df (2.898), comparative fit index 0.946, Tucker-Lewis index 0.939, and root mean squared error of approximation 0.061. ConclusionThe goal of educational interventions is to increase vaccination intention by addressing vaccine information that influences both subjective and objective risk perception.

Parents on the Concept of Physical Literacy: What Do They Know, What Do They Do, and What Do They Want?

Physical literacy development in early childhood, viewed by many as the foundation for lifelong physical activity engagement, is significantly influenced by parents. Our aim was to explore parents' understanding of physical literacy and gain insight into their perspectives on physical literacy promotion. We recruited 18 parents of children between 5 and 8years old in Australia. Using semistructured interviews and thematic analysis, we identified several key issues regarding parents' understanding and implementation of physical literacy. Parents expressed interest in improving their implementation of physical literacy practices and had (often unintentionally) provided support for physical literacy subcomponents in the past. However, they described difficulties prioritizing physical literacy above other parental demands and expressed conflicting perceptions regarding where the responsibility should lie for developing their child's physical literacy (e.g.,at home or at school). To ensure that the physical literacy "message" reaches parents, we encourage physical literacy promoters to consider the target (e.g.,responsibility, priorities, and awareness) of their promotional strategies. Further investigation into the influence of sociocultural and economic factors on parents' understanding and application of physical literacy is warranted.

Parental positive affect and negative affect in same- and different-sex parent families: no associations with parental gender and caregiving role.

Positive and negative parental affect influence developing parent-child attachment relationships, especially during infancy as well as children's social-emotional, academic, and behavioral functioning later in life. Increasingly, because both mothers and fathers can play central caregiving roles, the parenting qualities of both parents demand consideration. Therefore, this study investigated whether parental gender and caregiving role were associated with mothers' and fathers' positive affect and negative affect during interactions with their 4-month-old firstborn infant, while determining whether parenting stress, infant temperament, having a singleton/twin, and living in the Netherlands, France, or the United Kingdom were related to parental positive affect and negative affect. In all, 135 different-sex, same-sex male, and same-sex female couples (113 fathers and 157 mothers, comprising 147 primary, and 123 secondary caregivers) who conceived through artificial reproductive techniques were studied. The couples were videorecorded at home while in feeding, cleaning, and playing contexts to assess the levels of positive and negative parental affect. In addition, the couples completed questionnaires about their caregiving role, parenting stress, and the infants' temperament. Mixed linear models indicated that the levels of positive and negative parental affect toward the infant in all contexts were not related to parental gender, caregiving role, the interaction between parental gender and caregiving role, parenting stress, infant temperament, or singleton/twin status. However, the target parental behaviors were related to the country of origin, suggesting differences among Dutch, French, and British parents. Overall, we found no evidence that gender or caregiving roles were associated with the levels of positive and negative affect shown by the parents.

Parenting young children during COVID-19: Parenting stress trajectories, parental mental health, and child problem behaviors.

Parenting stress reflects a discrepancy between a parent's perception of their resources, the demands of their child's needs, and the caregiving relationship and contexts (Abidin, 1992). Parenting stress can increase the risk of issues in the parent-child relationship, as well as child behavioral and emotional outcomes (Neece et al., 2012; Spinelli et al., 2021). Chronic stressors, such as living through the COVID-19 pandemic, have the potential to increase the demands of parenting and thus parenting stress. Using latent growth curve modeling, we examined parenting stress trajectories of 298 American parents with young children (Mage = 15.02 months, range = 1-34 months) over the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. We also examined the effects of parental mental health on parenting stress, and the effects of parental mental health and parenting stress on child problem behaviors using data gathered through the Prolific survey platform. Parental mental health, measured by depressive symptoms Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale-10, anxiety symptoms Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), and overall stress levels 10-item Perceived Stress Scale, was related to higher initial parenting stress index-short form. Changes in parenting stress over time were linked with higher levels of children's problem behaviors (CBCL). Child temperament was also related to initial parenting stress. Lower levels of household income were linked with higher levels of parental mental health symptoms and higher rates of parenting stress increases over time. These results highlight the importance of considering the well-being of all family members in child outcomes, and the ways in which different experiences and resources during the COVID-19 pandemic affect parental and child well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Architects of change: female Islamic school leaders in Australia & New Zealand

ABSTRACT This interpretive study centers the marginalized voices of female Islamic school leaders in Australia and New Zealand. Sharing perspectives on their experiences leading Islamic schools situated in evolving, heterogeneous communities – facing male dominance both within their communities and beyond, in the larger society – these women revealed that their work involves sophisticated conceptual reconciliation as part of nuanced leadership at multiple social levels. Semi-structured interview data enabled the construction of three themes whereby the school leaders described centering student development, balancing the demands of school boards, parents, and wider Muslim communities, and emphasizing intercultural communication with the indigenous Aboriginal and Maori and Western secular-dominant communities. The study echoes extant literature on challenges that Muslim women in leadership face, but it also builds upon that literature in illuminating some unique strengths. With a clear vision of both the challenges and the goals – including to nurture girl students toward leadership of mixed societies – these leaders described drawing from Islamic frameworks of values toward leading Muslim contributions to mainstream society.